Prevalence of Gingival Diseases among Anemic Patients Attending a Dental College
Reshmi .B1Dr.Sankari Malaiappan2Dr. Arvind S3 Type of manuscript : A retrospective study
Running title :Prevalence of gingival status of anemia patients.
1Reshmi B
Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and technical Sciences , Saveetha University,
Chennai, India
Email :[email protected]
2Dr. SankariMalaiappan
Professor, Department of periodontology Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and technical Sciences , Saveetha University,
Chennai, India
Email : [email protected]
3Dr. Arvind S
Reader, Department of orthodontics Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and technical Sciences , Saveetha University,
Chennai, India
Email : [email protected] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dr.SankariMalaiappan
Professor, Department of periodontology Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and technical Sciences , Saveetha University,
162 , PH Road , Chennai 600077, TamilNadu , India
Contact no : +91 98402 85905 Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Anaemia is a common and serious health disorder among females and all age groups, with anemiaof chronic disease being the second most prevalent. It is an inflammatory disease of supporting tissues of the tooth caused by specific microorganisms.Response to bacteria and their products induce major vascular response , of fiery explanatory mechanism for the interactions between periodontal infections and a variety of systemic disease. Therefore, periodontal results in low grade systemic inflammation , which may cause lower number of erythrocytes and consequently lower hbconcentration.The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of periodontal status of the anemia patient in Chennai-based population.The study was conducted in Saveetha Dental College chennai. 50 female outpatients were randomly selected for the study .Parameters like bleeding on probing ,hemoglobin levels, age were assessed . The data collected were then put in spss software for statistical analysis.
Moderate anemia patients had a high frequency of generalised gingivitis and mild anemia patients had generalised gingivitis . Within the limitations of the study, it can be safely deduced that a positive relationship exists between the hematological parameters and severity of chronic periodontal disease, suggesting that long-standing chronic periodontitis may lead to the development of signs of anemia.
KEY WORDS:Anemia , Bleeding on probing, Females, Periodontal status, Prevalence
INTRODUCTION:
Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide and often ignored in both developed and developing countries [(Shetty, Thomas and Shetty, 2014)] . Pre schoolchildren , pregnant women , adolescents constitute vulnerable groups of anemia . During childhood nutritional needs of boys differ from girls. Iron requirements peak during adolescence due to rapid growth and increase in blood volume [(Anumolu, Srikanth and Paidi, 2016)] . In developing countries parasitic infections are more which is the peak requirement of iron in the human body.
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissue of the tooth caused by microorganisms including both viral and bacterial load on a susceptible host . As periodontal tissue mounts an inflammatory response to bacterial challenges both proinflammatory mediators ,TNF alpha [(Varghese et al., 2015)],and interleukin 1, along with other cytokines like IL21 exhibit dual effects , anti and proinflammatory roles in periodontal breakdown [(Moothaet al., 2016)]. The systemic challenges will also induce major vascular responses like endothelin 1 which plays an important role in periodontal pathogenesis. cite khaleel both article [(Khalid et al., 2016, 2017)].The chronic inflammatory state of periodontal destruction is caused by multiple etiology and risk factors. The role of Gram-negative anaerobes in periodontal destruction is well established. Recently, the viruses have been identified to play a major in the etiopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis [(Priyanka et al., 2017)] Chronic periodontitis, which progresses relatively slowly and are more common in adults.The sulcular epithelium acts as a barrier and prevents the entry of the microorganisms and other irritants into the systemic conditions [(Mustapha et al., 2007)] . The host microbial interaction in
periodontitis leads to ulceration of sulcular epithelium and acts as a portal of entry for microorganisms to other connective tissues and causes bacteremia[(Mealey, Oates and American Academy of Periodontology, 2006)]. The host response offers explanatory mechanisms for the interaction between periodontitis and a variety of systemic disease . Infection, malignant cells and autoimmune dysregulation lead to activation of the immune system and production of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-Alpha pro-inflammatory mediator that causes destruction of periodontal tissues. [(Varghese et al., 2015)] and IL-1 to IL-6 [(Moothaet al., 2016)] depress the erythropoietin production leading to development of anemia.[(Brown and Löe, 1993)].Proteolytic processes are known to be responsible for osteoclastic bone resorption. Degradation of bone matrix proteins is initiated by acidic lysosomal proteases secreted from osteoclasts, Among the various lysosomal proteinases, recent data, however, strongly implicate cathepsin K (CSTK) as the predominant effector in osteoclastic bone resorption.Drug induced gingival enlargements can be encountered in patients under long term medications and studies have reported high levels of endothelin in these conditions.[(Khalid et al., 2016)] [(Khalid et al., 2017)]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and periodontitis are debilitating effects of inflammatory origin, (COPD) manifests as inflammation of the lung and periodontitis results in destruction of connective tissue . periodontitis not only will rule out anemia but also certain systemic conditions associated with it [(Ramesh, Sheeja S. Varghese, et al., 2016)].
