Physico-Chemical and Spatial Analysis of Ground Water Quality in and Around the Industrial Hubs of Vijayawada City, A.P., India Using GIS
P.Sumalatha, Assistant Professor of Environmental Sciences, BS&H Department, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P. E-Mail: [email protected]
Dr. P. Brahmaji Rao, Associate Professor, Environmental Sciences Department, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, A.P. E-Mail: [email protected]
Dr.V. Radha Ramani, Assistant Professor of Physics, BS&H Department, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P. E-Mail: [email protected]
Abstract:
Spatial variations of ground water quality were studied in and around the industrial estates of Vijayawada using Geographical Information System. Geographical information system is an efficient tool in finding out the spatial distribution of various physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters in ground water. Many studies on ground water quality have indicated that the industrial hubs throughout the world are partially responsible for the degradation of its quality causing long term consequences on the health and well being of the people living in the vicinity of these industries. The present paper is an attempt to identify any such consequences on the quality of ground water due to the industries surrounding in and around the Vijayawada city.
Various Physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters were selected to analyse the ground water quality at twelve sampling stations for the three consecutive years. Water Quality Index was also calculated for all the sampling stations which were also indicated using GIS maps. The ground water quality maps for the parameters exceeding the BIS prescribed standards for drinking water were prepared using spatial distribution technique using GIS software (ArcGIS 10). As there is lack of ground water quality monitoring data in Vijayawada which is growing industrial hub and a new capital city of Andhra Pradesh with a population of 1034358 (census 2011), this study would meet the requirement as a baseline data for the future planning and development of the city.
Keywords: Ground water, Physico-chemical parameters, GIS etc., Introduction:
Ground water is the major source of drinking water supply for rural and urban areas around the
world (Rawat and Singh 2018). The ground water resources become a major source of water to
meet agricultural, commercial and industrial needs. Risk assessment of groundwater involves
identifying and understanding the hazard associated with a particular occurrence, action or
circumstance and determination of the probability for the occurrence of such hazards (Smith,
2001). Geographical Information System has emerged as an efficient and powerful tool in
different fields of science over the last two decades (Konkey et al., 2014). The GIS has the
ability to store, arrange, retrieve, classify, manipulate, analyze and present huge spatial data and
information in a simple manner (Latha and Rao, 2010). The present study was carried out to
monitory the ground water quality in the vicinity of industrial, agricultural, commercial and
residential areas in and around Vijayawada city on a monthly basis for two seasonal cycles i.e., 24 months. The compliance criteria with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) was also evaluated and the parameters exceeding the BIS standards were represented using GIS maps of the study area.
Study Area:
The present study has been carried out at various industrial estates falling under the Vijayawada city limits in Krishna district.
Figure 1: Location map of the Study area with all the twelve stations Table 1: Sampling Stations
Sample No
Period Three Years
Location Latitudes Longitudes Industry type Station-I
June 2016- 17 June 2017-
18 June 2018-
19
Autonagar 80.672375 16.4955067 Electroplating Alloys
Station-II Autonagar 80.675945 16.4981883
Automobiles and Electrical work
shops
Station-
III Autonagar 80.6783115 16.5044418
Automobile Body building
works Station-
IV Ibrahimpatnam 80.5264517 16.5935433 Chemical
Industries
Station- V
Kondapalli
80.53971 16.6127283 Power Plant Station-
VI
Kondapalli
80.543107 16.6252569 Power Plant Station-
VII Mogalrajpuram 80.6457833 16.50744 Residential
Station-
VIII Nunna 80.6868116 16.5800622 Residential
Station-
IX Singhnagar 80.6415842 16.5800622 Residential
Station-
X Krishnalanka 80.6415842 16.5429339 Residential
Station-
XI Ranigarithota 80.7208067 16.473405 Residential
Station-
XII Penamaluru 80.6341267 16.4978067 Residential
Physicochemical analysis of ground water
The samples were analyzed various water quality parameters such as Temperature (
oC), pH, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total hardness (TH), Calcium hardness (CH), Magnesium hardness (MH), Total alkalinity (TH), Fluorides (F
-), Sodium (Na
+), Potassium (K
+), Chlorides (Cl
-), Nitrates (NO
3-), Phosphates (PO
4-), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (COD), Chemical oxygen demand (BOD), Cadmium, Copper, Ferrum, Lead, Nickel, Zinc using standards procedures described in NEERI Manual (1984).
