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Physico-Chemical and Spatial Analysis of Ground Water Quality in and Around the Industrial Hubs of Vijayawada City, A.P., India Using GIS

P.Sumalatha, Assistant Professor of Environmental Sciences, BS&H Department, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P. E-Mail: [email protected]

Dr. P. Brahmaji Rao, Associate Professor, Environmental Sciences Department, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, A.P. E-Mail: [email protected]

Dr.V. Radha Ramani, Assistant Professor of Physics, BS&H Department, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P. E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract:

Spatial variations of ground water quality were studied in and around the industrial estates of Vijayawada using Geographical Information System. Geographical information system is an efficient tool in finding out the spatial distribution of various physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters in ground water. Many studies on ground water quality have indicated that the industrial hubs throughout the world are partially responsible for the degradation of its quality causing long term consequences on the health and well being of the people living in the vicinity of these industries. The present paper is an attempt to identify any such consequences on the quality of ground water due to the industries surrounding in and around the Vijayawada city.

Various Physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters were selected to analyse the ground water quality at twelve sampling stations for the three consecutive years. Water Quality Index was also calculated for all the sampling stations which were also indicated using GIS maps. The ground water quality maps for the parameters exceeding the BIS prescribed standards for drinking water were prepared using spatial distribution technique using GIS software (ArcGIS 10). As there is lack of ground water quality monitoring data in Vijayawada which is growing industrial hub and a new capital city of Andhra Pradesh with a population of 1034358 (census 2011), this study would meet the requirement as a baseline data for the future planning and development of the city.

Keywords: Ground water, Physico-chemical parameters, GIS etc., Introduction:

Ground water is the major source of drinking water supply for rural and urban areas around the

world (Rawat and Singh 2018). The ground water resources become a major source of water to

meet agricultural, commercial and industrial needs. Risk assessment of groundwater involves

identifying and understanding the hazard associated with a particular occurrence, action or

circumstance and determination of the probability for the occurrence of such hazards (Smith,

2001). Geographical Information System has emerged as an efficient and powerful tool in

different fields of science over the last two decades (Konkey et al., 2014). The GIS has the

ability to store, arrange, retrieve, classify, manipulate, analyze and present huge spatial data and

information in a simple manner (Latha and Rao, 2010). The present study was carried out to

monitory the ground water quality in the vicinity of industrial, agricultural, commercial and

(2)

residential areas in and around Vijayawada city on a monthly basis for two seasonal cycles i.e., 24 months. The compliance criteria with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) was also evaluated and the parameters exceeding the BIS standards were represented using GIS maps of the study area.

Study Area:

The present study has been carried out at various industrial estates falling under the Vijayawada city limits in Krishna district.

Figure 1: Location map of the Study area with all the twelve stations Table 1: Sampling Stations

Sample No

Period Three Years

Location Latitudes Longitudes Industry type Station-I

June 2016- 17 June 2017-

18 June 2018-

19

Autonagar 80.672375 16.4955067 Electroplating Alloys

Station-II Autonagar 80.675945 16.4981883

Automobiles and Electrical work

shops

Station-

III Autonagar 80.6783115 16.5044418

Automobile Body building

works Station-

IV Ibrahimpatnam 80.5264517 16.5935433 Chemical

Industries

(3)

Station- V

Kondapalli

80.53971 16.6127283 Power Plant Station-

VI

Kondapalli

80.543107 16.6252569 Power Plant Station-

VII Mogalrajpuram 80.6457833 16.50744 Residential

Station-

VIII Nunna 80.6868116 16.5800622 Residential

Station-

IX Singhnagar 80.6415842 16.5800622 Residential

Station-

X Krishnalanka 80.6415842 16.5429339 Residential

Station-

XI Ranigarithota 80.7208067 16.473405 Residential

Station-

XII Penamaluru 80.6341267 16.4978067 Residential

Physicochemical analysis of ground water

The samples were analyzed various water quality parameters such as Temperature (

o

C), pH, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total hardness (TH), Calcium hardness (CH), Magnesium hardness (MH), Total alkalinity (TH), Fluorides (F

-

), Sodium (Na

+

), Potassium (K

+

), Chlorides (Cl

-

), Nitrates (NO

3-

), Phosphates (PO

4-

), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (COD), Chemical oxygen demand (BOD), Cadmium, Copper, Ferrum, Lead, Nickel, Zinc using standards procedures described in NEERI Manual (1984).