One of the most important esthetic conditions encountered in periodontitis is gingival recession [(Ramesh et al., 2019)] which costs tooth loss for which the treatment would be flap surgeries [(Thamaraiselvanet al., 2015)] and dental implants respectively which can be placed during the help of cbct[(Kavarthapu and Thamaraiselvan, 2018)] evaluation after periodontal therapy [(Ramesh, Ravi and Kaarthikeyan, 2017)] . Periodontium once damage leads to decrease in regenerative property leading to intrabony defects which is compromising[(Panda et al., 2014)6] [(Ravi et al., 2017)]. Current therapy focuses in stem cell treatment for periodontal disease [(Avinash, Malaippan and Dooraiswamy, 2017)]
Periodontitis is a risk factor for various systemic diseases and affects half of the school children and pregnant women in developing countries and apparently four times more than developed countries. As mentioned, COPD and periodontitis are interconnected since they are of inflammatory origin . Malnutrition plays an important role females due to their lack of proper food habits . Periodontal therapy includes both surgical and nonsurgical management of the disease process. Various antimicrobials and chemotherapeutic agents, such as, triclosan, have been tried and tested in the management of periodontal diseases [(Ramesh, SheejaSaji Varghese, et al., 2016)]. In a study by [(Ramamurthy, 2018)] Hiora and Chlorhexidine mouthwashes were equally effective in the treatment of gingivitis .Our team has rich experience in research and we have collaborated with numerous authors over various topics in the past decade (Arigaet al., 2018; Basha, Ganapathy and Venugopalan, 2018; Hannah et al., 2018; Hussainyet al., 2018; Jeevanandan and Govindaraju, 2018;
Kannan and Venugopalan, 2018; Kumar and Antony, 2018; Manohar and Sharma, 2018;
Menon et al., 2018; Nandakumar and Nasim, 2018; Nandhini, Babu and Mohanraj, 2018;
Ravinthar and Jayalakshmi, 2018; Seppanet al., 2018; Teja, Ramesh and Priya, 2018;
Duraisamyet al., 2019; Gheena and Ezhilarasan, 2019; Hema Shree et al., 2019;
Rajakeerthi and Ms, 2019; Rajendran et al., 2019; Sekaret al., 2019; Sharma et al., 2019;
Siddique et al., 2019; Janani, Palanivelu and Sandhya, 2020; Johnson et al., 2020; Jose, Ajitha and Subbaiyan, 2020).
So the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of periodontal status of the anemia patient in the Chennai-based population.
MATERIALS AND METHOD :
The present study was a hospital based retrospective study for which the 86000 case sheets were analysed from June 2019 to June 2020. The study was carried out in the unit of periodontics . The study period was for one year . Detailed verbal instructions were given to each participant before the start of the study .
