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Smart Farming - Challenges and Their Solution on Agriculture Using Iot

C. Sathish1& K. Srinivasan2

1Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India

2Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Computer Science, PRUCAS, Pennagaram, Tamilnadu, India

1[email protected], 2[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The global human population, predictable to reach 9.6 billion by 2050, the agribusiness area should scale to satisfy the needs, notwithstanding unfavorable natural conditions and environmental change. To accommodate an increasing in population requirements, the agriculture business should use imaginative advancements to accomplish a genuinely necessary edge. Internet of Things (IoT) based adoption of precision agriculture farming is a new technology to be framed for screening the rural land with the support of sensors. An edge computational devices are used to bring the data for processing and provides the decision support system. The rancher can gain information about the field conditions from anyplace. For instance, it will alarm the rancher when the dirt dampness level is low; the rancher can utilize sensors to start water system. IoT based sharp cultivating is profoundly effective as opposed to conventional methods. Agricultural uses of IoT (Internet of Things) will empower the business to upgrade operational efficiency, moderate costs, decrease waste, and increment their yield quality.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Sensors, Edge Devices 1. INRODUCTION

Agriculture business is the establishment of the Indian economy and contributes the GDP of 20 percentage, be that as it may, the business at present needs more support than some others.

India is a land of over a billion group in the general population, out of which, more than 70%

of the population lives in the nation's areas. With 40% of the country's workforce, agribusiness is a huge industry and an influencer of the Indian economy. Regardless of this, its obligation to the $2.3 trillion economies is just a little 16% of the entire GDP.

Agribusiness in India needs institutional thought, maintain from banks similarly as credits and farmer government help plots, and experience evil impacts of a stack of disasters like weakening groundwater levels in commonplace districts, natural change, surprising rainstorm or nonattendance of it, dry seasons, floods, off the mark esteem fixing procedures of produce, movement of farmers near the metropolitan territories searching for better-paying positions,

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and then some. Agribusiness is one territory responsible for dealing with every individual, yet people related with it are the last to be managed. In the wake of bombarding foundations, a chance has no ifs, ands or buts showed up for advancement to accept power over the change.

With further recent concerns jumping up every day in the most unavoidable local zones, the time has come for us to turn to emerging progressions for plans.

Smart Farming is the advancement utilization of science and innovation in the field of agriculture. Smart cultivating is the use of advancements like IoT, Big Data, and examination in anagricultural field. It utilizes advancements like the Internet of Things, distributed computing, Machine Learning, and Big Data to empower ranchers to have more experience on the results of their moves and make a greatly improved and educated choice on cultivating rehearses. The intensity of keen cultivating lies in the way that it goes past tackling the deficiencies and entanglements of farming. The utilization of Big Data is leaving a huge effect on the whole domain of supply-chain, giving prescient experiences on cultivating practices and tasks, help upgrade plans of action, deliver real-time choices on activities and the sky is the limit from there.

"The total population is assessed to cross the 10 billion imprint by the center of this century.

This population development joined with urbanization will require the rural creation to twofold".

During the market opportunity study, the data picked up that agribusinesses had negligible and obsolete innovative/advanced assets, and couldn't settle on educated information-driven choices.

[1], talked about the ideas and job of IoT, AI, and large information in the field of agribusiness. In the audit, the center was laid around green-house observing, illness recognition, utilization UAV machines and robots farming and store network modernization, online media in the food industry, food quality evaluation, and modernization for food traceability[2], introduced a survey on the vermin control inaccuracy agribusiness. The creator talked about the different PC helped advancements utilized for determining and planning choice emotionally supportive networks. The difficulties and imperatives of planning the choice of an emotionally supportive network were featured. The most accessible and distributed information present online as far as irritation the executives were likewise talked about. A separation between the reported and existing choice of emotionally supportive networks was featured. [3], proposed an astute IoT based stage for ranch the board. The creators took the information dependent on various plants i.e., beans, spinach,