Table 2: Physico-Chemical parameters and metals analysed
S.No Parameter Units BIS STANDARDS
1 Temperature
oC 26
2 pH - 8.5
3 Total dissolved solids (TDS) mg/L 500 4 Electrical conductivity (EC) μmhos/cm 750
5 Total hardness (TH) mg/L 300
6 Calcium hardness (CH) mg/L 75
7 Magnesium hardness (MH) mg/L 30
8 Total alkalinity (TH) mg/L 200
9 Chlorides (Cl
-) mg/L 250
10 Nitrates (NO
3-) mg/L 45
11 Phosphates (PO
4-) mg/L 0.5
12 Sodium (Na
+) mg/L 200
13 Potassium (K
+) mg/L 10
14 Dissolved oxygen (DO) mg/L 3 15 Biological oxygen demand (COD) mg/L 5
16 Chemical oxygen demand (BOD) mg/L 10
17
Cadmiummg/L 0.003
18
Coppermg/L 0.05
19
Ferrummg/L 0.3
20
Leadmg/L 0.01
21
Nickelmg/L 0.02
22
Zincmg/L 5
Results:
Any appropriate water quality management measures need reliable quantitative information on water quality parameter behavior (Hucche and Bandela, 2016). The ground water quality was analysed for the selected physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters for three consecutive years (i.e., from June 2016 to June 2019) at twelve sampling stations. The annual means were calculated using with standard deviation which is presented in the table below:
GROUND WATER ANNUAL MEANS ± SD
Table : Annual Mean±SD for ground water for the year 2016-17
S . N
o Parameters
GROUND WATER Mean±SD of 2016-17
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1
Temperature (oC)
27.942
±2.326 29.25±
0.934
28.817
±1.039 28.317
±1.104 28.817
±0.86 29.392
±1.152 26.942
±2.1
26.742
±1.923 27.05±
1.996 27.225
±1.769 27.458
±1.747 28.317
±2.849
2 pH
6.817±
0.147
7.033±
0.29
7.542±
0.323
7.525±
0.201
7.725±
0.148
7.192±
0.3
7.525±
0.201
7.542±
0.323
7.925±
0.148
7.567±
0.242
7.642±
0.207
7.908±
0.138 3
Total Dissolved
Solids
2964.1 67±29 5.051
4483.3 33±34 5.292
2902.9 17±71 4.793
4429.3 33±60 6.144
4308.5
±646.1 76
4437.8 33±72 8.887
3500±
893.41 735.33 3±119.
381
1027.5
±359.4 22
775.5±
98.44 1926.5
±202.9 55
1905±
274.64
4
Electrical Conductivity
(μmhos/cm) 4424.1 29±44 0.375
6691.5 42±51 5.36
4332.7 11±10 66.856
6610.9 45±90 4.692
6430.5 97±96 4.442
6623.6 32±10 87.891
5384.6 15±13 74.477
1131.2 82±18 3.663
1580.7 69±55 2.957
1193.0 77±15 1.446
2963.8 46±31 2.238
2930.7 69±42 2.523 5
Total Hardness
2896.1 67±13 85.863
2396.1 67±88 1.648
2482.1 67±67 2.906
1912.3 33±12 8.164
2396.1 67±88 1.648
1571.2 5±106 6.694
2011.4 17±55 4.95
506.5±
32.475 1628.3
33±20 6.607
227.41 7±65.9 15
1477.1 67±12 5.673
2364.5 83±27 7.243
6
Calcium Hardness
59.333
±14.92 6
57.417
±11.65 8
53±14.
161
38.833
±10.09 8
33.333
±7.82
55.5±8 .174
50.25±
14.833 249.33 3±14.0 48
36.75±
10.393 132.41 7±9.97 7
49.167
±15.59 32.75±
12.352
7
Magnesium Hardness
2836.8 33±13 95.189
2338.7 5±878.
916
2429.1 67±68 4.01
1873.5
±133.6 23
2362.8 33±87 7.048
1515.7 5±106 6.256
1961.1 67±55 7.722
257.16 7±37.4 16
1591.5 83±20 5.427
95±66.
923
1428±
112.99 9
2331.8 33±28 2.653 8
Total Alkalinity
560.08 3±153.
181
509.16 7±103.
251
456.83 3±141.
599
456.83 3±141.
599
635.5±
120.89 4
596.66 7±126.
055
462.83 3±80.6 93
482.41 7±102.
89
498.91 7±104.
297
151.16 7±28.4 7
670.83 3±122.
422
637±1 29.374
9 Chlorides
1188.9 63±13 8.149
902.44 8±100.