The study population consisted of age group 20- 60 from the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. Analysing 300 case sheets of female patients , 50 patients with anemia and their gingival status was obtained .A written informed consent was obtained from the patients before the start of study . Ethical consent obtained from the scientific review board of Saveetha University {SIHEC/2020/DIASDATA/0619-0320} . A detailed family history was taken. Bleeding on probing ,Gingival status based on ,the anemia was categorized into mid , moderate and severe based on haemoglobin levels and the data was collected. The data was collected and segregated according to their age and put in excel sheets and then transferred to SPSS software for graphical and statistical analysis version RESULTS:
Graph 1 represents distribution of the study population based on age,females of age group 20- 25 were 14.3% , 25-40 were 36.7%, 40-50 were 34.7% ,25-40 were 36.7%, 60-70 were 6.1%
. Graph 2 represents distribution study population based on gingival health, (53.06% )had gingivitis , (10.20% ) had periodontitis ,(14.29% ) had localised gingivitis , (12.24%) had localised periodontitis and (10.20% had healthy gingiva . Graph 3 shows the anemic status of subjects based on mild,moderate, severe and are compared with the gingival status . The severe anemiahad (6.0% )generalised gingivitis , (4.0%) chronic periodontitis and (2.0%) in both localised gingivitis and localised periodontitis. Moderate anemia had (22.0%) generalised gingivitis (4.0%) chronic periodontitis and localised gingivitis , (2.0%) localised periodontitis and healthy gingiva. Mild anemia (24.0%)generalised gingivitis , (4.0%) periodontitis (8.0%) localised gingivitis , localised periodontitis and healthy gingiva . Graph 4 represents (8.89%) of the patients who had severe anemia , ( 34.0 %) of the patients who had moderate anemia , 44.0% of the patients who had mild anemia had bleeding on probing value 1 . 2.0% of the patients who had severe anemia and 8.0% of the study population who had mild anemia had probing levels of 2. Graph 5 represents the distribution of study population based on age and anemic status . The age group of 20-25 years had 8.0%
moderate anemia and 6.0% had mild anemia .The females belonging to the age group of 25- 40 years had 4.0% severe anemia , 10.0% had moderate anemia and 22.0% had mild anemia . The females belonging to the age group of 40-50 years had 8.0% had severe anemia ,
12.0% had moderate anemia and 14.0% had mild anemia.The females of the age group of 50-60 years had 2.0% moderate anemia and 6.0% mild anemia . The females of the age group of 60-70 years had 2.0% severe and moderate anemia and 4.0% mild anemia .
DISCUSSION:
Anemia happens when the number of healthy red blood cells in your body is too low. A low red blood cell count indicates that the amount of oxygen in your blood is lower than it should be.The subject of association of anemia with chronic periodontitis has been discussed in literature many times as early as the 20th century. Hutter et al.studies prove that lower levels of erythrocytes, lowered hemoglobin and increased 11 ESR was found in Caucasian subjects with periodontitis [(Patil and Others, 2013)]. The severe type of Periodontitis results in low- grade systemic inflammation, which may cause lower number of erythrocytes and, consequently, lower hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and ACD .Anemia of chronic disease [ACD ] is a chronic infection and inflammatory condition. The major pathophysiology of ACD is due to the inability of macrophages to release iron which normally comes from the breakdown of senescent RBCs, so serum iron falls while the iron stores are normal or increased. [(Lu and Eng, 2010)]
In a study by meghnadhanajeyanpatel , the study sample involved males, females and smokers . The total age group involved was 20-50 years with 16.0% of 20-30 age group, 23.0% of 30-40 age group and 11.0% of 40-50 age group. In our study we have exclusively involved the datas of females as they are more prone for anemia due to several conditions.
The age groups included were from 20-70 years. 14.0% of age group 20-25 years , 36.0% of age group 25-40 years , 34.0% of 40-50 years , 8.0% of age group of 50-60 and 6.0% of the age group of 60-70.[
In this study 52.0% had generalised gingivitis , 12.3% had chronic periodontitis ,14.0% had localised gingivitis , 12.0% had localised periodontitis and 10.0% of the patients had healthy gingiva .In a study by Mulpuri ,14.04% had gingivitis , 54.04% had periodontitis, 2.98% had localised periodontitis and 2.55% had localised gingivitis and 26.38% of the patients had clinically healthy gingiva [(Ramoji Rao et al., 2016)] Our study shows more inclination towards generalised gingivitis in mild anemic patients . In this study, correlation of bleeding on probing and anemic status was 3.853 with a in significant P = 0.146. In a study by Susan et all it was 0.343 with significant value associated with the hemoglobin level with P = to 0.049 [(Ali, 2012)]. In our study bleeding on probing was 62% of the examined sites, studies by Hind aljohani et al, bleeding on probing was 57% on examined sites [(Aljohani, 2010)]
In our study 14.% patients had severe anemia and in a study by Pradeep shows 33.6% of patients had haemoglobin concentrations below the normal limit which shows that females were less anemic when compared to other study samples [(Pradeep and Anuj, 2011)]. In our study 14.0% of the females were anemic in the case group ,and in a study by saritaparihar , Nksharma et .al, the percentage of patients who were anemic in terms of Hb was 22.5% in the case group [(Rahman et al., 2019)] Our institution is passionate about high quality evidence based research and has excelled in various fields ( (Pc, Marimuthu and Devadoss, 2018; Ramesh et
al., 2018; VijayashreePriyadharsini, SmilineGirija and Paramasivam, 2018; Ezhilarasan, Apoorva and Ashok Vardhan, 2019; Ramaduraiet al., 2019; Sridharan et al., 2019; VijayashreePriyadharsini, 2019;
Chandrasekar et al., 2020; Mathew et al., 2020; R et al., 2020; Samuel, 2021)
In a study by luiginibali et al ,the patients who had 14% to 15.7% of periodontitis and 8.4%
to 10.2% healthy gingiva were anaemic. In our study 6.0% generalised gingivitis , 2.0% of localised gingivitis and localised periodontitis had severe anemia (5-7g/dl) .[(Nibali et al., 2019)].