Table 2: Physico-Chemical parameters and metals analysed

S.No Parameter Units BIS STANDARDS

1 Temperature

o

C 26

2 pH - 8.5

3 Total dissolved solids (TDS) mg/L 500 4 Electrical conductivity (EC) μmhos/cm 750

5 Total hardness (TH) mg/L 300

6 Calcium hardness (CH) mg/L 75

7 Magnesium hardness (MH) mg/L 30

8 Total alkalinity (TH) mg/L 200

9 Chlorides (Cl

-

) mg/L 250

10 Nitrates (NO

3-

) mg/L 45

11 Phosphates (PO

4-

) mg/L 0.5

12 Sodium (Na

+

) mg/L 200

13 Potassium (K

+

) mg/L 10

(4)

14 Dissolved oxygen (DO) mg/L 3 15 Biological oxygen demand (COD) mg/L 5

16 Chemical oxygen demand (BOD) mg/L 10

17

Cadmium

mg/L 0.003

18

Copper

mg/L 0.05

19

Ferrum

mg/L 0.3

20

Lead

mg/L 0.01

21

Nickel

mg/L 0.02

22

Zinc

mg/L 5

Results:

Any appropriate water quality management measures need reliable quantitative information on water quality parameter behavior (Hucche and Bandela, 2016). The ground water quality was analysed for the selected physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters for three consecutive years (i.e., from June 2016 to June 2019) at twelve sampling stations. The annual means were calculated using with standard deviation which is presented in the table below:

GROUND WATER ANNUAL MEANS ± SD

Table : Annual Mean±SD for ground water for the year 2016-17

S . N

o Parameters

GROUND WATER Mean±SD of 2016-17

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

1

Temperature (oC)

27.942

±2.326 29.25±

0.934

28.817

±1.039 28.317

±1.104 28.817

±0.86 29.392

±1.152 26.942

±2.1

26.742

±1.923 27.05±

1.996 27.225

±1.769 27.458

±1.747 28.317

±2.849

2 pH

6.817±

0.147

7.033±

0.29

7.542±

0.323

7.525±

0.201

7.725±

0.148

7.192±

0.3

7.525±

0.201

7.542±

0.323

7.925±

0.148

7.567±

0.242

7.642±

0.207

7.908±

0.138 3

Total Dissolved

Solids

2964.1 67±29 5.051

4483.3 33±34 5.292

2902.9 17±71 4.793

4429.3 33±60 6.144

4308.5

±646.1 76

4437.8 33±72 8.887

3500±

893.41 735.33 3±119.

381

1027.5

±359.4 22

775.5±

98.44 1926.5

±202.9 55

1905±

274.64

4

Electrical Conductivity

(μmhos/cm) 4424.1 29±44 0.375

6691.5 42±51 5.36

4332.7 11±10 66.856

6610.9 45±90 4.692

6430.5 97±96 4.442

6623.6 32±10 87.891

5384.6 15±13 74.477

1131.2 82±18 3.663

1580.7 69±55 2.957

1193.0 77±15 1.446

2963.8 46±31 2.238

2930.7 69±42 2.523 5

Total Hardness

2896.1 67±13 85.863

2396.1 67±88 1.648

2482.1 67±67 2.906

1912.3 33±12 8.164

2396.1 67±88 1.648

1571.2 5±106 6.694

2011.4 17±55 4.95

506.5±

32.475 1628.3

33±20 6.607

227.41 7±65.9 15

1477.1 67±12 5.673

2364.5 83±27 7.243

6

Calcium Hardness

59.333

±14.92 6

57.417

±11.65 8

53±14.

161

38.833

±10.09 8

33.333

±7.82

55.5±8 .174

50.25±

14.833 249.33 3±14.0 48

36.75±

10.393 132.41 7±9.97 7

49.167

±15.59 32.75±

12.352

7

Magnesium Hardness

2836.8 33±13 95.189

2338.7 5±878.

916

2429.1 67±68 4.01

1873.5

±133.6 23

2362.8 33±87 7.048

1515.7 5±106 6.256

1961.1 67±55 7.722

257.16 7±37.4 16

1591.5 83±20 5.427

95±66.

923

1428±

112.99 9

2331.8 33±28 2.653 8

Total Alkalinity

560.08 3±153.

181

509.16 7±103.

251

456.83 3±141.

599

456.83 3±141.

599

635.5±

120.89 4

596.66 7±126.

055

462.83 3±80.6 93

482.41 7±102.

89

498.91 7±104.

297

151.16 7±28.4 7

670.83 3±122.

