View of Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita on Cucumber

Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages. 11459 - 11470 Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.

Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita on Cucumber

Amira Sh. Soleiman¹; Fawzia I. Moursy¹ ; A. E.M. Khalil² andAmal A.

Taher²

1Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt.

2Nematology Research Department, Plant Pathology Res. Institute, Agricultural Res., Center, Giza., Egypt.

Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT

The current study supported the possibility of nematode control by using some of non- chemical control which gave a very promising results especially when compared with the chemical compounds. Soil amendments with an additive plant materials considered strategy for improving the properties of the soil were used as dried leaves from resistant plants; Eucalyptus globules, Tagetes erecta, and Allium sativum which were found reduced significantly the nematode population of Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber plants by (86.3, 85.0, 84.6%) . Results showed also that all bio-agents treatments of fungi Artrobotrys oligospora , Paecilomyces lilacinus, Glomus faciculatum and antagonistic plants were significantly reduced M. incognita in soil and on cucumber roots. The highest effect on M. incognita in soil and on cucumber plants with the tested fungi ,G.faciculatum ,A.oligospora and P.lilacinus reached to (87.7, 85.4 and 84.5%) respectively using the highest concentrations. Eucalyptus globules and Allium sativum were most effective in reduction the nematodes population of M. incognita in soil and on cucumber roots by (86.3, 85.1%). Several antagonistic fungi are known to destroy the eggs of M.incognita such P.lilacinus, A.oligospora ,and G. faciculatum when added to the plants together were more effective against nematodes population than each treatment separately. All the treatments were induced remarkable improvement in plants growth parameters of cucumber. The highest length of shoot and increase in fresh weight of whole cucumber plants by ( 75.9,73.8%) . was associated with the two combinations of G.faciculatium plus E.globules and A.oligospora plus A.sativum

Keywords: Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, Glomus faciculatum, Eucalyptus globules, and Fenamiphos (10%G.)

INTRODUCTION Cucumber "Cucumis sativus L" is the most important tropical vegetable crop widely used

throughout the world. In recent years, root-knot nematodes,Meloidogyne spp. have become specific for cucumber cultivation. The previous survey study revealed that root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp, was the common nematode infection on cucumber in Egypt. This problem is one of the most determined factors of productivity of cucumber. The present study supported the possibility of nematode control by using some of non-chemical which gave a very promising results in this concern, especially when compared with the other chemical compounds. Use of antagonistic plants and biological control as an additive material to the soil .All microorganisms may be having on adversely affect against the parasitic nematode.

However, the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides causes great harm to human, animals, vegetation and to the environment. Plant parasitic nematodes and soil-borne pathogens also attack a wide range of vegetables, and reducing cucumber yield quality and quantity. The root–

subjected to the infection with root–knot nematode which decrease yield by 40% or more under Egyptian conditions. Ali et al., (2012) showed that maximum reduction of root-knot nematode on chickpea and cucumber which were recorded with P. lilacinus ,A.oligospora comparing with control. Also they found that the best crop growth was found with P.lilacinus ,A.oligospora Sharma et al., (2009) they tested the efficacy of fungi P. lilacinus flavor on the biological control of M. incognita on okra. They revealed that application of biological control enhanced plant growth characteristics. Also, they noticed that garlic was more toxic to nematodes on tomato and cucumber. khalil and Shawky (2008) research revealed that the nematicidal compound (alpha-tertheinyl) is only released by active, living marigold roots. Also they recorded the highest nemaicidal activity of T. erecta. The aim of the present study is the control of M. incognita infecting cucumber and increase the yields.

1- Efficacy of some bio-agents and antagonistic plants on the nematodes population of M. incognita infecting cucumber roots.

Pure culture of the three microorganisms Glomus faciculatum, Arthrobotys oligospora and Paecilomyces lilacinus were obtained from the water and Environment Res.