Limitation:
The limitation of study was that it had a small sample size and only females were selected..
Larger sample size with more parameters like clinical attachment loss, probing depth and cause for anemia would have given more support to this study to rule out periodontal condition. The present study involves only the female population because anemia is prevalent in females when compared to males . Longitudinal study with larger sample size and men with smoking habits with anaemia and periodontitis would help in wider knowledge gaining Future scope :
The future scope will aim at prospectively studying anemia before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy . To have a regular follow up to check the improvement in anemic status following periodontal therapy.
CONCLUSION:
Among the different age groups under study, anemia was more common amongst 25-40 years of age. In terms of periodontal status, gingivitis was the most common finding in these patients (53.06%). Patients with a high percentage of generalised gingivitis (24.0%) had mild anemia.The subjects had a higher prevalence of mild anemic status , however this was statistically not significant. Bleeding on probing was predominant in mild anemia followed by moderate anemia . No association was observed in anemia and bleeding on probing .Further research with larger sample size , taking into consideration different causes of anemia , would throw a better clarity in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to the Director of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai.
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
Reshmi has contributed to the data collection, study design , analysis , results, tables and manuscript preparation .
Dr.Sankari has contributed to the design of the study , analysis of the data, results and manuscript preparation and proofreading of the manuscript.
Dr. Arvind has contributed to reviewing the article.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
The research projects are self funded and are not sponsored or aided by third parties . there is no conflict of interests
REFERENCES :
[1]. Ali, S. (2012) ‘The correlation between hemoglobin level and generalized moderate chronic periodontitis’, Journal of baghdad college of dentistry, 24(special1), pp. 85–88.
[2]. Aljohani, H. A. (2010) ‘Association between Hemoglobin Level and Severity of Chronic Periodontitis’, Journal of King Abdulaziz University - Medical Sciences, pp. 53–64. doi:
10.4197/med.17-1.6.
[3]. Anumolu, V. N. S. H., Srikanth, A. and Paidi, K. (2016) ‘Evaluation of the relation between anemia and periodontitis by estimation of blood parameters: A cross-sectional study’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 20(3), pp. 265–272.
[4]. Ariga, P. et al. (2018) ‘Determination of correlation of width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Extraoral and Intraoral Factors in Indian Population: A systematic review’, World journal of dentistry, 9(1), pp. 68–75.
[5]. Avinash, K., Malaippan, S. and Dooraiswamy, J. N. (2017) ‘Methods of Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells from Different Regions of Oral Cavity Using Markers: A Systematic Review’, International journal of stem cells, 10(1), pp. 12–20.
[6]. Basha, F. Y. S., Ganapathy, D. and Venugopalan, S. (2018) ‘Oral hygiene status among pregnant women’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(7), p.
3099.
[7]. Brown, L. J. and Löe, H. (1993) ‘Prevalence, extent, severity and progression of periodontal disease’, Periodontology 2000, 2, pp. 57–71.
[8]. Chandrasekar, R. et al. (2020) ‘Development and validation of a formula for objective assessment of cervical vertebral bone age’, Progress in orthodontics, 21(1), p. 38.
[9]. Duraisamy, R. et al. (2019) ‘Compatibility of Nonoriginal Abutments With Implants:
Evaluation of Microgap at the Implant-Abutment Interface, With Original and Nonoriginal Abutments’, Implant dentistry, 28(3), pp. 289–295.