422

637±1 29.374

9 Chlorides

1188.9 63±13 8.149

902.44 8±100.

843

720.96 3±138.

149

515.44 8±100.

843

680.53 9±433.

539

546.48 1±194.

118

176.41 7±88.5 11

1670.5 22±28 31.799

761.29 7±137.

516

74.667

±14.18 9

643.81 4±222.

294

490.06 6±170.

709 1

0 Nitrates

0.416±

0.515

1.883±

3.046

1.921±

0.79

1.514±

0.825

30.45±

7.564

22.45±

7.564

0.493±

0.577

1.852±

3.069

1.725±

0.704

1.518±

0.821 32.208

±8.384 5.015±

6.738 1

1 Phosphates

0.292±

0.183

0.386±

0.083

0.262±

0.094

0.282±

0.094

0.543±

0.187

0.413±

0.187

0.457±

0.208

0.348±

0.068

0.256±

0.047

0.341±

0.238

0.455±

0.079

0.209±

0.159 1

2 Sodium

576.22 5±104.

002

558.10 8±80.0 66

388.12 5±91.8 52

530.81 7±110.

508

888.52 5±182.

298

673.79 3±82.1 17

577.57 5±124.

67

609.07 5±72.3 3

368.48 3±110.

421

64.583

±19.02 4

85.667

±13.75 3

68.167

±4.97

(5)

1

3 Potassium

91.25±

5.32

73.483

±8.251 57.658

±12.29 6

47.892

±12.46 55.05±

13.715 58.275

±13.32 9

71.225

±20.69 6

76.325

±6.835 51.658

±7.518 9.25±3

.467

51.442

±18.87 7

55.967

±18.83 6 1

4 DO

0.983±

0.493

0.767±

0.396

4.917±

0.484

3.9±0.

497

4.458±

0.472

4.683±

0.471

1.367±

1.092

2.542±

2.055

4.358±

0.739

4.008±

0.637

4.392±

0.558

5.525±

1.353 1

5 BOD

0.508±

0.657

0.367±

0.403

0.792±

0.825

1.683±

0.677

1.767±

0.996

2.167±

0.996

0.975±

0.349

1.658±

1.232

0.458±

0.438

1.05±0 .579

1.433±

0.74

1.833±

0.74 1

6 COD

10.735

±5.813 9.891±

4.845

7.865±

3.186

6.6±5.

953

8.503±

5.48

8.903±

5.48

8.741±

6.608

5.141±

3.4

6.748±

1.761

7.057±

2.813

6.285±

3.022

6.685±

3.022 1

7 Cadmium

0.003±

0.001

0.002±

0.001

0.003±

0.001

0.002±

0.001

0.008±

0.005

0.008±

0.003

0.003±

0.001

0.008±

0.006

0.002±

0.001

0.013±

0.005

0.014±

0.008

0.002±

0.001 1

8 Copper

0.023±

0.007

0.037±

0.008

0.026±

0.009

0.018±

0.011

0.003±

0.001

0.025±

0.004

0.036±

0.007

0.026±

0.007 ND ND ND ND

1

9 Ferrum

0.337±

0.16

0.015±

0.009

0.015±

0.009

0.102±

0.09

0.031±

0.017

0.152±

0.109

0.015±

0.013

0.026±

0.011

0.153±

0.094

0.056±

0.014

0.216±

0.117

0.115±

0.073 2

0 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

2

1 Nickel ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

2

2 Zinc

0.054±

0.01

0.337±

0.291

0.02±0 .031

0.013±

0.006

0.015±

0.005

0.025±

0.01

0.182±

0.256

0.069±

0.083

0.014±

0.006

0.047±

0.012

0.012±

0.007

0.013±

0.006 (All the values are expressed in mg/L except where specifically mentioned)

Table : Annual Mean±SD for ground water for the year 2017-18

S . N

o Parameters

GROUND WATER Mean±SD of 2017-18

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

1

Temperature (oC)

27.292

±1.462 28.608

±0.909 28.717

±0.877 28.467

±0.935 29.692

±0.643 30.192

±1.024 27.25±

1.664

27.858

±2.43 28.167

±1.265 28.183

±1.313 29.075

±0.897 28.992

±1.8

2 pH

7.042±

0.323

7.067±

0.242

7.525±

0.201

7.542±

0.323

7.642±

0.207

7.3±0.

2

7.375±

0.336

7.367±

0.239

7.85±0 .207

7.483±

0.237

7.542±

0.294

7.542±

0.323 3

Total Dissolved

Solids

2891.0 83±43 2.155

4580.2 5±224.