Inst., Agricultural Research center Giza, Egypt., Fungi of G. faciculatum was added as rate 5,10,15 spores /plant, A.oligospora and P.lilacinus were added by three concentrations at rates (1x10⁶,1x10⁸,5x10⁸spores/ ml sterilized water) to each pot. Each pot filled with steam sterilized sandy loam soil. Cucumber seedlings two weeks aged were transplanted individually in 25cm. diameter clay pots. After two weeks of cultivation each pot was inoculated with 3000 newly hatched larvae of M. incognita around the cucumber roots. The plants Tagetes erecta, Eucalypyus globules and Allium sativum. were powdered and added with the rate of (20 g. /plant). Each treatment replicated four times and four pots were infected with M. incognita (check) and other four pots were left as cucumber plants alone (control).

Other four pots were treated with nematicide Fenamiphos (10%G) at rate 0.4g./pot. All pots were arranged in complete and randomize design and kept under greenhouse conditions at about 25-28C^º. After 60 days from inoculation the experiment ended. All plants were carefully uprooted , fresh root and shoot systems were weighted. Roots were stained by acid fuchsine in acetic acid according to Byrd et al., (1983) On the other hand, number of second stage juveniles in soil per pot were extracted by sieving modified Baerman technique (Goodey,1957), number of developmental stages, number of females/root, number of galls and number of egg-masses/roots of cucumber were counted by using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) Root gall index (RGI) was rated on a scale of 0-5 where: 0= no galls or egg masses, 1= 1-2, 2= 3-10, 3= 11- 30, 4= 31-100 and 5= more than 100 galls or egg masses.

Taylor and sasser (1978).

Final nematodes population (Pf) = (No. of egg-masses x no. of eggs/egg-mass) +No. of

females +No. of developmental stages + No. of juveniles/250gr.soil

The treatments were as follows:-

1- P. lilacinus+ nematodes

2 – A. oligospora +nematodes

3- G. faciculatum +nematodes

- 5–T.erecta+nematodes .

Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages. 11459 - 11470 Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.

6- E.globules +nematodes

7-Fenamiphos+nematodes . 8- Check (nematodes alone) .

. 9- Cucumber plant alone (control).

2- Effect some combinations of bio-agents and antagonistic plants for controlling M . incognita infecting cucumber roots.

Three bio-agents are Paecilomyces lilacinus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, at concentration (5x10⁸ spores/ml water/plant) and Glomus faciculatum at rate (15g. spores/plant) mixed with dried leaves powder of the three plants, Camphor (E. globules) and Marigold (T.erecta) and dried cloves of garlic (A. sativum ) at rate (20g./plant )and nematicide Fenamiphos (10%G) was used at rate (0.4g.

/pot ). Each pot filled with steam sterilized sandy loam soil and cucumber seedlings cv. Celebrity two weeks aged were transplanted individually in 25cm. diameter clay pots. After Two weeks of cultivation each pot was inoculated with 3000 newly hatched larvae of M. incognita in three holesaround the cucumber roots. Each treatment replicated four times and four pots were infected by M. incognita (check) and other four pots were left as cucumber plants alone (control). All pots were arranged and kept under greenhouse conditions 25-28^ºC. Sixty days after inoculation, all plants were carefully uprooted and fresh root and shoot systems were weighted as mention before. This work was undertaken in the greenhouse of Nematology Research Department,

Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza Egypt.

The treatments were as follows: -

- 1 1- T.erecta +A.oligospora

- 2 2 - T. e rc eta + G. faciculatum

3- T. erecta + P. lilacinus 4 - A .sativum+

A.oligospora 5- A. sativum + G. faciculatum 6- A.sativum + P. lilacinus 7- E. globules+P.lilacinus 8- E .globules+ A.oligospora 9 - E. globules + G. faciculatum 10- Fenamiphos 11– Check (nematode alone) . 12- Control (cucumber plant alone)

Statistical analysis procedure:

All obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis according to the procedures (ANOVA) and regression coefficient analyses were performed by WASP-web Agri. Stat. Package statistical analysis software. Treatment means were separated using Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan,1955). All analyses were conducted at the Significance value ofP<0.05.

RESULTS

1- Efficacy of some bio-agents and antagonistic plants on the nematodes population of M. incognita infecting cucumber roots.