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celery through sensors, and utilized 3D standardization on that information to extricate the ideal/helpful information. The normal and fluctuation were moved to get client information without rolling out any noticeable improvements in the real information. Rancher's conduct was examined for the use of pesticides and fertilizers.[4], with the guide of AI and IoT detecting gadgets, anticipated the event of ice occasions. Creators planned their framework dependent on three layers i.e., a gathering of web empowered gadgets for water information assortment. The creators enlarged the information utilizing the manufactured minority oversampling procedure because of its ability to diminish the event of blunders with the ML draws near. The dampness and temperature sensors were utilized to gather information [5]

future IoT and WebGeographic Information System based accuracy Agriculture Framework System for proficient utilization of water [6] proposed IoT and cloud put together programmed water system framework based with respect to the dirt dampness, soil type, pH, and climate conditions.[7] proposed an online IoT arrangement of water system robotization by sending underground sensors for temperature and soil moisture. In expansion, different commissions, food and agribusiness associations, and government bodies are creating policies and rule to notice and control the utilization of these innovations to keep up food and climate security [8],[9]. There are sensible endeavors that feature the job of the IoT in the farming business, yet the vast majority of the distributed work zeros in just on applications [12], [10], [11].[13] means to synchronize IoT edges with different properties, demonstrations, interfaces and objectives while keeping up the ease and versatility required for a variety of employments. Subscriber gives a uniform access interface to different IoT edges. Using a singular reflection to address IoT edges with their own configurable credits, Thing Broker incorporates a wide scope of articles, from genuine sensors to raised level administrations. With the advancement of data, individuals are confronted with a bigger information framework, which additionally pulls in the consideration of homegrown and unfamiliar researchers who have dedicated themselves to the investigation of agricultural information. Lamehari et al. developed the rural structure by examining the gathered rural ecological information [14], which could help makers and go-between organizations settle on great decisions, optimize the dynamic cycle, and accomplish the objective of improving farming profitability and logical administration of characteristic assets. Alves, Gabriel et al.

created and planned a framework to screen soil and dissect soil fruitfulness, furnishing ranchers with applicable suggestions for improving the soil. Li Xiufeng et al. set forward a visual intuitive framework, which could furnish clients with network information benefits and

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encourage information investigation [15]. The combination of IoT into agribusiness has brought about various eminent applications [16], for example, the examination of yield efficiency, crop wellbeing checking, soil nourishment the executives, precipitation observing, water the board, and irritation invasion checking [17]. Frameworks and IoT applications, for example, choice help instruments, computerized water system, ice insurance, far off checking and treatment systems, are some average instances of IoT-based devices that can be sent and utilized in the agrarian area [18].

2. LIFE CHAIN OF AGRICULTURE

Arrangement of Soil: It is the underlying phase of cultivating where ranchers set up the dirt for planting seeds. This cycle includes breaking enormous soil clusters and eliminate garbage, for example, sticks, shakes, and roots. Likewise, add manures and natural issue rely upon the sort of yield to make an ideal circumstance for crops.

Planting of Seeds: This stage requires dealing with the distance between two seeds, profundity for planting seeds. At this stage climatic conditions, for example, temperature, dampness, and precipitation assume a significant job.

Adding Fertilizers:To keep up soil lavishness is a critical factor so the farmer can continue creating nutrition yields and strong harvests. Farmers take into manures considering the way that these substances contain plant supplements, for instance, N-Nitrogen, Ph-phosphorus, and K-potassium. Fertilizers are essentially planted enhancements applied to rustic fields to improve the vital segments found ordinarily in the earth. This stage furthermore chooses the idea of the yield.

Figure 1. Life chain of agriculture

Water System: This stage assists with keeping the dirt damp and look after stickiness. Under watering or overwatering can hamper the development of harvests and if not done appropriately it can prompt harmed crops.