905

4516.1 67±57 7.844

4514.1 67±57 7.844

4467.1 67±57 7.844

4537.1 67±57 7.844

3391.6 67±83 2.803

753.08 3±104.

786

951.58 3±132.

045

845.66 7±87.9 04

1422.1 67±16 8.981

1945±

455.77 4 4

Electrical Conductivity

(μmhos/cm) 4315.0 5±645.

008

6836.1 94±33 5.68

6740.5 47±86 2.454

6737.5 62±86 2.454

6667.4 13±86 2.454

6771.8 91±86 2.454

5217.9 49±12 81.235

1158.5 9±161.

209

1463.9 74±20 3.146

1301.0 26±13 5.237

2187.9 49±25 9.971

2992.3 08±70 1.19 5

Total Hardness

3738.3 33±13 52.182

1779±

724.30 9

2684.1 67±67 2.906

2794.7 5±691.

053

2478.9 17±72 9.863

2031.2 5±106 6.694

1871.5

±454.1 73

508.25

±55.16 3

1564.7 5±167.

158

213.66 7±46.7 36

1501.8 33±15 9.865

2298.2 5±224.

355 6

Calcium Hardness

46.333

±14.92 6

49.417

±13.53 4

40.583

±9.977 34.25±

6.917

55.5±8 .174

31.5±1 0.579

53.917

±11.16 4

250.91 7±16.0 82

42.917

±10.9 142.58 3±8.67

40±12.

577

51.333

±10.03

7

Magnesium Hardness

3692±

1357.6 38

1729.5 83±71 8.133

2643.5 83±66 8.01

2760.5

±689.0 23

1723.5

±723.1 97

1999.7 5±106 3.475

1817.5 83±45 4.676

257.33 3±50.7 66

1521.8 33±16 5.427

71.083

±47.02 7

1461.8 33±16 1.805

2246.9 17±21 9.298

8

Total Alkalinity

449.5±

141.90 9

478.33 3±99.8 52

494.16 7±103.

251

494.16 7±103.

251

675.83 3±132.

095

637±1 29.374

560.08 3±153.

181

509.16 7±103.

251

456.83 3±141.

599

148.5±

24.284 635.5±

120.89 4

596.66 7±126.

055 9 Chlorides

1176.2 63±13 8.149

1670.5 22±28 31.799

761.29 7±137.

516

1283.5 22±28 31.799

738.20 6±433.

926

490.06 6±170.

709

277.58 3±97.3 88

1696.8 29±28 22.867

731.38

±140.9 35

71.5±1 2.34

703.78 9±443.

185

546.44 3±198.

692 1

0 Nitrates

0.592±

0.5

1.783±

3.046

1.821±

0.79

1.414±

0.825

33.017

±9.251 25.017

±9.251 0.706±

0.488

1.883±

3.046

1.863±

0.792

1.456±

0.814 33.283

±7.548 1.353±

0.602 1

1 Phosphates

0.775±

0.181

0.348±

0.089

0.293±

0.04

0.272±

0.043

0.565±

0.08

0.435±

0.08

0.623±

0.262

0.391±

0.043

0.231±

0.065

0.23±0 .053

0.461±

0.116

0.331±

0.116 1

2 Sodium

665.13 3±92.3 87

633.53 3±23.1 73

462.73 3±98.0 28

620.51 7±89.0 7

843.35

±185.1 64

638.71 2±75.0 22

679.9±

81.45

618.07 5±29.5 24

486.50 8±69.3 61

69.167

±18.23 5

78.167

±16.57 4

67.583

±10.10 4 1

3 Potassium

54.475

±6.521 78.65±

7.374

48.183

±6.46

38.967

±6.532 43.2±1

6.968

51±17.

537

66.025

±16.50 5

72.625

±13.76 51.075

±12.78 6

10.083

±4.699 43.192

±11.34 6

47.267

±14.95 8 1

4 DO

1.325±

1.491

1.033±

1.136

5.067±

0.491

4.092±

0.466

4.7±0.