843
720.96 3±138.
149
515.44 8±100.
843
680.53 9±433.
539
546.48 1±194.
118
176.41 7±88.5 11
1670.5 22±28 31.799
761.29 7±137.
516
74.667
±14.18 9
643.81 4±222.
294
490.06 6±170.
709 1
0 Nitrates
0.416±
0.515
1.883±
3.046
1.921±
0.79
1.514±
0.825
30.45±
7.564
22.45±
7.564
0.493±
0.577
1.852±
3.069
1.725±
0.704
1.518±
0.821 32.208
±8.384 5.015±
6.738 1
1 Phosphates
0.292±
0.183
0.386±
0.083
0.262±
0.094
0.282±
0.094
0.543±
0.187
0.413±
0.187
0.457±
0.208
0.348±
0.068
0.256±
0.047
0.341±
0.238
0.455±
0.079
0.209±
0.159 1
2 Sodium
576.22 5±104.
002
558.10 8±80.0 66
388.12 5±91.8 52
530.81 7±110.
508
888.52 5±182.
298
673.79 3±82.1 17
577.57 5±124.
67
609.07 5±72.3 3
368.48 3±110.
421
64.583
±19.02 4
85.667
±13.75 3
68.167
±4.97
1
3 Potassium
91.25±
5.32
73.483
±8.251 57.658
±12.29 6
47.892
±12.46 55.05±
13.715 58.275
±13.32 9
71.225
±20.69 6
76.325
±6.835 51.658
±7.518 9.25±3
.467
51.442
±18.87 7
55.967
±18.83 6 1
4 DO
0.983±
0.493
0.767±
0.396
4.917±
0.484
3.9±0.
497
4.458±
0.472
4.683±
0.471
1.367±
1.092
2.542±
2.055
4.358±
0.739
4.008±
0.637
4.392±
0.558
5.525±
1.353 1
5 BOD
0.508±
0.657
0.367±
0.403
0.792±
0.825
1.683±
0.677
1.767±
0.996
2.167±
0.996
0.975±
0.349
1.658±
1.232
0.458±
0.438
1.05±0 .579
1.433±
0.74
1.833±
0.74 1
6 COD
10.735
±5.813 9.891±
4.845
7.865±
3.186
6.6±5.
953
8.503±
5.48
8.903±
5.48
8.741±
6.608
5.141±
3.4
6.748±
1.761
7.057±
2.813
6.285±
3.022
6.685±
3.022 1
7 Cadmium
0.003±
0.001
0.002±
0.001
0.003±
0.001
0.002±
0.001
0.008±
0.005
0.008±
0.003
0.003±
0.001
0.008±
0.006
0.002±
0.001
0.013±
0.005
0.014±
0.008
0.002±
0.001 1
8 Copper
0.023±
0.007
0.037±
0.008
0.026±
0.009
0.018±
0.011
0.003±
0.001
0.025±
0.004
0.036±
0.007
0.026±
0.007 ND ND ND ND
1
9 Ferrum
0.337±
0.16
0.015±
0.009
0.015±
0.009
0.102±
0.09
0.031±
0.017
0.152±
0.109
0.015±
0.013
0.026±
0.011
0.153±
0.094
0.056±
0.014
0.216±
0.117
0.115±
0.073 2
0 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2
1 Nickel ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2
2 Zinc
0.054±
0.01
0.337±
0.291
0.02±0 .031
0.013±
0.006
0.015±
0.005
0.025±
0.01
0.182±
0.256
0.069±
0.083
0.014±
0.006
0.047±
0.012
0.012±
0.007
0.013±
0.006 (All the values are expressed in mg/L except where specifically mentioned)
Table : Annual Mean±SD for ground water for the year 2017-18
S . N
o Parameters
GROUND WATER Mean±SD of 2017-18
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1
Temperature (oC)
27.292
±1.462 28.608
±0.909 28.717
±0.877 28.467
±0.935 29.692
±0.643 30.192
±1.024 27.25±
1.664
27.858
±2.43 28.167
±1.265 28.183
±1.313 29.075
±0.897 28.992
±1.8
2 pH
7.042±
0.323
7.067±
0.242
7.525±
0.201
7.542±
0.323
7.642±
0.207
7.3±0.
2
7.375±
0.336
7.367±
0.239
7.85±0 .207
7.483±
0.237
7.542±
0.294
7.542±
0.323 3
Total Dissolved
Solids
2891.0 83±43 2.155
4580.2 5±224.