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Weed Insurance: Weeds are undesirable plants that develop close to crops or at the limit of ranches. Weed insurance is imperative to factor as weed diminishes yields, builds creation cost, meddle with gather, and lower crop quality.

Reaping: It is the way toward social event ready harvests from the fields. It requires a ton of workers for this movement so this is a work concentrated action. This stage likewise incorporates post-collect taking care of, for example, cleaning, arranging, pressing, and cooling.

Capacity: This period of the post-gather framework during which the items are kept so as to ensure food security other than during times of farming. It additionally incorporates pressing and transportation of yields.

3. METHODOLOGY

To accomplish the requirements the advances incorporate:-

 The utilization of application based information age and extraction

 Data stockpiling on the cloud

 Satellite Monitoring

 Machine Learning and Real-Time information representation

These innovations cultivate a climate for creation gauge, hazard the executives and inclusion, yield consistency, quality boost, and expanded ranch manageability to agriculture input companies, banks and monetary foundations, insurance agencies, cultivating endeavors, seed producing organizations and government bodies individually.

Brilliant cultivating is an organization of interdisciplinary and supplementing advances and offices. The executives data framework is by and large the information base where all lumps of information from numerous sensors and assets are gathered, stored, broke down, and recovered for activities. An improved administration data framework should offer data on crops,soil and climate.

Modernization is the right way totake place in keen enlighteningof smart way of agricultural system:

 Universal situating guidelines for better knowledge

 Geographical Information Systems

 Remote accessing information from sensors, transmitters, cameras, UAV, RADARS, and other connectedelectronic forms of gadgets

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 Cloud Engineering

 The Internet of Things, where the network of objects are embedded with real time edge computing devices for real time updates and notices to farmerson harvest forecast, water irrigation system, humidity level of the soil,yield of crop and much more.

Posting down broad difficulties that exist in the agricultural space.

 In cultivating climatic factors, for example, precipitation, temperature and dampness assume a significant job in the agriculture lifecycle. Expanding deforestation and contamination bring about climatic changes, so it's hard for ranchers to take choices to set up the dirt, sow seeds, and gather.

 Every crop requires explicit nourishment in the dirt. There are 3 primary supplements Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) needed in soil. The inadequacy of supplements can prompt low quality of harvests.

 As we can see from the farming lifecycle that weed security assumes a significant job.

If not controlled it can prompt an expansion underway expense and furthermore it ingests supplements from the dirt which can cause nourishment inadequacy in the dirt.

Exactness cultivating is the most widely recognized use of IoT in cultivating. It makes the agricultural practices more exact and very much arranged by including measures like constant yield and soil condition observing, plant wellbeing following, and climate forecast. The ranchers can regulate their fields dependent on the experiences acquired by this framework.

Besides, by utilizing cell phones, rapid web, and strong, minimal effort satellites (for symbolism and situating), the IoT-coordinated Artificial Intelligence framework can offer modern cautions and information to streamline crop development measures and to diminish yield misfortune in view of irritations, unfavorable soil dampness level, or climate harms.

This cultivating technique guarantees exact utilization of assets and builds field profitability while keeping up the maintainability of the process.IoT-prepared water system frameworks ration water as well as guarantee that yields are getting the perfect measure of water for their ideal development. This strategy for water system depends on the dirt dampness level instead of pre-decided stretch based water system.

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FiveTechnological Solution will improve agribusiness:

a. Agricultural Data and relevant information, gathered by brilliant farming sensors, for illustrationsatmosphere conditions, soil analysis, harvest's headway. Thedata can be utilized to follow the condition of our agriculture.

b. Improved power above the interior cycles and subsequently, lower making chances.