475

4.883±

0.484

0.658±

0.574

0.592±

0.368

4.725±

0.439

3.725±

0.449

4.267±

0.41

4.525±

0.433 1

5 BOD

0.975±

0.349

1.658±

1.232

0.458±

0.438

1.05±0 .579

1.433±

0.74

1.833±

0.74

0.917±

0.451

0.992±

0.994

0.875±

0.785

1.583±

0.791

2.283±

0.656

2.175±

1.09

(6)

1

6 COD

8.257±

5.968

4.563±

2.257

6.882±

1.764

8.839±

2.819

7.361±

3.887

7.761±

3.887

10.822

±6.273 8.233±

5.009

6.604±

2.444

6.435±

3.499

6.749±

3.665

7.149±

3.665 1

7 Cadmium

0.003±

0.002

0.003±

0.001

0.008±

0.006

0.002±

0.001

0.011±

0.007

0.014±

0.008

0.003±

0.001

0.008±

0.007

0.002±

0.001

0.008±

0.007

0.01±0 .008

0.004±

0.003 1

8 Copper

0.025±

0.004

0.036±

0.007

0.026±

0.007

0.019±

0.011

0.008±

0.008

0.023±

0.007

0.037±

0.008

0.026±

0.009

#DIV/

0!

#DIV/

0!

#DIV/

0!

#DIV/

0!

1

9 Ferrum

0.365±

0.098

0.015±

0.013

0.015±

0.004

0.072±

0.044

0.031±

0.017

0.108±

0.082

0.015±

0.009

0.031±

0.017

0.159±

0.079

0.055±

0.016

0.271±

0.109

0.156±

0.076 2

0 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

2

1 Nickel ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

2

2 Zinc

0.054±

0.013

0.082±

0.09

0.019±

0.01

0.012±

0.003

0.02±0 .007

0.021±

0.01

0.196±

0.261

0.022±

0.023

0.013±

0.006

0.041±

0.014

0.022±

0.035

0.019±

0.01 (All the values are expressed in mg/L except where specifically mentioned)

Table : Annual Mean±SD for ground water for the year 2018-19

S . N

o Parameters

GROUND WATER Mean±SD of 2018-19

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

1

Temperature (oC)

28.175

±1.884 28.633

±1.403 29.45±

0.605

28.633

±0.734

28.85±

1.102

29.433

±1.064 27.292

±1.462 28.608

±0.909 28.717

±0.877 28.467

±0.935 29.69 2±0.6 43

30.192

±1.024

2 pH

6.933±

0.352 7.025±

0.29

7.442±

0.168

7.55±0.

318

7.633±

0.15

7.042±

0.247

7.067±

0.277

7.325±

0.28

7.692±

0.239

7.55±0 .294

7.375

±0.24 9

7.658±

0.235

3

Total Dissolved

Solids

1471.6 67±21 4.299

1905±

274.64 18029.

167±13 95.157

12720.

833±50 91.323

6675±

301.88 8

2147.5

±483.0 61

3391.6 67±83 2.803

796±1 58.41

1014.9 17±38 7.469

757.83 3±67.8 81

2147.

5±483 .061

2892.4 17±41 9.996 4

Electrical Conductivity

(μmhos/cm) 2264.1 03±32 9.691

2930.7 69±42 2.523

27737.

179±21 46.395

19570.

513±78 32.805

10269.

231±4 64.443

3303.8 46±74 3.17

5217.9 49±12 81.235

1224.6 15±24 3.708

1561.4 1±596.

106

1165.8 97±10 4.432

3303.

846±7 43.17

4449.8 72±64 6.147 5

Total Hardness

3448.3 33±82 9.522

1838.6 67±62 1.001

2600±6 06.793

2256.2 5±642.

21

2245.8 33±40 4.611

1839.5 83±98 5.175

2794.7 5±691.

053

522.91 7±96.1 87

1838.6 67±62 1.001

231±7 7.265

1779±

724.3 09

2684.1 67±67 2.906

6

Calcium Hardness

51.75±

11.561 47.833

±16.32 37.917

±10.22

37.25±

10.446

48±13.

578

40.333

±14.39 3

50.417

±12.25 8

231.16 7±58.8 96

39.667

±12.56 5

141.25

±27.29 7

49.75

±13.6 66

40.667

±14.53 1 7

Magnesium Hardness

3396.5 83±83 3.312

1790.8 33±61 2.893

2562.0 83±609 .543

2219±6 43.15

2197.8 33±40 7.051

1799.2 5±980.

824

2744.3 33±68 5.25

291.75

±120.5 48

1799±

616.01 9

89.75±

81.75 1729.

25±72 5.066

2643.5

±665.3 68 8

Total Alkalinity

508±1 94.883

507.08 3±102.

114

469.16 7±66.4 8

469.16 7±66.4 8

665.41 7±137.

236

624.75

±136.2 04

506.25

±146.9 76

497.58 3±34.8 36

480.5±

119.82 3

163.16 7±27.0 08

696.5 83±11 0.931

659.08 3±108.