[10]. Ezhilarasan, D., Apoorva, V. S. and Ashok Vardhan, N. (2019) ‘Syzygiumcumini extract induced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(2), pp.
115–121.
[11]. Gheena, S. and Ezhilarasan, D. (2019) ‘Syringic acid triggers reactive oxygen species- mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells’, Human & experimental toxicology, 38(6), pp. 694–
702.
[12]. Hannah, R. et al. (2018) ‘Awareness about the use, ethics and scope of dental photography among undergraduate dental students dentist behind the lens’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(3), p. 1012.
[13]. Hema Shree, K. et al. (2019) ‘Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - a Systematic Review with Meta Analysis’, Pathology oncology research: POR, 25(2), pp.
447–453.
[14]. Hussainy, S. N. et al. (2018) ‘Clinical performance of resin-modified glass ionomer cement, flowable composite, and polyacid-modified resin composite in noncarious cervical lesions:
One-year follow-up’, Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 21(5), pp. 510–515.
[15]. Janani, K., Palanivelu, A. and Sandhya, R. (2020) ‘Diagnostic accuracy of dental pulse oximeter with customized sensor holder, thermal test and electric pulp test for the evaluation of pulp vitality: an in vivo study’, Brazilian dental science, 23(1). doi:
10.14295/bds.2020.v23i1.1805.
[16]. Jeevanandan, G. and Govindaraju, L. (2018) ‘Clinical comparison of Kedo-S paediatric rotary files vs manual instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary molars: a double blinded randomised clinical trial’, European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 19(4), pp. 273–278.
[17]. Johnson, J. et al. (2020) ‘Computational identification of MiRNA-7110 from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) ESTs: a new microRNA that links diabetes and PAH’, Hypertension research: official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 43(4), pp.
360–362.
[18]. Jose, J., Ajitha and Subbaiyan, H. (2020) ‘Different treatment modalities followed by dental practitioners for Ellis class 2 fracture – A questionnaire-based survey’, The open dentistry journal, 14(1), pp. 59–65.
[19]. Kannan, A. and Venugopalan, S. (2018) ‘A systematic review on the effect of use of impregnated retraction cords on gingiva’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology &
research, 11(5), p. 2121.
[20]. Kavarthapu, A. and Thamaraiselvan, M. (2018) ‘Assessing the variation in course and position of inferior alveolar nerve among south Indian population: A cone beam computed tomographic study’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 29(4), pp. 405–409.
[21]. Khalid, W. et al. (2016) ‘Role of endothelin-1 in periodontal diseases: A structured review’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 27(3), pp. 323–333.
[22]. Khalid, W. et al. (2017) ‘Comparison of Serum Levels of Endothelin-1 in Chronic Periodontitis Patients Before and After Treatment’, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 11(4), pp. ZC78–ZC81.
[23]. Kumar, D. and Antony, S. D. P. (2018) ‘Calcified canal and negotiation-A review’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(8), p. 3727.
[24]. Lu, S.-Y. and Eng, H.-L. (2010) ‘Dramatic recovery from severe anemia by resolution of severe periodontitis’, Journal of Dental Sciences, 5(1), pp. 41–46.
[25]. Manohar, M. P. and Sharma, S. (2018) ‘A survey of the knowledge, attitude, and awareness about the principal choice of intracanal medicaments among the general dental practitioners
and nonendodontic specialists’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 29(6), pp. 716–720.
[26]. Mathew, M. G. et al. (2020) ‘Evaluation of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, plaque accumulation on zirconia and stainless steel crowns, and surrounding gingival inflammation in primary molars: Randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, pp. 1–6.
[27]. Mealey, B. L., Oates, T. W. and American Academy of Periodontology (2006) ‘Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases’, Journal of periodontology, 77(8), pp. 1289–1303.
[28]. Menon, S. et al. (2018) ‘Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism’, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 170, pp. 280–292.
[29]. Mootha, A. et al. (2016) ‘The Effect of Periodontitis on Expression of Interleukin-21: A Systematic Review’, International journal of inflammation, 2016, p. 3507503.
[30]. Mustapha, I. Z. et al. (2007) ‘Markers of systemic bacterial exposure in periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Journal of periodontology, 78(12), pp. 2289–2302.
[31]. Nandakumar, M. and Nasim, I. (2018) ‘Comparative evaluation of grape seed and cranberry extracts in preventing enamel erosion: An optical emission spectrometric analysis’, Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 21(5), pp. 516–520.