Data in Table (1) revealed that all tested treatments of bio-agents fungi ,Paecilomyces lilacinus, Arthrobotrys oligospora,and dried powdered leaves of antagonistic plants;Tagetes erecta, Eucalyptus globules and dried garlic cloves of Allium sativum were effective to control of root- knot nematodes,M. incognita on cucumber plants variety Celebrity. Results showed all bio-agents of fungi and antagonistic plants were significantly reduced the total nematodes population of M.incognita in soil and on cucumber roots when compared with check. All treatments reduced total population of M. incognita in soil and on cucumber roots ranged from (987 to 632 /250g.soil ) reduced by (80.2 to 87.7%) when comparing with check. The treatments of A. oligospora (5x10⁸ spores /ml) and A.sativum (20g./plant) were reduced the population of M. incognita reached to (86.3 ,87.7 %) and the least in total number of nematode by (683 ,632/ 250g.soil) respectively compared with other treatments and check.The highest concentration of the mixed fungi reduced the population of M.incognita in soil and on the cucumber roots comping with check treatment .Also,treatment with Fenamiphos reduced the population in soil to 243/250g.soil compring with check .The treatments of A.oligospora by (5x10⁸ spores/ml ) and A.sativum were the highest effective in reducing number of galls by ( 67.0 , 64.9 %) .Also the treatments of anagonsitic plants and fungi were caused significant reduction in number of egg-masses per cucumber roots between (54.4 to 75.2 %) . Then T.erecta and A.oligospora (5x10⁸ spores/ml ) were the highest effective in reducing number of egg-masses per cucumber roots by(64.7 and 75.2

% ) respectively when compared with other treatments .While the nematicide Fenamiphos caused the highest reduction in number of galls per cucumber roots reached to 90.0% and egg-masses /cucumber root 87.8% when compared with check. The fungi treatments effective in reduction nematodes of M.incognita in soil and on cucumber plants with highest the concentration Data in Table (2) showed that all the treatments of the tested bio-gents and anagonsitic plants were caused significant increase in growth parameter of the cucumber plants when compared with check. All the treatments were induced remarkable improvement in plants growth parameters of cucumber.Also all the treatments were caused an increase in cucumber shoot length from (74.2 to 80.5%). The tested treatments of G.faciculatum (15g.spores/plant) ,T.erecta and A.sativum achieved the highest increase in shoot length by (128, 126 and 123cm.) and increase by (80.5, 80.2,79.6%) respectively when compared with check.While the nematicide of Fenamiphos had increased in shoot length (106cm.) and increase by 74.4%when compared with check. Data revealed that all treatments were significantly an increased the total fresh weight of the whole cucumber plants. The treatments of G.faciculatum (15g.spores/plant) and T.erecta had the highest increase in total fresh weight of the whole cucumber plants (26.9 and27.5g.) and increase by (79.5 and 80.0 %) respectively when compared with check. While other treatments had increase in fresh weight of the whole cucumber plants from (26.0 to19.5g.) and increased by (71.8 to79.1%) . While the treatment of Fenamiphos had increased the fresh weight of the whole cucumber plants

to (19.4g).Shown Table (1&2) and Figure (1). .

Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages. 11459 - 11470 Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.

Table 1 .Influence of some bio-agents and antagonistic plants on nematodes population of M. incognita infecting on cucumber plants under greenhouses conditions.

Each value presented the mean of four replicates . . Mean in each column followed by the same letters

did not differ at (P< 0.50) according to Duncan's multiple range test

Figure (1). Effect some bio- gents and antagonistic plants on growth parameter of cucumber plants infected by M. incognita .