The capacity to predict the yield of your creation permits you to anticipate better item conveyance. On the off chance that you know precisely how much yields you will reap, you can ensure your item won't lie around unsold.

c. Cost the chiefs and waste abatement because of the extended authority over the creation. Having the alternative to see any anomalies in the collect turn of events or tamed creature’s prosperity, you will have the choice to mitigate the perils of behind your crop.

d. Overwhelming in agribusiness skill through cycle computerization. By utilizing electronic edge devices, robotization plays various cycles across your creation cycle, for example water irrigation system.

e. Enhanced system item quality and volumes. Accomplish better authority over the creation cycle and keep up better opportunities of harvest value and development limit through computerization.

The above ways shows the best income of the agriculturist.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION a. Monitoring of atmosphere situations

Likely the most notable astute farming gadgets are environment stations, joining diverse splendid developing sensors. Arranged across the field, they accumulate distinctive data from the environment and send it to the cloud. The assessments can be used to design the air conditions, pick the reasonable collects, and take the vital measures to improve their capacity

(for instance precession farming) eloping).

Figure 2. Decision Making System

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Table 1 Sample Data Aggregation

Sample Temperature Humidity Wind

Monday 26 43 8

Tuesday 25 43 10

Wednesday 29 41 8

Thursday 26 46 6

Friday 24 45 8

Saturday 25 44 10

Sunday 27 39 10

Figure 3. Climatic Condition

Table shows the sensors recorded estimation of temperature, humidity and wind through IOT device.Using those boundaries the diagram has been plotted.From the chart we can examination the climatic condition at that area.

b. GreenhouseRobotization

Consistently, farmers use manual mediation to control the nursery environment. The use of IoT sensors engages them to get exact consistent information on nursery conditions, for instance, lighting, temperature, soil condition, and dampness. In development to sourcing biological data, environment stations can normally change the conditions to arrange the given limits. Specifically, nursery computerization systems use a similar guideline.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Temperature Humidity Wind

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Figure 3. IOT system

c. Harvest the Board

IoT method of farming and another part of precision developing are crop the chiefs contraptions. Similarly as environment stations, they ought to be placed in the field to accumulate data unequivocal to alter developing; from temperature and precipitation to leaf water potential and all things considered gather wellbeing. Along these lines, you can screen your yield advancement and any peculiarities to effectively hinder any disorders or invasions that can hurt your yield. Arable and Semios can fill in as extraordinary depictions of how this usage case can be applied, in reality.

Crop Management System has the following ways

 Soil Monitoring & Supervision

 Cropping Strategies

 Planning & Seed Sowing

 Water System

 Integrated Pest Control System

d. Accuracy Cultivating

In any case called precision agribusiness, exactness developing is about efficiency and making exact data driven decisions. It's moreover maybe the most unpreventable and suitable employments of IoT in farming. By using IoT sensors, farmers can assemble an immense area of estimations on each element of the field microclimate and organic framework:

lighting, temperature, soil condition, dampness, CO2 levels, and bug defilements. This data engages farmers to check ideal proportions of water, fertilizers, and pesticides that their harvests need, reduce expenses, and raise better a lot yields. Here is a table which decides the ideal manure.

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Table 2: Optimal Solution Calculation

Parameter Lowest Highest Mean Medium Optimumlevel

pH 3.75 5.85 4.53 4.43 4.5-6.5

P 8.00 67.00 27.80 25.00 15-25

K 32.00 318.00 145.00 142.00 80-160

Ca,NH40 35.00 1198.00 297.00 280.00 300-600

Mg 11.00 174.00 76.40 73.00 80-160

Ca/Mg ratio 0.30 16.99 2.40 2.30 1.5-4.5

Mg/K ratio 0.71 8.25 2.27 1.97 1.5-4.5

(Ca+Mg)/K ratio 2.00 43.50 6.90 5.60 10-20

e. Rural Robots

Possibly maybe the most reassuring agritech degrees of progress is the usage of country robots in sharp developing. In any case called UAVs (mechanized ethereal vehicles), drones are favored arranged over planes and satellites to accumulate cultivating data. Beside observation limits, robots can in like manner play out incalculable endeavors that as of late required human work: planting crops, engaging aggravations and defilements, agribusiness sprinkling, crop checking, and so forth DroneSeed, for example, builds drones for planting trees in deforested areas. The usage of such robots is on numerous occasions more convincing than human work. A Sense Fly horticulture drone eBee SQ uses multispectral picture assessments to survey the adequacy of yields and comes at a moderate expense.