[32]. Haque, M., McKimm, J., Sartelli, M., Samad, N., Haque, S.Z., Bakar, M.A.A narrative review of the effects of sugar-sweetened beverages on human health: A key global health issue (2020) Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 27 (1), pp. e76- e103.
[33]. Nibali, L. et al. (2019) ‘Anemia of inflammation associated with periodontitis: Analysis of two clinical studies’, Journal of periodontology, 90(11), pp. 1252–1259.
[34]. Panda, S. et al. (2014) ‘Platelet rich fibrin and xenograft in treatment of intrabony defect’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 5(4), pp. 550–554.
[35]. Patil, R. and Others (2013) ‘Evaluation of haematological changes in patients with chronic periodontitis & gingivitis in comparison to healthy controls-A clinical study’, J Dent Allied Sci, 2(2), pp. 49–53.
[36]. Pc, J., Marimuthu, T. and Devadoss, P. (2018) ‘Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study’, Clinical implant dentistry and related research. Available at: https://europepmc.org/article/med/29624863.
[37]. Pradeep, A. R. and Anuj, S. (2011) ‘Anemia of Chronic Disease and Chronic Periodontitis:
Does Periodontal Therapy Have an Effect on Anemic Status?’, Journal of Periodontology, pp. 388–394. doi: 10.1902/jop.2010.100336.
[38]. Priyanka, S. et al. (2017) ‘Detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Torque Teno virus in subgingival and atheromatous plaques of cardiac patients with chronic periodontitis’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 21(6), pp. 456–460.
[39]. Rahman, F. et al. (2019) ‘Comparison of hematological parameters for signs of anemia among participants with and without chronic periodontitis: A cross-sectional study’, Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, p. 4. doi: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_49_18.
[40]. Rajakeerthi and Ms, N. (2019) ‘Natural Product as the Storage medium for an avulsed tooth – A Systematic Review’, Cumhuriyet ÜniversitesiDişHekimliğiFakültesidergisi, 22(2), pp.
249–256.
[41]. Rajendran, R. et al. (2019) ‘Comparative evaluation of remineralizing potential of a paste containing bioactive glass and a topical cream containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate: An in vitro study’, Pesquisabrasileiraemodontopediatria e clinicaintegrada, 19(1), pp. 1–10.
[42]. Ramadurai, N. et al. (2019) ‘Effectiveness of 2% Articaine as an anesthetic agent in children:
randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, 23(9), pp. 3543–3550.
[43]. Ramamurthy, J. (2018) ‘COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF HIORA MOUTHWASH VERSUS CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASH IN GINGIVITIS PATIENTS: A CLINICAL TRIAL’,Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 11(7), pp. 84–88.
[44]. Ramesh, A., Varghese, S. S., et al. (2016) ‘Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and periodontitis--unwinding their linking mechanisms’, Journal of oral biosciences / JAOB, Japanese Association for Oral Biology, 58(1), pp. 23–26.
[45]. Ramesh, A., Varghese, S. S., et al. (2016) ‘Herbs as an antioxidant arsenal for periodontal diseases’, Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology, 5(1), pp. 92–96.
[46]. Ramesh, A. et al. (2018) ‘Comparative estimation of sulfiredoxin levels between chronic periodontitis and healthy patients - A case-control study’, Journal of periodontology, 89(10), pp. 1241–1248.
[47]. Ramesh, A. et al. (2019) ‘Esthetic lip repositioning: A cosmetic approach for correction of gummy smile - A case series’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 23(3), pp. 290–
294.
[48]. Ramesh, A., Ravi, S. and Kaarthikeyan, G. (2017) ‘Comprehensive rehabilitation using dental implants in generalized aggressive periodontitis’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 21(2), pp. 160–163.
[49]. Ramoji Rao, M. V. et al. (2016) ‘Prevalence of periodontal diseases among rural population of Mustabad, Krishna District’, Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 6(Suppl 1), pp. S59–63.
[50]. Ravinthar, K. and Jayalakshmi (2018) ‘Recent advancements in laminates and veneers in dentistry’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(2), p. 785.
[51]. Ravi, S. et al. (2017) ‘Additive Effect of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors With Guided Tissue Regeneration in Treatment of Intrabony Defects in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial’, Journal of periodontology, 88(9), pp.