905
4516.1 67±57 7.844
4514.1 67±57 7.844
4467.1 67±57 7.844
4537.1 67±57 7.844
3391.6 67±83 2.803
753.08 3±104.
786
951.58 3±132.
045
845.66 7±87.9 04
1422.1 67±16 8.981
1945±
455.77 4 4
Electrical Conductivity
(μmhos/cm) 4315.0 5±645.
008
6836.1 94±33 5.68
6740.5 47±86 2.454
6737.5 62±86 2.454
6667.4 13±86 2.454
6771.8 91±86 2.454
5217.9 49±12 81.235
1158.5 9±161.
209
1463.9 74±20 3.146
1301.0 26±13 5.237
2187.9 49±25 9.971
2992.3 08±70 1.19 5
Total Hardness
3738.3 33±13 52.182
1779±
724.30 9
2684.1 67±67 2.906
2794.7 5±691.
053
2478.9 17±72 9.863
2031.2 5±106 6.694
1871.5
±454.1 73
508.25
±55.16 3
1564.7 5±167.
158
213.66 7±46.7 36
1501.8 33±15 9.865
2298.2 5±224.
355 6
Calcium Hardness
46.333
±14.92 6
49.417
±13.53 4
40.583
±9.977 34.25±
6.917
55.5±8 .174
31.5±1 0.579
53.917
±11.16 4
250.91 7±16.0 82
42.917
±10.9 142.58 3±8.67
40±12.
577
51.333
±10.03
7
Magnesium Hardness
3692±
1357.6 38
1729.5 83±71 8.133
2643.5 83±66 8.01
2760.5
±689.0 23
1723.5
±723.1 97
1999.7 5±106 3.475
1817.5 83±45 4.676
257.33 3±50.7 66
1521.8 33±16 5.427
71.083
±47.02 7
1461.8 33±16 1.805
2246.9 17±21 9.298
8
Total Alkalinity
449.5±
141.90 9
478.33 3±99.8 52
494.16 7±103.
251
494.16 7±103.
251
675.83 3±132.
095
637±1 29.374
560.08 3±153.
181
509.16 7±103.
251
456.83 3±141.
599
148.5±
24.284 635.5±
120.89 4
596.66 7±126.
055 9 Chlorides
1176.2 63±13 8.149
1670.5 22±28 31.799
761.29 7±137.
516
1283.5 22±28 31.799
738.20 6±433.
926
490.06 6±170.
709
277.58 3±97.3 88
1696.8 29±28 22.867
731.38
±140.9 35
71.5±1 2.34
703.78 9±443.
185
546.44 3±198.
692 1
0 Nitrates
0.592±
0.5
1.783±
3.046
1.821±
0.79
1.414±
0.825
33.017
±9.251 25.017
±9.251 0.706±
0.488
1.883±
3.046
1.863±
0.792
1.456±
0.814 33.283
±7.548 1.353±
0.602 1
1 Phosphates
0.775±
0.181
0.348±
0.089
0.293±
0.04
0.272±
0.043
0.565±
0.08
0.435±
0.08
0.623±
0.262
0.391±
0.043
0.231±
0.065
0.23±0 .053
0.461±
0.116
0.331±
0.116 1
2 Sodium
665.13 3±92.3 87
633.53 3±23.1 73
462.73 3±98.0 28
620.51 7±89.0 7
843.35
±185.1 64
638.71 2±75.0 22
679.9±
81.45
618.07 5±29.5 24
486.50 8±69.3 61
69.167
±18.23 5
78.167
±16.57 4
67.583
±10.10 4 1
3 Potassium
54.475
±6.521 78.65±
7.374
48.183
±6.46
38.967
±6.532 43.2±1
6.968
51±17.
537
66.025
±16.50 5
72.625
±13.76 51.075
±12.78 6
10.083
±4.699 43.192
±11.34 6
47.267
±14.95 8 1
4 DO
1.325±
1.491
1.033±
1.136
5.067±
0.491
4.092±
0.466
4.7±0.