Treatments Concentration

Nematode population

No.

galls/

roots

Reduction

% RGL

No.eeg- masses/

root

Reduction%

No.nemato de in250g.

soil/pot

No.

females +Deveplm

antal stage Total

Reduction

%

P.lilacinus

1x10⁶spores/ml

440b

547^b

987^b

80.2 367^b 52.7 5 378^c 55.2

1x108

spores/ml 415^c 530^c

945^c

81.1 356^c 54.1 5 364^d 56.9

5x108

spores/ml 349^f 423^h

772^g

84.5 342^d 55.9 5 354^e 58.1

A.oligospora

1x10⁶ spores /ml 360^e 481^d 861^d 82.8 282^h 63.6 5 385^b 54.4

1x10⁸ spores/ml 315ⁱ 417^h 732^h 83.9 264ⁱ 65.9 5 368^d 56.4

5x10⁸spores/ml 226ⁱ 406i 632^j 87.7 256^j 67.0 5 209^j 75.2

G. faciculatum

5g . spores 357^e 464^e 821^e 83.6 322^e 58.5 5 343^f 59.2

10 g. spores

1 352^e 456^f 808^f 84.6 313^f 59.6 5 324^g 61.6

15g. spores

323^h 447^g 770^g 85.4 275^k 63.5 5 318^h 62.3

A. sativum ^{20g./plant 308h} 375^j 683ⁱ 86.3 280^k 64.9 5 313^h 63.9 T. erecta ^20g./plant 336^g 397i 733^h 84.6 294^g 62.1 5 298ⁱ 64.7

E. globules ^{20g./plant 384d} 380j 864^d

85.1

328^e 57.7 5 341^f 60.0

Fenamiphos ^0.4g./pot 122^j 121^k 243^k 95.1 71^l 90.0 103 4 ^k 87.8

Check ^--- 2843^a 2164^a 5007^a ---- 776^a --- 845^a ---

2- Combination efficiency of bio-agents and antagonistic plants on nematodes of

M .incognita infecting cucumber under greenhouse conditions.

Data in Table (3) showed the effect of different combination as fungi A. oligospora , P. lilacinus (5x10⁸ spores /ml) ,G. faciculatum (15g.spores/plant ) and powdered leaves

of T. erecta, E. globules and A. sativum (20 g./plant ) were tested against the root-knot nematodes , M. incognita on cucumber roots. Data revealed that all treatments were significantly reduced the total nematodes population of M. incognita in soil, number of galls and number of egg-masse on cucumber roots when comparing with check. All treatments reduced the total nematodes population of M. incognita in soil and on roots of cucumber ranged from (224 to156 /250g.soil) and reduce by (95.7 to 97.0%). Also number of galls was reduced from (73to 52 galls/cucumber roots) and reduce by (93.2 to 90.4 %) and number of egg-masses /root system from (80 to 46) and reduce by (94.7 to90.8%). Datarevealed that the highest reduced in nematodes population of M.

incognita in soil and on roots of cucumber with the combination of T. erecta plus A. oligospora were reduce by 97.0%. The number of galls were (52galls /roots system) reduced by 93.2. % while with combination of E. globules plus G.faciculatum were the lest reduced in nematodes population by 95.7% , the number of galls were (57galls /roots system) reduced by 92.5. when compared with check. While the highest reduced in number of egg-masses with the combination of. sativum and A. oligospora were (46 egg-masses / cucumber roots) and reduced 94.7%. while the combination E. globules plus A. oligospora were (80 egg-masses / cucumber root ) and reduced by 90.8% when compared with check. The nematicide Fenamiphos (10%G) recorded the highest of reduction in nematodes population of M. incognita in soil and on cucumber roots were recorded (30/250g.) and percent reduced by 98.4 %. While number of galls /cucumber root were (13 galls /cucumber root) reduce by 98.3% and (10 egg-masses / cucumber root) reduced by 98.8 % when compared with other treatments and check. Data in Table (4) showed that the combination of antagonistic plants and bio–agents were caused significant increase in growth parameters of cucumber when compared with check. The increase in length of cucumber shoot was associated with the treatments combinations from (120 to 137 cm. ) and increase by (72.3 to76.6%) .The highest increase in fresh weight of the whole cucumber plants with the treatments G. faciculatium plus E.

globules and A. oligospora plus E.globules were (51.3, 54.0g) and increase by (75.9 and74.6 %) respectively when compared with other treatment and check .While other treatments of combinations caused increase in fresh weight of the whole cucumberplants ranged from (38.0 to 49.7g.) and increase (73.8 to 65.7%).The treatment of nematicide Fenamiphos had increase in shoot length of cucumber plants reached to (113cm.) andincrease by 71.7 while increase in the fresh weight of the whole cucumber plants reached to (37.0g.) and increase by 64.8 %when compared with other treatment and check. Shown Table (3&4) and Figure (2).

Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages. 11459 - 11470 Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.

Each value presented the mean of four replicates . . Mean in each column

followed by the same letters did not differ at (P< 0.50) according to Duncan' multiple range test.

Table 2. Effect some bio - gents and antagonistic plants on growth parameter of cucumber plants infected by M. incognita under greenhouse conditions.

Increase % Fresh

weight of the whole plant

Plant growth response

Concentration

Treatments Length(cm.) Weight (g.) Root

Shoot

Root Increase

% Shoot

71.8 19.5^d

3.0^f 16.5^e

6.4^e 74.5 98^f

1x10⁶ spores/ml

P.lilacinus

73.1 20.5^d

3.5^f 17.0^d

6.8^e 75.7

103^e

1x10⁸spores/ ml

76.0 23.0^c 4.5^e

18.5^c 7.9^cd 76.8

108^d 5x10⁸ spores/ml

74.4 21.5^c

4.0^e 17.5^d

7.0^d 76.1

105^e 1x10⁶ spores/ml

A. oligospora ^{1x108spores/ml} 110^{d 77.2} 7.6^d 18.0^c 4.5^e 22.5^c 75.5 76.3 25.3^c

5.6^d 19.7^b

8.0^c 78.1

114^d 5x10⁸spores//ml

75.9 23.2^e

5.8^d 18.4^c

8.1^d 74.2

97^e 5 gr. spores

G. faciculatum 10 gr. spores ^{124b 79.8} 8.7^c 18.7^b 6.5^d 25.2^c 76.2

79.5 26.9^b

7.4^c 19.5^b

9.5^b 80.5

128^b 15gr. spores

79.1 26.4^b

7.8^bc 18.6^c

9.4^b 79.6

123^b 20gr.//plant

A.sativum

80.0 27.5^b

8.5^b 19.0^b 9.7^b

80.2 126^b

20gr./plant

T.erecta

77.3 24.2^c

6.6^d 17.6^d 7.4^c

79.2 120^c

20gr./plant

E.globules

71.6 19.4^d

4.9^e 14.5^f

5.7^e 74.4

106^e 0.4gr./pot

Fenamiphos

---- 5.5^e

2.0^g 4.5^g

3.1^f ---- 25^g

Check

84.8 53.0^a

9.0^a 44.0^a

11.7^a 81.7

137^a Control

Table3. combination efficiency of bio-agents and antagonistic plants on nematodes population , M. incognita infecting on cucumber plants under greenhouse conductions.

Each value presented the mean of four replicates. .

Mean in each column followed by the same letters did not differ at (P< 0.50) according to Duncan' multiple range test.

Fig. (2). combination efficiency of bio-agents and antagonistic plants on growth parameters of cucumber infected with M. incognita . Treatments

Nematode population

Red% of final nematode population

No.

galls/root RGl

Reduction

%

No.Egg masses/

roots Reduction%

No.of % nematode

in250g. soil

No . of females+

veplomental stage eve/root

Final nematode population

(Pf)

T. erecta + P. lilacinus 87^e 82^d 169^fg 96.7 73^b 4 90.4 70^c 91.9 T. erecta + A. oligospora 77^f 79^e 156^g 97.0 52^de 4 93.2 49^g 94.4 T. erecta + G. faciculatum 90^de 83^d 173^f 96.7 67^b 4 91.2 63^d 92.7 A .Sativum + P.lilacinus 95^d 85^d 180^e 96.5 69^b 4 91.0 67^cd 92.3 A. Sativum+ A.oligospora 85^e 75^e 160^g 96.9 53^d 4 93.0 46^g 94.7 A. Sativum + G. faciculatum 110^c 95^c 205^d 96.1 57^d 4 92.0 51^f 94.1 E.globules + P. lilacinus 114^b 100^c 214^c 95.9 63^c 4 91.5 58^e 93.3 E. globules + A. oligospora 93^d 96^c 189^d 96.4 65^c 4 92.0 80^b 90.8 E .globules+ G . faciculatum 117^b 107^b 224^{b 95.7 57d 4 92.5 53f 93.9} Fenamiphos 13^g 17^f 30^h 98.4 13^e 2 98.3 10^h 98.8