839–845.
[52]. R, H. et al. (2020) ‘CYP2 C9 polymorphism among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its role in altering the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene’, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, pp. 306–312. doi:
10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.021.
[53]. Samuel, S. R. (2021) ‘Can 5-year-olds sensibly self-report the impact of developmental enamel defects on their quality of life?’, International journal of paediatric dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children, 31(2), pp. 285–286.
[54]. Sekar, D. et al. (2019) ‘Methylation-dependent circulating microRNA 510 in preeclampsia patients’, Hypertension research: official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 42(10), pp. 1647–1648.
[55]. Seppan, P. et al. (2018) ‘Therapeutic potential of Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) on ageing induced damage in dorsal nerve of the penis and its implication on erectile function: an experimental study using albino rats’, The aging male: the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male, pp. 1–14.
[56]. Sharma, P. et al. (2019) ‘Emerging trends in the novel drug delivery approaches for the treatment of lung cancer’, Chemico-biological interactions, 309, p. 108720.
[57]. Shetty, M., Thomas, B. and Shetty, A. (2014) ‘Comparative evaluation of hemoglobin level in anemic patients with chronic periodontitis before and after treatment’, Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, 4, p. 24.
[58]. Siddique, R. et al. (2019) ‘Qualitative and quantitative analysis of precipitate formation following interaction of chlorhexidine with sodium hypochlorite, neem, and tulsi’, Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 22(1), pp. 40–47.
[59]. Sridharan, G. et al. (2019) ‘Evaluation of salivary metabolomics in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(4), pp. 299–306.
[60]. Teja, K. V., Ramesh, S. and Priya, V. (2018) ‘Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene expression in inflammation: A molecular study’, Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 21(6), pp. 592–596.
[61]. Thamaraiselvan, M. et al. (2015) ‘Comparative clinical evaluation of coronally advanced flap with or without platelet rich fibrin membrane in the treatment of isolated gingival recession’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 19(1), pp. 66–71.
[62]. Varghese, S. S. et al. (2015) ‘Estimation of salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 6(Suppl 1), pp. S152–
6.
[63]. VijayashreePriyadharsini, J. (2019) ‘In silico validation of the non-antibiotic drugs acetaminophen and ibuprofen as antibacterial agents against red complex pathogens’, Journal of periodontology, 90(12), pp. 1441–1448.
[64]. VijayashreePriyadharsini, J., SmilineGirija, A. S. and Paramasivam, A. (2018) ‘In silico analysis of virulence genes in an emerging dental pathogen A. baumannii and related species’, Archives of oral biology, 94, pp. 93–98.
Figure 1: Represents distribution of study population based on age. X axis represents the age , y axis represents the age in percentage . The age group of 20-25 years (yellow) , age group of 25-40 years(green) , age group of 40-50 years(orange) , age group of 50-60(blue) age group of 60-70 (brown). From this we can infer that the most prevalent age group for anemia was 25-40 years (36.0%).
Figure 2 : denotes the distribution of study population based on periodontal status of individuals. (purple colour )generalised gingivitis, (green colour )chronic periodontitis, (dark green) localised gingivitis,( orange colour) localised periodontitis and (dark blue) healthy gingiva. From this pie chart we can infer that anemic patients had high prevalence of gingivitis (52.0%)
Figure 3: represents the distribution of study population based on anemia and gingival status.
X axis - (anemic status of the population) , y axis -(the percentage of gingival status) Association of anemic and the gingival status(chi square value = 5.464; df 8, P value 0.707.
Chi square test ) was not statistically significant . From this we can infer the majority of generalised gingivitis had mild anemia .
Figure4: represents the distribution of study population based on anemia and bleeding on probing . X axis (anemicstatus ) and Y axis (percentage of subjects with bleeding on probing) Association of anemia and bleeding on probing ( chi square value 2.869,df 2 , P value 0.238 ) was not statistically significant. From graph 4 it can be inferred that mild anemia had the higher bleeding scores (44% ).
Figure 5: represents the distribution age wise distribution of haemoglobin level X axis (age wise distribution) and y axis (anemia level) . Association of age and anemic status was not statistically significant. ( chi square value =5.795;df=8, p value 0.670 chi square test ) From graph 5 we infer that mild anemia the most predominant age group was 25- 40 years.
