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Purification of Cottonseed Oil Using A Sorbent Obtained from the Fibrous Waste of Natural Silk

1Kh.O.Eshchanov, 1M.M.Baltayeva, 2A.A.Sarimsakov

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan.

2Institute of Chemistry and Physics of Polymers of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Abstract: Natural silk is a very expensive material for the textile industry. Silk mills produce large amounts of fibrous waste from natural silk. It is very important to prepare the necessary materials for industry from the fibrous waste of silk. We obtained a multifunctional sorbent from silk fiber waste by various methods to purify vegetable oils. The resulting sorbent was used to purify cottonseed oil instead of bentonite-based sorbents. As a result of the purification of cottonseed oil using sorbent samples from silk fiber waste, we were able to reduce the oil peroxide value from 11 mmol/L to 3,9 mmol/L. Reducing the peroxide value of vegetable oils increases the shelf life of vegetable oils. It is possible to reuse 2-3 times in the purification of vegetable oils by reactivating the sorbent obtained from the fibrous waste of silk, and the sorbent does not affect the composition of the oil, even if it is in the oil environment for a long time.

A sorbent derived from the fibrous waste of silk we recommend is used to reduce the waste of silk mills and oil mills.

Keywords: Natural silk, hydrolyzed fibroin (“HF”), very high frequency rays, vegetable oil, bentonite, peroxide value

Introduction

The vegetable oils industry is one of the leading sectors of the food industry.

The vegetable oils industry accounts for a large share of the world's food production.

The main products of the industry are cotton, flax, sunflower, soybean oil and others.

The main task of the vegetable oils industry is to produce environmentally friendly, competitive high-quality products.

Various adsorbents, mainly soils and silicates, are currently used to purify vegetable oils. They use a lot of energy and cost to clean the vegetable oil. To purify vegetable oils using bentonites, they are activated at high temperatures (250 -300ºC) with acids. However, if the oil stays with the adsorbent for more than the specified time, the oil will oxidize and take on an earthly odor, changing the structure of the oil [1]. Solving this problem is one of the most pressing issues. To solve this problem, we used sorbents derived from silk fiber waste.

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It is important to study the physical and mechanical properties, chemical properties and application of natural silk fibroin. Today, various preparations based on natural silk fibroin have been developed and used in many fields[2-6]. Natural silk fibroin has sorbent properties, and its sorbent properties have been studied. Hydrolyzed fibroin (“HF”) from fibrous waste of natural silk can be used in the purification of vegetable oils, in the food industry, in pharmacology.

In the process of obtaining silk fiber from cocoons, 10-28% of silk fibers are converted into waste. Depending on the production capacity of the silk spinning mill, one silk spinning mill in Uzbekistan produces an average of about 60 tons of silk waste per year. It also takes a lot of energy to separate the waste fibers from the addi tives and separate the silk fibers. Finding ways to use this fibrous waste is one of the key issues.

Silk fiber waste is considered unsuitable for the textile industry in terms of mechanical and quality characteristics. However, the chemical composition of silk waste and silk fibers are the same, and their physicochemical properties are similar. This allows to obtain hydrolyzed fibroin with high sorption properties from the fibrous waste of silk and to solve various problems in its practical application[7].

Silk contains fibroin and sericin proteins, the amount of which depends on the diet and living conditions of silkworms. As a result of our research, we found that silkworm cocoons grown in the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan contain 67.5% fibroin, 32.5% sericin and other substances. 25% of silk cocoons are used in yarn quote suitable for the textile industry, 28% are converted into fibrous waste, 47% are composed of other types of waste.

Materials and Methods Required materials and equipment

Fibrous waste of silk (Cleaned of additives. Khorezm ipagi LLC, Urgench, Uzbekistan), Sodium carbonate (purity 99,9%), HCl(chemically pure), KOH(purity 99,9%) was purchased from Chimreaktivinvest (Uzbekistan), unrefined oil obtained from cotton seeds. Bidistilled water is obtained from the “GFL 2104 Double distillation water still”

device (Germany). Optical microscope ("Optika_B-150 DBR"), Lovibond® Tintometer Model F.

Obtaining fibroin fiber from fibrous wastes of natural silk

Studies have focused on the use of silkworm waste as a sorbent in the purification of vegetable oils. The fibrous waste of silk was found to contain up to 88% fibroin, up to 12%

sericin and other substances. Conditions were selected for the obtaining of fibroin from the fibrous waste of silk: sericin was dissolved in a Na2CO3 solution at 90ºC for 40 min. Fibroin fibers were obtained from the solution and washed with distilled water.