168 9 Chlorides

1679.7 33±17 8.508

785.20 8±204.

964

731.23 3±165.

587

426.00 8±206.

086

772.49 8±397.

499

629.02 9±394.

084

490±1 30.155

451.97 6±211.

231

755.02 3±172.

769

71.333

±10.37 8

825.5 58±50 6.251

618.96 2±379.

758 1

0 Nitrates

0.868±

0.475 1.841±

3.06

1.879±

0.792

1.473±

0.839

30.183

±9.175 22.183

±9.175 0.65±0

.505

1.781±

3.064

4.608±

4.047

1.402±

0.854 23.15

±13.4 5

1.821±

0.79 1

1 Phosphates

0.478±

0.36

0.379±

0.097

0.318±

0.055

0.313±

0.069

0.632±

0.122

0.502±

0.122

0.619±

0.302

0.353±

0.11

0.301±

0.067

0.243±

0.146 0.568

±0.17 7

0.508±

0.122 1

2 Sodium

408.81 7±231.

806

659.74 2±55.8 31

523.65 8±143.

196

532.74 2±113.

757

797.40 8±152.

3

764.98

±143.2 64

215.41 7±33.7 27

77.583

±16.23 4

426.41 7±120.

032

60±23.

246

75.5±

17.06 4

66.583

±9.671 1

3 Potassium

74.883

±19.04 3

70.483

±11.79 5

50.475

±10.23 2

47.442

±14.36 5

50.308

±15.51 1

47.842

±14.96 7

60.75±

14.137 67.467

±17.09 42.85±

5.881

7.917±

2.275 37.42 5±3.3 29

37.3±8 .664 1

4 DO

0.942±

1.057 0.658±

0.46

4.675±

0.475

3.7±0.4 71

4.233±

0.446

4.483±

0.49

0.758±

0.36

4.792±

0.478

3.775±

0.475 4.3±0.

435

4.533

±0.44 4

5.992±

1.2 1

5 BOD

1.083±

0.262 1.75±1

.368

0.6±0.4 39

1.175±

0.654

1.642±

0.761

1.667±

0.733 1.6±1.

212

1.942±

0.938

1.283±

0.912

1.708±

0.713 2.158

±0.53 7

1.883±

0.687 1 COD 10.608 7.026± 5.718± 6.667± 7.344± 8.322± 13.433 10.703 6.343± 7.395± 9.676 9.593±

(7)

6 ±6.243 3.833 1.987 3.2 3.667 4.126 ±6.795 ±6.314 1.838 3.249 ±3.80 6

3.877 1

7 Cadmium

0.003±

0.001 0.002±

0.001

0.003±

0.001

0.002±

0.001

0.005±

0.005

0.008±

0.003

0.002±

0.001

0.006±

0.006

0.003±

0.001

0.007±

0.007 0.012

±0.00 7

0.006±

0.005 1

8 Copper

0.013±

0.012 0.012±

0.017

0.034±

0.01

0.011±

0.012

0.016±

0.006

0.024±

0.007

0.037±

0.008

0.024±

0.01

#DIV/

0!

#DIV/

0!

#DIV/

0!

#DIV/

0!

1

9 Ferrum

0.361±

0.125 0.015±

0.004

0.144±

0.1

0.144±

0.087

0.026±

0.011

0.043±

0.014

0.015±

0.004

0.043±

0.014

0.21±0 .066

0.058±

0.012 0.236

±0.15 5

0.184±

0.123 2

0 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

2

1 Nickel ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

2

2 Zinc

0.057±

0.056 0.035±

0.031

0.018±

0.01

0.017±

0.01

0.061±

0.092

0.027±

0.021

0.112±

0.123

0.015±

0.022

0.015±

0.007

0.021±

0.014 0.019

±0.00 7

0.012±

0.003 (All the values are expressed in mg/L except where specifically mentioned)

WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR GROUND WATER

Water Quality Index being a very useful tool for assessment and management of water resources around the world, the Water Quality Index was calculated using Indian Standards for the surface and ground water in the present study. WQI reflects the composite influence of different water quality parameters and is being used to provide comparisons of water quality status for different locations and at different time and acts as a water quality status prediction tool (Singh et al, 2013a, 2016, Tiwari et al., 2014)

Table: Weighted Arithmetic Index (Wi) calculation to calculate Water Quality Index