475
4.883±
0.484
0.658±
0.574
0.592±
0.368
4.725±
0.439
3.725±
0.449
4.267±
0.41
4.525±
0.433 1
5 BOD
0.975±
0.349
1.658±
1.232
0.458±
0.438
1.05±0 .579
1.433±
0.74
1.833±
0.74
0.917±
0.451
0.992±
0.994
0.875±
0.785
1.583±
0.791
2.283±
0.656
2.175±
1.09
1
6 COD
8.257±
5.968
4.563±
2.257
6.882±
1.764
8.839±
2.819
7.361±
3.887
7.761±
3.887
10.822
±6.273 8.233±
5.009
6.604±
2.444
6.435±
3.499
6.749±
3.665
7.149±
3.665 1
7 Cadmium
0.003±
0.002
0.003±
0.001
0.008±
0.006
0.002±
0.001
0.011±
0.007
0.014±
0.008
0.003±
0.001
0.008±
0.007
0.002±
0.001
0.008±
0.007
0.01±0 .008
0.004±
0.003 1
8 Copper
0.025±
0.004
0.036±
0.007
0.026±
0.007
0.019±
0.011
0.008±
0.008
0.023±
0.007
0.037±
0.008
0.026±
0.009
#DIV/
0!
#DIV/
0!
#DIV/
0!
#DIV/
0!
1
9 Ferrum
0.365±
0.098
0.015±
0.013
0.015±
0.004
0.072±
0.044
0.031±
0.017
0.108±
0.082
0.015±
0.009
0.031±
0.017
0.159±
0.079
0.055±
0.016
0.271±
0.109
0.156±
0.076 2
0 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2
1 Nickel ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2
2 Zinc
0.054±
0.013
0.082±
0.09
0.019±
0.01
0.012±
0.003
0.02±0 .007
0.021±
0.01
0.196±
0.261
0.022±
0.023
0.013±
0.006
0.041±
0.014
0.022±
0.035
0.019±
0.01 (All the values are expressed in mg/L except where specifically mentioned)
Table : Annual Mean±SD for ground water for the year 2018-19
S . N
o Parameters
GROUND WATER Mean±SD of 2018-19
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1
Temperature (oC)
28.175
±1.884 28.633
±1.403 29.45±
0.605
28.633
±0.734
28.85±
1.102
29.433
±1.064 27.292
±1.462 28.608
±0.909 28.717
±0.877 28.467
±0.935 29.69 2±0.6 43
30.192
±1.024
2 pH
6.933±
0.352 7.025±
0.29
7.442±
0.168
7.55±0.
318
7.633±
0.15
7.042±
0.247
7.067±
0.277
7.325±
0.28
7.692±
0.239
7.55±0 .294
7.375
±0.24 9
7.658±
0.235
3
Total Dissolved
Solids
1471.6 67±21 4.299
1905±
274.64 18029.
167±13 95.157
12720.
833±50 91.323
6675±
301.88 8
2147.5
±483.0 61
3391.6 67±83 2.803
796±1 58.41
1014.9 17±38 7.469
757.83 3±67.8 81
2147.
5±483 .061
2892.4 17±41 9.996 4
Electrical Conductivity
(μmhos/cm) 2264.1 03±32 9.691
2930.7 69±42 2.523
27737.
179±21 46.395
19570.
513±78 32.805
10269.
231±4 64.443
3303.8 46±74 3.17
5217.9 49±12 81.235
1224.6 15±24 3.708
1561.4 1±596.
106
1165.8 97±10 4.432
3303.
846±7 43.17
4449.8 72±64 6.147 5
Total Hardness
3448.3 33±82 9.522
1838.6 67±62 1.001
2600±6 06.793
2256.2 5±642.
21
2245.8 33±40 4.611
1839.5 83±98 5.175
2794.7 5±691.
053
522.91 7±96.1 87
1838.6 67±62 1.001
231±7 7.265
1779±
724.3 09
2684.1 67±67 2.906
6
Calcium Hardness
51.75±
11.561 47.833
±16.32 37.917
±10.22
37.25±
10.446
48±13.
578
40.333
±14.39 3
50.417
±12.25 8
231.16 7±58.8 96
39.667
±12.56 5
141.25
±27.29 7
49.75
±13.6 66
40.667
±14.53 1 7
Magnesium Hardness
3396.5 83±83 3.312
1790.8 33±61 2.893
2562.0 83±609 .543
2219±6 43.15
2197.8 33±40 7.051
1799.2 5±980.
824
2744.3 33±68 5.25
291.75
±120.5 48
1799±
616.01 9
89.75±
81.75 1729.
25±72 5.066
2643.5
±665.3 68 8
Total Alkalinity
508±1 94.883
507.08 3±102.
114
469.16 7±66.4 8
469.16 7±66.4 8
665.41 7±137.
236
624.75
±136.2 04
506.25
±146.9 76
497.58 3±34.8 36
480.5±
119.82 3
163.16 7±27.0 08
696.5 83±11 0.931
659.08 3±108.
