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Assessment of Ground Water Suitability for Different Purpose in Some Wells Diyala

Aswad H. aswad1, Maysam A. Rashed2, Lekaa.E.Mahdi3 , Mustafa T. Al-dainey4, Alaa Hasan Fahmi5

1 Department of Soil Science and Water, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq. [email protected]

2 Department of Soil Science and Water, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar , Anbar, Iraq. [email protected]

3 Department of Soil Science and Water, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar , Anbar, Iraq. . [email protected]

4 [email protected]

5Department of Soil Science and Water, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, Diyala, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Ground water suitability for consumption in the Diyala region is assess by analyzing ground water samples of 14 wells distributed in the area. Results shown that the ground water of low alkaline. While most of these samples are fresh water and slightly brackish water. The values ion concentrations indicates that some ions are highly than water quality standards for drinking purpose depending on Iraq standard (IQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) except for NO3-

ion. After comparing these concentrations with water quality standards for humans beings drinking purposes. We found that the most ground water in the region is suitable for human drinking. But it is suitable for livestock, building and for growing many types of crops. It is suitable for irrigation purposes according to (SAR), (Na%) and (RSC).

Keyword: ground water quality. SAR. Diyala

.

Introduction

Water is very necessary for humans being in many aspects the life including irrigation of agriculture. There is decrease in the natural water resources of world particularly in arid and semi-arid region, However increase in humans and rapid urbanization have quickened the consumption of ground water recourse and cause environmental problems in the decades ago (1). This water rivers crisis is obvious in Iraq degradation of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The deficiencies in fresh water have essential problem in the world. Now days, these has been worldwide conviction that ground water is important natural water resources. Additionally, ground water is providing water to urban and rural communities in some countries of the world. In recent time, the contamination of ground water is problem that had posed serious threated for environment and human health. The determination of the ground water suitability for

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changes can occurred due to microbial activities and human activity in soil (2,3).

World Health Organization (WHO) and some countries have determined the guide line for drinking water. It is necessary to compare the measurement of water quality parameter with the declared water quality stands to protect health. The classification for evaluating of water for drinking and irrigation purposes must be established by analyzing several chemical elements including ions ( Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ Na+, SO42-

, HCO3-

and NO3-

) and evaluation several physical properties (pH, EC, TDS, and T.H).

The quality water of irrigation the water should be evaluated to at least or avoid the negative impact on the agriculture (4). And there for classification to published the suitability of the water for irrigation. The Richard classification depend on the electrical conductivity (Ec) and the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) (5). Wilcox (1955) present another classification with is depend on sodium percentage concentration (Na%) in state the (SAR) in it is relationship (Ec). Therefore, the aim of this study is to valuate the physical and chemical properties for ground water and discuss it is suitability for consumption (drinking, building, irrigation and agriculture) based on hydro chemical analysis.

Material and method

The ground water samples were 14 wells in the study region. Depths and location of the wells used in this study region are shown in Table (1). Electrical conductivity (Ec), Total dissolved solids (TDS) and Potential of Hydrogen (pH) were determined by TRANS (BC3020) in situ the field. Sodium and potassium have been determined by flame photometer. And calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate and carbonate have been determined by titration. For sulphates were determined by ultraviolet spectra photometer. While nitrate was determined by optical spectra photometer.( 9) Total Hardness (T.H) was calculated using the equation (10)

T.H = [Ca2+]×2.497+[Mg2+]×4.117………(1)

Can calculate Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) by using the following formula(11).

SAR= 𝑁𝑎

+

𝐶𝑎 2+ +𝑀𝑔 2+

2

……….(2)

Evaluate Sodium percentage (Na%) by use the equate(12) Na = 𝑁𝑎 +𝐾

𝐶𝑎+𝑀𝑔+𝑁𝑎 +𝐾 × 100……….(3)

It calculated depending Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) by to the follow equate(13).

RSC = ([CO32+]+[HCO3-]) +([Ca2+]+[Mg2+]) …..(4).

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Results and Discussion

Concentration of chemical and physical parameters with standards of IQS(14) and WHO(15) are shown in the Table (2). Results reveal the values of pH values are ranging from 7.20 to 7.80. And that Ec values are ranges from 550 to 3520 µ S.cm-1. while that TDS values are ranges from 372 to 2628 ppm table (1). We observe this is increase because of dissolve the salts of soil, addition to the remains pesticides and fertilizers. All ground water samples are fall within fresh water except water cells (8,9,10,12,13) Classified as slightly brackish water cells according to (11) comparing on TDS values ( 3)

Cations

Calcium ion concentrations varies from 37 to 261 ppm and magnesium ion concentration is ranging between 17 – 162 ppm. Sodium ion concentration varies from 52 to 339 ppm. While potassium ion concentration is from 0.10 to 7.5 ppm.

Table (1) for determining to concentrations of cations (calcium, magnesium and sodium) with standards IQS(14) and WHO(15) table (2). Results reveal that the water cells (8,9,10,12.13 and 14) shown highly concentration of calcium. That is due to it is parts of the study region cover with gypsiferous sediment of Altahrir and Buhriz diyala, where water working to wash the soil and add fertilizers that contain calcium.

Results of magnesium ion concentration shown that it is concentration are above in wells (12 and 13) due to presence some dolomite and calcite in components Diyala formation of sandstone and when water is highly in sulfate at pH close to the equalization. It will some part dissolve CO3, precipitate CaCO3 and release MgCO3 to water (16). Sodium ion concentrations been high that standards, in the wells (8,9,12,13 and 14) because of dissolve rocks that contain as Halite and release sodium into water. While potassium ion concentration is low due to potassium enter the crystal of structure the Illite mineral. Which makes difficult to remove and it is dsroption on clay will make difficult attrition them into water (17).