Check 3150^{a 2127a} 5277^a --- 768^a 5 --- 870^a ----

Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages. 11459 - 11470 Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.

Table 4. combination efficiency of bio-agents and antagonistic plants on growth parameters of cucumber infected with M. incognita under greenhouseconductions .

Mean in each column followed by the same letters did not differ at (P< 0.50) according to Duncan's multiple rang test.

DISCUSION

Root- knot nematodes, M. incognita has become a determinant of cucumber production throughout of the world wide (Sikora and Fenandez,2005) causing damage of about hundred billion dollars all over the world (Oka et.al ,2000). The successive management are those of the low cost and efficient in controlling plant parasitic nematodes but programs require the provision of many information such as nematodes population, resistant cultivars and environmental factors.

1-The tested treatments of E. globules and A.sativum were most effective in reduction the nematodes population of M. incognita in soil and on cucumber roots El Gendy and Showky (2006) showed that Allium sativum leaf extract has been successfully used to control M. incognita at high concentrations in laboratory conditions. Garlic has indirect effects on nematode populations because it disrupts their mobility and reproduction, Garlic (A.sativum) contain (Allyl sulfide, Methyl disulfide, Propyl sulphide and Allicin.) Marigolds and Garlic oil are two known sources of biological control. Also showed the effectiveness from the plant species Eucalyptus spp.

significantly reduced nematode multiplication and gall formation on tomato roots. Eucalyptus leaves contain volatile oil contain (Pinene, Phellendrene, Terpincol Citronella, Piperitone, Astringents and bitter princills) showed that Eucalyptus spp. were highly toxicity against the juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp.. The treatments of fungi A.oligospora and P.lilacinus and

Increase

%

The plant growth response

Treatments ^Fresh

weight of the whole plant

Weight (g.) Length(cm.)