168 9 Chlorides
1679.7 33±17 8.508
785.20 8±204.
964
731.23 3±165.
587
426.00 8±206.
086
772.49 8±397.
499
629.02 9±394.
084
490±1 30.155
451.97 6±211.
231
755.02 3±172.
769
71.333
±10.37 8
825.5 58±50 6.251
618.96 2±379.
758 1
0 Nitrates
0.868±
0.475 1.841±
3.06
1.879±
0.792
1.473±
0.839
30.183
±9.175 22.183
±9.175 0.65±0
.505
1.781±
3.064
4.608±
4.047
1.402±
0.854 23.15
±13.4 5
1.821±
0.79 1
1 Phosphates
0.478±
0.36
0.379±
0.097
0.318±
0.055
0.313±
0.069
0.632±
0.122
0.502±
0.122
0.619±
0.302
0.353±
0.11
0.301±
0.067
0.243±
0.146 0.568
±0.17 7
0.508±
0.122 1
2 Sodium
408.81 7±231.
806
659.74 2±55.8 31
523.65 8±143.
196
532.74 2±113.
757
797.40 8±152.
3
764.98
±143.2 64
215.41 7±33.7 27
77.583
±16.23 4
426.41 7±120.
032
60±23.
246
75.5±
17.06 4
66.583
±9.671 1
3 Potassium
74.883
±19.04 3
70.483
±11.79 5
50.475
±10.23 2
47.442
±14.36 5
50.308
±15.51 1
47.842
±14.96 7
60.75±
14.137 67.467
±17.09 42.85±
5.881
7.917±
2.275 37.42 5±3.3 29
37.3±8 .664 1
4 DO
0.942±
1.057 0.658±
0.46
4.675±
0.475
3.7±0.4 71
4.233±
0.446
4.483±
0.49
0.758±
0.36
4.792±
0.478
3.775±
0.475 4.3±0.
435
4.533
±0.44 4
5.992±
1.2 1
5 BOD
1.083±
0.262 1.75±1
.368
0.6±0.4 39
1.175±
0.654
1.642±
0.761
1.667±
0.733 1.6±1.
212
1.942±
0.938
1.283±
0.912
1.708±
0.713 2.158
±0.53 7
1.883±
0.687 1 COD 10.608 7.026± 5.718± 6.667± 7.344± 8.322± 13.433 10.703 6.343± 7.395± 9.676 9.593±
6 ±6.243 3.833 1.987 3.2 3.667 4.126 ±6.795 ±6.314 1.838 3.249 ±3.80 6
3.877 1
7 Cadmium
0.003±
0.001 0.002±
0.001
0.003±
0.001
0.002±
0.001
0.005±
0.005
0.008±
0.003
0.002±
0.001
0.006±
0.006
0.003±
0.001
0.007±
0.007 0.012
±0.00 7
0.006±
0.005 1
8 Copper
0.013±
0.012 0.012±
0.017
0.034±
0.01
0.011±
0.012
0.016±
0.006
0.024±
0.007
0.037±
0.008
0.024±
0.01
#DIV/
0!
#DIV/
0!
#DIV/
0!
#DIV/
0!