For instance a field is to have a use of 3000 g of manure with a normal incorrectness of 30%.

It tends to be accepted to have four controlled deliveries.Hence, for one controlled delivery;

3000 g * 30% = ± 900 g 1000 g * 30% = ± 300 g

UMN = 2 3002+ 3002+ 3002 = ± 270000 = ± 519.6 g = 17.32%

With two controlled deliveries;

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1500 g * 30% = ± 450 g

UMN = 2 4502+ 4502 = ± 405000 = ± 636.39 g = 21.21%

With four controlled deliveries.

750 g * 30% = ± 225 g

UMN = 2 2252+ 2252+ 2252+ 2252= ± 202500 = ± 450g = 15%

Finally, these results show how well inaccuracies are overcome for each tested delivery, thus;

1. One flow has an inaccuracy of 30%

2. Two flows has an inaccuracy of 21.21%, i.e. error is reduced by 8.79% from the preceding figure.

3. Three flows has an inaccuracy of 17.32%, i.e. error is reduced by 3.89% from the preceding figure.

4. Four flows has an inaccuracy of 15%, i.e. error is reduced by 2.32% from the preceding figure.

Figure 5. Inaccuracy

Therefore, it can be concluded that increasing the number of deliveries for the same amount of material, inaccuracy is reduced, that is, there is more precision for the distribution.

f. Predictive investigation for keen cultivating

Exactness horticulture and farsighted data examination go indivisibly. While IoT and insightful sensor development are a goldmine for significantly relevant continuous data, the usage of data examination helps farmers with figuring out it and devise critical assumptions:

0%5%

10%15%

20%25%

30%35%

Inaccuracy

Inaccuracy

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crop gathering time, the risks of contaminations and invasions, yield volume, etc Information examination gadgets help make developing, which is inherently significantly dependent on environment conditions, more sensible, and unsurprising. For model, the Crop Performance stage helps farmers with getting to the volume and nature of yields early, similarly as their shortcoming to unfavorable environment conditions, for instance, floods and drought. It moreover enables farmers to upgrade the stock of water and enhancements for each reap and surprisingly select yield attributes to improve quality.Suppose if the Productivity(kg/ha/day),Total production(kg/ha),resource used(day) where known then the equivalent yield should preferably be calculated as

Productivity = Total production/ Resource used g. Start to finish ranch the board frameworks

A really bewildering approach to manage IoT things in agribusiness can be addressed by the alleged farm productivity the board structures. They by and large consolidate different horticulture IoT devices and sensors, presented in the vicinity similarly as a momentous dashboard with quick limits and in-built accounting/itemizing highlights.This proposals far away farm noticing capacities and grants you to streamline most of the business errands.Despite the recorded IoT horticulture use cases, some observable open entryways join vehicle following (or even robotization), accumulating the heads, coordination, etc.

Figure 6. Frame Work for Automatic System 5. CONCLUSION

Despite the fact that, this current innovation's execution represents its own one of a kind difficulties in India, particularly for ranchers who have little land-holding and are situated in provincial territories lacking respectable web network and appropriate foundation, without which advance observing frameworks are pointless. The significant expense of IoT gear and its multifaceted nature may likewise deter ranchers from an unassuming foundation. In this manner, key and orderly IoT application plans and supporting government plans are needed to embrace such savvy cultivating advances and underwrite their usage. In the event that effective, it will without a doubt support the rural area's economy. Subsequently, propelling agriculture by advanced change should be of prime significance in India. IoT in agribusiness

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assisting ranchers with mechanizing their cultivating as well as movements to exact development for higher harvest yield and better quality while utilizing less assets.