Obtaining “HF” from silk fibroin

Subsequent studies have been performed on the conversion of fibroin fibers from

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hydrolyzed under acidic and alkaline conditions, thermally (90ºC) and very high - frequency rays (340-850W) to obtain a “HF” in the form of a powder. Conditions for obtaining “HF” in alkaline and acidic media by thermal methods were studied [9]. In this case, the thermal method took 12 min to obtain “HF” from silk fibroin in a 3%

KOH solution in an alkaline environment. Under the influence of very high -frequency rays, “HF” was obtained in an alkaline medium for 7 min.

The formation of cracks and pores on the surface of “HF” particles has been studied. The fact that “HF” has ampholytic properties and the presence of multifunctional groups allows it to be used in a variety of environmental conditions. In order to further increase the cracks and porosity in the “HF” particles, the “HF” powder was immersed in an alkaline environment and exposed to very high -frequency rays for 5 min in the wet condition. After the process, the sample was neutralized and washed with hot distilled water until no salt remained. As the cracks and pores in the “HF”

increase, its sorption properties increase.

Purification of cottonseed oil with “HF”

Cottonseed oil was purified to test the sorption properties o f “HF” samples obtained by alkaline and acidic conditions under thermal and very high -frequency rays.

100 g of purified vegetable oil was poured into 5 flasks numbered (I-V) and immersed in a water bath. When the temperature reached 60ºC, 0,5 g of bentonit e and hydrolyzed fibroin (“HF”) samples obtained by various methods were added to the flasks and mixed at a speed of 250 rpm. Continue stirring for 20 min, bringing the oil temperature to 90ºC. At the end of the process, the oil is filtered. The color level of the filtered oil was measured on a Lovibond device. Peroxide count, acid count, and moisture were measured by the method [10].

Results and Discussion Average size of “HF” particles

“HF” was obtained from natural silk under the influence of very high frequency rays of different powers. The average size of the obtained “HF” particles was determined under the microscope "Optika_B-150 DBR".

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Figure. 1. HF obtained in an acidic environment by acidic method

Figure. 2. HF obtained under acidic conditions under the influence of very high frequency rays

Table 1. Dependence of time and yield on obtaining “HF” powder under the influence of very high frequency rays

№ Power (W)

Hydrolyzing reagent

Time spent on

the process

Product yield (%)

1 340 3% 20 min 75

2 510 3% 15 min 72

3 850 3% 10 min 60

Table 2. Changes in the average size of particles of “HF” under the influence of very high frequency rays

№ Power (W)

The smallest

particle size (µm)

The largest particle size (µm)

The average size of the

particles (µm)

Product yield

(%)

1 340 22,89 179 90 75

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696

2 510 20 214 81 72

3 850 18 207,5 80 60

We selected 510W as the optimal very high-frequency rays power, taking into account the “HF” formation time and process efficiency.

The smallest size of “HF” particles obtained in the very high-frequency rays effect with a power of 510W was 20 µm, while the largest one was 214 µm and the average size of the particles was 81 µm. Due to the transition of silk fibroin from the fibrous condition to the powder-like condition of “HF”, on the surface of the particles of “HF”, there is an increase in the active polyfunctional micro and nano-sized pores.

Due to the presence of active polyfunctional porosity, we will be able to use “HF” as a polyampholyte sorbent.

Indicators of refined cottonseed oil

Pakistani bentonite and hydrolyzed fibroin(“HF”) samples were used in the purification of cottonseed oil (“HF” obtained under I-thermal acid conditions, “HF”

obtained under II-thermal alkaline conditions, “HF” obtained under III-very high- frequency rays under alkaline conditions, IV-very high-frequency rays under alkaline conditions The resulting powder is processed in the wet condition “HF”). The following table shows the cottonseed oil purification performance of “HF” samples.

Table 3.