1
9 Ferrum
0.361±
0.125 0.015±
0.004
0.144±
0.1
0.144±
0.087
0.026±
0.011
0.043±
0.014
0.015±
0.004
0.043±
0.014
0.21±0 .066
0.058±
0.012 0.236
±0.15 5
0.184±
0.123 2
0 Lead ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2
1 Nickel ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2
2 Zinc
0.057±
0.056 0.035±
0.031
0.018±
0.01
0.017±
0.01
0.061±
0.092
0.027±
0.021
0.112±
0.123
0.015±
0.022
0.015±
0.007
0.021±
0.014 0.019
±0.00 7
0.012±
0.003 (All the values are expressed in mg/L except where specifically mentioned)
WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR GROUND WATER
Water Quality Index being a very useful tool for assessment and management of water resources around the world, the Water Quality Index was calculated using Indian Standards for the surface and ground water in the present study. WQI reflects the composite influence of different water quality parameters and is being used to provide comparisons of water quality status for different locations and at different time and acts as a water quality status prediction tool (Singh et al, 2013a, 2016, Tiwari et al., 2014)
Table: Weighted Arithmetic Index (Wi) calculation to calculate Water Quality Index
S.No Parameters
BIS STANDARD
(Si) 1/Si ∑1/Si K=1/∑1/Si wi Wi
1 pH 8.5 0.117647 509.8092 0.001962 0.000231 0.000231
2 Total Dissolved Solids 500 0.002 509.8092 0.001962 3.92E-06 3.92E-06 3
Electrical
Conductivity(μmhos/cm) 300 0.003333 509.8092 0.001962 6.54E-06 2.62E-06
4 Total Hardness 300 0.003333 509.8092 0.001962 6.54E-06 6.54E-06
5 Calcium Hardness 75 0.013333 509.8092 0.001962 2.62E-05 2.62E-05
6 Magnesium Hardness 30 0.033333 509.8092 0.001962 6.54E-05 6.54E-05
7 Total Alkalinity 200 0.005 509.8092 0.001962 9.81E-06 9.81E-06
8 Chlorides 250 0.004 509.8092 0.001962 7.85E-06 7.85E-06
9 Nitrates 45 0.022222 509.8092 0.001962 4.36E-05 4.36E-05
10 Phosphates 0.5 2 509.8092 0.001962 0.003923 0.003923
11 Sodium 200 0.005 509.8092 0.001962 9.81E-06 9.81E-06
12 Potassium 10 0.1 509.8092 0.001962 0.000196 0.000196
13 DO 3 0.333333 509.8092 0.001962 0.000654 0.000654
14 BOD 5 0.2 509.8092 0.001962 0.000392 0.000392
15 COD 10 0.1 509.8092 0.001962 0.000196 0.000196
16 Cadmium 0.003 333.3333 509.8092 0.001962 0.653839 0.653842
17 Copper 0.05 20 509.8092 0.001962 0.03923 0.039231
18 Ferrum 0.3 3.333333 509.8092 0.001962 0.006538 0.006538
19 Lead 0.01 100 509.8092 0.001962 0.196152 0.196153
20 Nickel 0.02 50 509.8092 0.001962 0.098076 0.098076
21 Zinc 5 0.2 509.8092 0.001962 0.000392 0.000392
Si = BIS 10500 (2012) STANDARDS For Drinking Water Were Considered
Table: WQI ranking according to the range of values WQI
RANKING CLASSIFICATION
0-25 Excellent
25-50 Slightly Polluted(Good)
50-75 Moderately Polluted (Poor)
75-100 Polluted(Very Poor)
>100 Excessively Polluted(Unsuitable For Drinking)
WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR GROUND WATER
Table: WQI for ground water for all the stations during the three consecutive years
Temperature (oC)
The temperature of ground water ranged between 22.6oC at Station-VIII and 32.5oC at Station-XII during the study period. The maximum temperature was recorded in summer season and the minimum temperature was recorded in winter season. The Temperature was observed to be nearly same during the three seasons with slight increase during the summer season followed by rainy and winter seasons
WQI 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 WQI Ranking I 69.03664834 69.75583447 68.5434 Moderately polluted II 47.56399584 69.13250924 45.46737 Slightly to Moderately polluted III 68.4720474 177.4996188 69.44894 Moderate to excessively polluted IV 46.09718627 46.28677574 45.74163 Slightly polluted
V 175.8831584 241.5161284 111.5279 Excessively polluted VI 177.5968875 308.2210884 177.3801 Excessively polluted VII 69.26010169 69.41618799 47.82113 Slightly to Moderately polluted VIII 177.0543693 177.0496228 133.3934 Excessively polluted
IX 45.10471728 44.82088593 66.78385 Slightly to Moderately polluted X 283.8978854 174.8283074 153.0655 Excessively polluted XI 306.5226037 219.4632596 263.119 Excessively polluted XII 44.80585974 88.52586122 132.4191 Slightly to Excessively polluted
pH
The pH of ground water ranged between 6.5 and 8.3 during the study period. The pH was observed to be near neutral to alkaline at all the stations during the study period and did not exceed the BIS standard for drinking water. The lowest pH (6.5) was observed during the months of February, 2016 and May, 2017 and the highest pH (i.e., 8.3) was in the month of December, 2016. The pH was more or less consistent and the seasonal variations were negligible at all the stations during the study period.
Total dissolved solids
The mean of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the ground water samples at the study area was in the range of 478 mg/L at Station-VIII in winter season and 19320 mg/L at Station-III in the summer season. The TDS values were exceeding the BIS permissible limit of 500 mg/L for the drinking water at all the stations during the study period.
Electrical Conductivity
The Electrical Conductivity (EC) is the measurement of the dissolved ions present in water and increases or decreases based on the ion concentrations in water (Venkataraman and Manikumari, 2019).