Organizations associated with improving advances will get innovative headway later on will give more valuable applications to this area assisting the world arrangement with food creation issues for the developing population.

REFERENCES

[1] N. N. Misra, Yash Dixit, Ahmad Al-Mallahi, Manreet Singh Bhullar, Rohit Upadhyay, Alex Martynenko, “IoT, big data and artificial intelligence in agriculture and food industry,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2998584

[2] Petros Damos, “Modular structure of web-based decision support systems for integrated pest management. A review,” Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol. 35, pp. 1347–1372, doi: 10.1007/s13593-015-0319-9

[3] Ana Laura Diedrichs, Facundo Bromberg, Diego Dujovne, Keoma Brun-Laguna, and Thomas Watteyne “Prediction of Frost Events Using Machine Learning and IoT Sensing Devices,”

IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, 2018, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2867333

[4] Fan-Hsun Tseng, Hsin-Hung Cho, and Hsin-Te Wu, “Applying Big Data for Intelligent Agriculture-Based Crop Selection Analysis,” Special Section on Data Mining for Internet of Things, IEEE ACCESS, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2935564

[5] J. Ye, B. Chen, Q. Liu, and Y. Fang, “A precision agriculture management system based on Internet of Things and WebGIS,” in International Conference on Geoinformatics, 2013, no.

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[6] V. Ramachandran, R. Ramalakshmi, and S. Srinivasan, “An Automated Irrigation System for Smart Agriculture Using the Internet of Things,” 2018 15th Int. Conf. Control. Autom. Robot.

Vision, ICARCV 2018, pp. 210–215, 2018.

[7] J. Gutierrez, J. F. Villa-Medina, A. Nieto-Garibay, and M. A. Porta-Gandara, “Automated irrigation system using a wireless sensor network and GPRS module,” IEEE Trans. Instrum.

Meas., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 166–176, 2014.

[8] Code of Conduct on Agricultural Data Sharing Signing. Accessed: Apr. 13, 2019. [Online].

Available: https://www.ecpa.eu/ news/code-conduct-agricultural-data-sharing-signing

[9] How Blockchain and IoT Tech will Guarantee Food Safety. Accessed: Sep. 6, 2019. [Online].

Available: https://www.dataversity.net/howblockchain-and-iot-tech-will-guarantee-food- safety/

[10] L. Zhang, I. K. Dabipi, andW. L. Brown, ``Internet of Things applications for agriculture,'' in Internet of Things A to Z: Technologies and Applica-tions, Q. Hassan, Ed., 2018.

[11] A. Khanna and S. Kaur, ``Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and its signi_cant impact in

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[13] R. A. Perez de Almeida, M. Blackstock, R. Lea, R. Calderon, A. F.do Prado, and H. C.

Guardia, “Thing broker: a twitter for things,” in Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication. ACM, 2013, pp. 1545–1554.

[14] T. B. Long, V. Blok, and I. Coninx, ``Barriers to the adoption and diffusion of technological innovations for climate-smart agriculture in Europe: Evidence from The Netherlands, France, Switzerland and Italy,'' J. CleanerProd., vol. 112, pp. 9_21, Jan. 2016.

[15] C. Thierfelder, L. Rusinamhodzi, P. Setimela, F. Walker, and N. S. Eash,``Conservation agriculture and drought-tolerant germplasm: Reaping the bene_ts of climate-smart agriculture technologies in central Mozam-bique,'' Renew. Agricult. Food Syst., vol. 31, no. 5, pp.

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[17] Gómez-Chabla, R.; Real-Avilés, K.; Morán, C.; Grijalva, P.; Recalde, T. IoT applications in Agriculture:Asystematic literature review. In ICT for Agriculture and Environment; Valencia- García, R., Alcaraz-Mármol, G.,del Cioppo-Morstadt, J., Vera-Lucio, N., Bucaram-Leverone, M., Eds.; Springer International Publishing:Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 68–76.

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