S.No Parameters

BIS STANDARD

(Si) 1/Si ∑1/Si K=1/∑1/Si wi Wi

1 pH 8.5 0.117647 509.8092 0.001962 0.000231 0.000231

2 Total Dissolved Solids 500 0.002 509.8092 0.001962 3.92E-06 3.92E-06 3

Electrical

Conductivity(μmhos/cm) 300 0.003333 509.8092 0.001962 6.54E-06 2.62E-06

4 Total Hardness 300 0.003333 509.8092 0.001962 6.54E-06 6.54E-06

5 Calcium Hardness 75 0.013333 509.8092 0.001962 2.62E-05 2.62E-05

6 Magnesium Hardness 30 0.033333 509.8092 0.001962 6.54E-05 6.54E-05

7 Total Alkalinity 200 0.005 509.8092 0.001962 9.81E-06 9.81E-06

8 Chlorides 250 0.004 509.8092 0.001962 7.85E-06 7.85E-06

9 Nitrates 45 0.022222 509.8092 0.001962 4.36E-05 4.36E-05

10 Phosphates 0.5 2 509.8092 0.001962 0.003923 0.003923

11 Sodium 200 0.005 509.8092 0.001962 9.81E-06 9.81E-06

12 Potassium 10 0.1 509.8092 0.001962 0.000196 0.000196

13 DO 3 0.333333 509.8092 0.001962 0.000654 0.000654

14 BOD 5 0.2 509.8092 0.001962 0.000392 0.000392

15 COD 10 0.1 509.8092 0.001962 0.000196 0.000196

16 Cadmium 0.003 333.3333 509.8092 0.001962 0.653839 0.653842

17 Copper 0.05 20 509.8092 0.001962 0.03923 0.039231

18 Ferrum 0.3 3.333333 509.8092 0.001962 0.006538 0.006538

(8)

19 Lead 0.01 100 509.8092 0.001962 0.196152 0.196153

20 Nickel 0.02 50 509.8092 0.001962 0.098076 0.098076

21 Zinc 5 0.2 509.8092 0.001962 0.000392 0.000392

Si = BIS 10500 (2012) STANDARDS For Drinking Water Were Considered

Table: WQI ranking according to the range of values WQI

RANKING CLASSIFICATION

0-25 Excellent

25-50 Slightly Polluted(Good)

50-75 Moderately Polluted (Poor)

75-100 Polluted(Very Poor)

>100 Excessively Polluted(Unsuitable For Drinking)

WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR GROUND WATER

Table: WQI for ground water for all the stations during the three consecutive years

Temperature (oC)

The temperature of ground water ranged between 22.6oC at Station-VIII and 32.5oC at Station-XII during the study period. The maximum temperature was recorded in summer season and the minimum temperature was recorded in winter season. The Temperature was observed to be nearly same during the three seasons with slight increase during the summer season followed by rainy and winter seasons

WQI 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 WQI Ranking I 69.03664834 69.75583447 68.5434 Moderately polluted II 47.56399584 69.13250924 45.46737 Slightly to Moderately polluted III 68.4720474 177.4996188 69.44894 Moderate to excessively polluted IV 46.09718627 46.28677574 45.74163 Slightly polluted

V 175.8831584 241.5161284 111.5279 Excessively polluted VI 177.5968875 308.2210884 177.3801 Excessively polluted VII 69.26010169 69.41618799 47.82113 Slightly to Moderately polluted VIII 177.0543693 177.0496228 133.3934 Excessively polluted

IX 45.10471728 44.82088593 66.78385 Slightly to Moderately polluted X 283.8978854 174.8283074 153.0655 Excessively polluted XI 306.5226037 219.4632596 263.119 Excessively polluted XII 44.80585974 88.52586122 132.4191 Slightly to Excessively polluted

(9)

pH

The pH of ground water ranged between 6.5 and 8.3 during the study period. The pH was observed to be near neutral to alkaline at all the stations during the study period and did not exceed the BIS standard for drinking water. The lowest pH (6.5) was observed during the months of February, 2016 and May, 2017 and the highest pH (i.e., 8.3) was in the month of December, 2016. The pH was more or less consistent and the seasonal variations were negligible at all the stations during the study period.

Total dissolved solids

The mean of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the ground water samples at the study area was in the range of 478 mg/L at Station-VIII in winter season and 19320 mg/L at Station-III in the summer season. The TDS values were exceeding the BIS permissible limit of 500 mg/L for the drinking water at all the stations during the study period.

Electrical Conductivity

The Electrical Conductivity (EC) is the measurement of the dissolved ions present in water and increases or decreases based on the ion concentrations in water (Venkataraman and Manikumari, 2019).