Parameters Unrefined oil indicators Oil indicators refined with Pakistani bentonite used in Urgench vegetable oil production plant Oil refined with sample I Oil refined with sample II Oil refined with sample III Oil refined with sample IV

Color level

Yellow unit:35

Red: 17 Blue: 5

Yellow unit:35

Red: 14 Blue: 4

Yellow unit:35

Red: 14 Blue: 4

Yellow unit:35

Red: 13 Blue: 4

Yellow unit:35 Red: 13 Blue: 4

Yellow unit:35 Red: 11 Blue: 4 The

amount of acid

0,4 0,19 0,26 0,26 0,26 0,27

Peroxide 11 6 6 6,5 6,5 3,9

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value Spark tempera-

ture

Not available

Not available

Not available

Not available

Not available

Not available Humidity

level 0,1 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,055

The table shows that the color level of cottonseed oil obtained after purification with “HF” samples from natural silk fiber waste decreased from 17 red units to 11 -13 red units. The acid content decreased from 0,4 mmol/L to 0,26 mmol/L, and the peroxide content decreased from 11 mmol/L to 3.9-6,5 mmol/L. The moisture content of cottonseed oil also decreased from 0,055 to 0,06.

In the table, the values of refined cottonseed oil in samples I, II and III of “HF”

are almost the same as those of bentonite imported from Pakistan used in Urgench yog - moy JSC. It was found that the refined cottonseed oil in the sample IV had a significant reduction in oil peroxide content from 11 mmol/L to 3,9 mmol/L compared to bentonite imported from Pakistan. The moisture content of the oil dropped to 0,055. The reason for such a high sorption property in the sample of HF in the wet state in the alkaline medium treated with VHF rays is the formation of many multifunctional group pores and cracks on the surface of HF particles under the influence of VHF rays and the increase in the sorption surface area. This can be seen in the images taken with the help of an optical microscope (Fig.1). As can be seen from the figure, the particle size of the thermally treated “HF” samples is 65 μm and no pores or cracks are observed on their surface (Fig.1). The particle size of “HF” samples treated with very high-frequency rays is 81 μm, and pores and cracks are observed on their surface (Fig.2).

Conclusion

In conclusion, in the use of soil-containing sorbents in the purification of oils, that is, bentonite-if the bentonite is held more than the norm with the oil, the oil is oxidized and tastes like earth. When fibrous silk sorbents, ie “HF” derived from silk fiber waste, are used in oil refining, the “HF” sorbent does not affect the composition of the oil, even if it is mixed with cottonseed oil for a long time. This is explained by the fact that the “HF” sorbent reduces the peroxide content of oil. Decreasing the number of peroxides of “HF” sorbent oil leads to an increase in the shelf life of cottonseed oil.

References

[1] Kodirov K. Technology of production of oil products. Shark.Tashkent 2007. 85-88 p [2] Murthy, H.V. Sreenivasa (2018). Introduction to Textile Fibres. WPI India. ISBN

9781315359335.

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[3] Ricci, G.; Patrizi, A.; Bendandi, B.; Menna, G.; Varotti, E.; Masi, M. (2004). "Clinical effectiveness of a silk fabric in the treatment of atopic dermatitis". The British Journal of Dermatology. 150 (1): 127–131. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05705.x.

[4] Senti, G.; Steinmann, L. S.; Fischer, B.; Kurmann, R.; Storni, T.; Johansen, P.; Schmid - Grendelmeier, P.; Wuthrich, B.; Kundig, T. M. (2006). "Antimicrobial silk clothing in the treatment of atopic dermatitis proves comparable to topical corticosteroid treatment".Dermatology. 213(3): 228–233.doi:10.1159/00009504.

[5] Muffly, Tyler; Tizzano, Anthony; Walters, Mark (March 2011). "The history and evolution of sutures in pelvic surgery". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

104(3): 107–12. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2010.100243.

[6] Kundu, Banani; Rajkhowa, Rangam; Kundu, Subhas C.; Wang, Xungai (1 April 2013).

"Silk fibroin biomaterials for tissue regenerations". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.

Bionics– Biologically inspired smart materials. 65(4):457–470.

doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.043.

[7] Eshchanov H.O., Baltayeva M.M., Eshchanov E.U., "Purification of cottonseed oil using sorbent from silk fiber waste", "Resource-saving methods based on natural compounds", Proceedings of the Republican scientific-practical conference, Gulistan-2016, pp. 268- 269.

[8] Hao Zhang, Ling Li, Fangyin Dai, Haohao Zhang1, Bing Ni1, Wei Zhou1, “Preparation and characterization of silk fibroin as a biomaterial with potential for drug delivery”.Journal of Translational Medicine. 2012 10:117.

[9] Eshchanov Kh., Shigabutdinov A., Baltaeva M., Studying “polymer—metall”

complexes based on fibroin Actual problems of modern science, education and training in the region 2017–II.3.

[10] ISO-Standard 3960 third edition 2001 AOCS CD 8b-90.

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