The Electrical Conductivity (EC) in the ground water samples at the study area was in the range of 735.38
μmhos/cm
at Station-VIII in winter season and 29723.07μmhos/cm
at Station-III in the summer season.The EC values were exceeding the BIS permissible limit of 750
μmhos/cm
mg/L for the drinking water at all the stations during the study period.Total Hardness
Hardness is the measure of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions present in the water (Venkataraman and Manikumari, 2019). The mean of Total Hardness concentration in ground water was in range of 140 mg/L at Station-X and 6600 mg/L at Station-I. The lowest value (i.e., 140 mg/L) was observed in winter season whereas the highest value (i.e., 6600 mg/L) was recorded in summer season at majority of the stations. The concentrations of Total hardness were exceeding the BIS specified limit of 300 mg/L during the three seasons.
Calcium Hardness
The mean values of Calcium Hardness were observed to be exceeding the BIS standard limit of 75 mg/L at all the stations during the study period. The lowest value (i.e., 12 mg/L) of Calcium Hardness was recorded at Station-XII during winter season whereas the highest value (i.e., 271 mg/L) was recorded at Station-VIII during winter season. The prolonged agricultural activities prevailing in some areas may also directly or indirectly affect the mineral dissolution in ground water (moorthy et al., 2014).
Magnesium Hardness
The Magnesium Hardness was observed to be high (i.e., 6563 mg/L) at Station-I and low (i.e., 0 mg/L) at Station-X during the study period. The Magnesium Hardness values were observed to be high during summer season and lowest during winter season. The concentration of Magnesium Hardness was also increasing the BIS specified limit of 30 mg/L during the three seasons at majority of the stations during the study period. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are both essential minerals for living organisms and both of them occur in all kind of natural water with Mg2+ concentration generally lower than Ca2+ (Shov, 2014).
Total Alkalinity
The alkalinity of ground water is primarily due to the carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide content and is often interpreted in terms of the concentration of these constituents (Zidi et al., 2017). The mean values of Alkalinity were observed to range between 109 mg/L at Station-X and 940 mg/L at Station-I during the period of study. The mean values of Total Alkalinity recorded to exceed the BIS standard limit of 200 mg/L at majority of the stations (i.e., I, II, III, VIII, IX, X, XI) in ground water during the study period.
Chlorides
Chlorides in groundwater may occur naturally and from human sources such as road salt, agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and effluents from septic tanks, sea water intrusion and industrial waste water (Venkataraman and Manikumari, 2019). The Chlorides in the samples ranged between 58 mg/L at Station-X and 10650.37 mg/L at Station-VIII in winter season. The annual mean concentrations of Chlorides were exceeding the BIS standard of 200 mg/L at all the stations except Station-X during the study period. The concentrations of Chlorides did not follow any specific common seasonal trend during the study period at all the stations.
Nitrates
The Nitrates concentration was absent at Station-I and VII whereas the highest concentration of Nitrates (i.e., 45.6 mg/L) was observed at Stations V and XI during the study period. But the concentrations were far below the BIS desirable limit of 45 mg/L during the three seasons in the ground water at all the stations.
Phosphates
The Phosphate concentration in the samples ranged between 0 and 0.96 mg/L at all the Stations during the study period. The phosphate concentration did not follow any common seasonal trend during the study. The concentrations of Phosphate were observed to be slightly high at Station-V when compared with the BIS specified limit of 0.5 mg/L.
Sodium
A least value of Sodium (i.e., 28 mg/L) was recorded at Station-X during summer season and the highest (i.e., 1000mg/L) was recorded at Station-V during all the seasons (i.e., winter, rainy and summer).
Except Stations X, XI and XII at all the stations the mean Sodium concentrations exceeded the BIS specified limit of 200 mg/L during the period of study.
Potassium
The lowest value of Potassium (i.e., 3 mg/L) was recorded at Station-X during April, 2017 (i.e., summer season) and the highest (i.e., 101.6 mg/L) was recorded at Station-VI during rainy season. Except Station-X all the mean concentrations of Potassium exceeded the BIS specified limit of 10 mg/L during the study period.
Dissolved oxygen
The Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of free, non-compound oxygen present in water and is one of the important parameter to judge the water quality (Chalise et al., 2019). DO values were observed to be in the range of 0 to 7.6 mg/L at all the stations during the study period. At some of the sampling stations (i.e., I, II, VII, VIII) the mean DO values were observed to be below 3 mg/L which is the BIS