The Electrical Conductivity (EC) in the ground water samples at the study area was in the range of 735.38

μmhos/cm

at Station-VIII in winter season and 29723.07

μmhos/cm

at Station-III in the summer season.

The EC values were exceeding the BIS permissible limit of 750

μmhos/cm

mg/L for the drinking water at all the stations during the study period.

Total Hardness

Hardness is the measure of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions present in the water (Venkataraman and Manikumari, 2019). The mean of Total Hardness concentration in ground water was in range of 140 mg/L at Station-X and 6600 mg/L at Station-I. The lowest value (i.e., 140 mg/L) was observed in winter season whereas the highest value (i.e., 6600 mg/L) was recorded in summer season at majority of the stations. The concentrations of Total hardness were exceeding the BIS specified limit of 300 mg/L during the three seasons.

Calcium Hardness

The mean values of Calcium Hardness were observed to be exceeding the BIS standard limit of 75 mg/L at all the stations during the study period. The lowest value (i.e., 12 mg/L) of Calcium Hardness was recorded at Station-XII during winter season whereas the highest value (i.e., 271 mg/L) was recorded at Station-VIII during winter season. The prolonged agricultural activities prevailing in some areas may also directly or indirectly affect the mineral dissolution in ground water (moorthy et al., 2014).

Magnesium Hardness

The Magnesium Hardness was observed to be high (i.e., 6563 mg/L) at Station-I and low (i.e., 0 mg/L) at Station-X during the study period. The Magnesium Hardness values were observed to be high during summer season and lowest during winter season. The concentration of Magnesium Hardness was also increasing the BIS specified limit of 30 mg/L during the three seasons at majority of the stations during the study period. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are both essential minerals for living organisms and both of them occur in all kind of natural water with Mg2+ concentration generally lower than Ca2+ (Shov, 2014).

(10)

Total Alkalinity

The alkalinity of ground water is primarily due to the carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide content and is often interpreted in terms of the concentration of these constituents (Zidi et al., 2017). The mean values of Alkalinity were observed to range between 109 mg/L at Station-X and 940 mg/L at Station-I during the period of study. The mean values of Total Alkalinity recorded to exceed the BIS standard limit of 200 mg/L at majority of the stations (i.e., I, II, III, VIII, IX, X, XI) in ground water during the study period.

Chlorides

Chlorides in groundwater may occur naturally and from human sources such as road salt, agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and effluents from septic tanks, sea water intrusion and industrial waste water (Venkataraman and Manikumari, 2019). The Chlorides in the samples ranged between 58 mg/L at Station-X and 10650.37 mg/L at Station-VIII in winter season. The annual mean concentrations of Chlorides were exceeding the BIS standard of 200 mg/L at all the stations except Station-X during the study period. The concentrations of Chlorides did not follow any specific common seasonal trend during the study period at all the stations.

Nitrates

The Nitrates concentration was absent at Station-I and VII whereas the highest concentration of Nitrates (i.e., 45.6 mg/L) was observed at Stations V and XI during the study period. But the concentrations were far below the BIS desirable limit of 45 mg/L during the three seasons in the ground water at all the stations.

Phosphates

The Phosphate concentration in the samples ranged between 0 and 0.96 mg/L at all the Stations during the study period. The phosphate concentration did not follow any common seasonal trend during the study. The concentrations of Phosphate were observed to be slightly high at Station-V when compared with the BIS specified limit of 0.5 mg/L.

Sodium

A least value of Sodium (i.e., 28 mg/L) was recorded at Station-X during summer season and the highest (i.e., 1000mg/L) was recorded at Station-V during all the seasons (i.e., winter, rainy and summer).

Except Stations X, XI and XII at all the stations the mean Sodium concentrations exceeded the BIS specified limit of 200 mg/L during the period of study.

Potassium

The lowest value of Potassium (i.e., 3 mg/L) was recorded at Station-X during April, 2017 (i.e., summer season) and the highest (i.e., 101.6 mg/L) was recorded at Station-VI during rainy season. Except Station-X all the mean concentrations of Potassium exceeded the BIS specified limit of 10 mg/L during the study period.

Dissolved oxygen

The Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of free, non-compound oxygen present in water and is one of the important parameter to judge the water quality (Chalise et al., 2019). DO values were observed to be in the range of 0 to 7.6 mg/L at all the stations during the study period. At some of the sampling stations (i.e., I, II, VII, VIII) the mean DO values were observed to be below 3 mg/L which is the BIS

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