Root

Shoot

Root

Increase

Shoot %

65.7 38.0^d

8.0^b 30.0^d

10.0^b 75.3

130^b

T. erecta + P. lilacinus

70.7 44.5^bc 8.5b

35.0^c 9.1^c

76.6 137^a

T. erecta +A .oligospora

66.4 38.7^c

6.7^d 32.0^b

11.2^a 74.2

124^b T. erecta + G. faciculatum

69.5 42.7^b

7.7^b 0^b

. 35 10.5^b 72.3

120^c A. sativum + P. lilacinus

73.8 49.7^ab

8.7^ab 41.0^a

9.0^c 74.4 125^b

A.sativum + A oligospora

71.1 45.0^b

8.0^b 37.0^b

10.0^b 76.3

135^a A. sativum +G. faciculatum

66.6 39.0^c

9.0^a 30.0^c

9.4^c 74.8

127^b E . globules + P. lilacinus

74.6 51.3^a

9.3^a 42.0^a

10.0^b 75.9

133^a E. globules +A. oligospora

75.9 54.0^a

9.4^a 45.0^a

11.0^a 76.6

137^a E. globules + G. fasciculate

64.8 37.0^c

6.0^d

31.0^bc 8.0^d 71.7

113^d Fenamiphos

------ 13.0^d 2.0^e

11.0^d 0^e

. 4 ---

32^e Check

76.3 55.0^a

9.0^a 46.0^a

11.7^a 76.8

138^a Control

G.faciculatum with the highest concentration were most effective in reducing the nematodes population and reproduction on cucumber roots the tested fungi produce mycotoxins therefor the treatments fungi affect the nematodes and their reproduction, but the effect varies according to the type and concentration of the treatment and the number of nematodes in the soil and on cucumber plants the tested fungi produce mycotoxins these result agreements with El-Hamawi et al.,(2004) and Amin et al.(2012).Lopez-Perez et al., (2016) Tagetes species which exude polythienyls have been proven to be nematicidal. T. erecta is capable of suppressing a wide range (up to 14genera) of nematode pests in the soil and development on the roots of plants. Also the data showed that the treatments of bio-gents and antagonistic plants were caused significant increase in growth parameter of cucumber plants were with highest the concentration. The dried leaves of T.erecta, ,A.sativum and G. faciculatum achieved the highest increase in shoot length and the total fresh weight of cucumber plants. These result agreement with Renco M.(2013).Application of A.oligospora as an environment eco-friendly bio-control agent against root-knot nematodes in crop production have the ability to produce antibiotics and phytoalexins. Arthrobotrys species are trapping fungi which immobilize nematode by using non-adhesive knobs and constricting rings.

There are possibilities for biological control of nematodes by selecting effective strains of mycorrhizal fungi and root- nodule bacteria, globules The camphor contain of toxic compounds which produced during the decomposition of such materiales in the soil against plant parasitic nematodes . The effectiveness of garlic extract (Allium spp.) against a range of plant pathogenic organisms because Ally sulfide, Methyl disulfide, Propyl sulphide and Allicin. These results are agreement with Bekhiet et al.,(2004) , Baimey et al., (2015), Neher (2010)and El-Deriny (2016).

2- The tested treatments of combination antagonistic plants and bio–agents were significantly in reduced the nematodes population of M. incognita in soil and reduced number of galls and egg- masses on cucumber roots these result agreements with Khalil. and Samaa (2008) cited that the treatments of Glomus fasciculatum and Tagetes spp. reduced root galling of M .incognita on crops. All the treatments of combination antagonist plants and bio–agents were caused significant increase in growth parameters of cucumber plants. The use of these two treatments together appears to be more beneficial for plant growth than their use individually. The highest length of shoot and increase in fresh weight of the whole cucumber plants was associated with the two combinations of G.faciculatium plus A.sativum and the treatment of E.globules plus G.faciculatium . fungi generally reduce the severity of nematode diseases of various crops Kesba (2003) showed that G.faciculatum increase soil nutrient and water absorption, beside fixing atmospheric nitrogen Talavera et al., (2001) The effectiveness of Allium sp. extract against a range of plant pathogenic organisms due to existence of (Ally sulfide, Methyl disulfide, Propyl sulphide and Allicin) .The allelopathic compounds from T. erecta suppress more efficiently if planted close to a nematode infected plant or nematodes colonized plant host. Treatments of biological control is considered the most relevant and least damaging approach as it is ecofriendly, economically viable and offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to chemical nematicides. The long-term protection of plants against root-knot nematodes and do not contain antifungals will be more effectively when the bio-control agents applied combined with other management strategies . These results are agreement with Sharma and Trived (2011), Verma

(2006),Ansari et al.,(2016), Farag, et al.,(2013) and Sikora and Fernandez (2005) .

Conclusion:

The present study revealed that biological control gave very promising results for this concern.

All these treatments of bio-agents and resistant plants decrease the nematode population o M.

incognita on cucumber and retained to their nematicidal effects. The possibility of using this trend for integrated control of nematode. The treatments of bio-agents and resistant plants amendments improved the plants growth parameters. These methods are low cost, easy to apply and also have the ability to improve soil texture and fertility. Used these plant compounds and bio-agents to achieve safe and effective methods to control the root-knot nematodes

Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages. 11459 - 11470 Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.

Acknowledgements:

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr .Amira shawky soleiman, Professor of Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt and Prof Dr. Fawzia I. Morsie Professor of Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt for supervision of this study, progressive criticism of the manuscript and encouragement. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to Prof. Dr.Ashraf El-Said Mohamed Khalil Professor of Nematology and Director of Plant Pathology Research Institute ,Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt for supervision of this study and encouragement

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