Anions

Sulfate ion concentration is ranging between 51 – 1019 ppm. While bicarbonate ion concentration is varies between 62 – 449 ppm. And chloride ion concentration are ranges between 99-520 ppm. Table (1). Comparing these concentrations with standards of IQS(14) and WHO (15) table(2). Results reveal that the (sulfate, chloride and bicarbonate) ionic concentrations are highly in wells(8,9,10,12,13 and 14) because of higher concentration ion of sodium because of the dissolve gypsum rocks within of Diyala formation and used agriculture fertilizer contain sulfur. high concentration of chloride because of dissolve rocks as . while highly concentration of bicarbonate because of when pH value in water cells is less that 8.3 all carbonate transforms bicarbonate .

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Nitrate

Nitrate ion concentration is ranging from o.1 to 5.0 ppm Table (1). Compared these values of nitrate with standards IQS(14)and WHO(15) table(2). We observe all the water cells wife limits.

Total Hardness T.H.

T.H value varies between 180 – 1318 ppm Table (1). Competitive of T.H values within IQS(14)and WHO(15), Found all the ground water samples falls within safe limits, except water cells samples (9,10,12,13, and 14) unsuited for drinking. T.H values are high in the ground water to the melting of magnesium and calcium salts.

and all ground water samples in study region seeded very hard water depending on classification of ( 10) Table (4) .

Table (1) Concentration of physical and chemical parameters by unit (ppm)

RSC Me q l-1 Na

% M eq l-1 SA

R Me q l-

1

T.H pp m NO

3-

pp m Anions

ppm Cations

ppm TD

S mg

l-1 EC µS m-1 pH Wells Depth,

m Location

Sample No.

HC O3-

Cl- SO4-

2

K+ Na+ Mg2

+

Ca2+

Altitude, North Longitude,

East Place Name

-4.8 57 4.6 294 0.1 68 191 249 2 180 35 60 730 980 7.62 25

330 45' 33.2' 440 46' 39'' Canan 1

1

-1.9 43 1.9 165 0.4 86 113 51 1.9 55 17 38 372 550 7.76 22

330 44' 35'' 440 45' 14'' Canan 2

2

-0.9 38 1.7 181 2.0 280 120 122 1.1 52 21 38 565 775 7.63 25

330 41' 14.7'' 440 48' 08.2'' Canan 3

3

-2.8 39 2.0 278 2.0 173 137 93 7.5 78 36 52 680 910 7.20 25

330 37' 31'' 490 50' 55.7'' Canan 4

4

-2.5 37 1.7 225 1.0 122 102 115 0.3 60 24 50 497 723 7.80 18

330 48' 31'' 440 39' 18'' Aleabara

1 5

-1.9 41 1.8 171 0.9 92 99 82 0.1 55 19 37 493 660 7.41 16

330 44' 20'' 440 40' 18.8'' Aleabara

2 6

-2.9 37 1.9 287 1.9 175 135 95 6.0 75 40 49 590 900 7.80 24

330 39' 25'' 440 40' 21'' Aleabara

3 7

-6.5 48 4.1 449 0.5 219 362 274 0.4 212 58 104 128

0 190

0 7.77 18

330 43 29.2 440 39' 39.1'' Altahrir1

8

-7.7 45 4.0 617 1.1 290 380 298 0.5 230 74 125 136

7 198

0 7.65 21

330 40' 11'' 440 39' 25'' Altahrir2

9

-6.5 45 3.7 534 1.0 260 350 270 0.3 199 69 100 120

6 175

0 7.70 21

330 40' 15'' 440 37' 51'' Altahrir3

10

-4.4 55 3.9 273 1.4 62 190 248 3.8 150 33 55 830 120

0 7.20 31

330 30' 24.3'' 440 41' 26.4'' Buhriz1

11

- 22.

3 29 2.9 131

8 4.0 260 440 101

9 5.0 245 162 261 262

8 350

5 7.77 36

330 36' 22'' 440 41' 09'' Buhriz2

12

- 11.

7 43 4.8 946 5.0 449 520 572 2.5 572 106 204 247

0 352

0 7.42 32

330 36' 14.5'' 440 39' 53.1'' Buhriz3

13

-8.0 48 4.1 658 0.9 320 330 559 5.0 259 90 115 120

4 180

0 7.32 32

330 32' 13.2'' 440 38' 44'' Buhriz4

14

Table (2) Comparison ion concentration with the standard of water quality by unit (ppm).

parameter standards

WHO 2007

IQS 2009

pH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5

TDS 1000 1000

Ec 1530 1500

Ca2+ 75 150

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Mg2+ 120 100

Na+ 200 200

K+ 12 12

SO42-

250 400

Cl- 250 350

HCO3 200 200

NO3- 50 50

T.H 500 500

Table (3). Classification of water salinity depending on TDS (11).

Water class. ppm

Fresh water 0 – 1000

Slightly Brackish Water 1000 -10000

Brackish Water 10000 - 100000

Brine water ˃ 100000

Table (4). Classification of water according the total hardness (ppm) (10)

Water quality T.H

Soft T.H ≤ 9

Slightly hard 9 - 60

Moderately hard 60 - 120

Hard 120 - 180

Very hard T.H ˃ 180

Ground water suitability

The use of ground water for the different purpose is established (Agriculture, industrial and livestock) by according to it is chemical elements and the quality of water.

Ground water suitability for humans drinking purposes

.

The use of water for drink purpose must be within the hydrochemical parameter according to the guidelines prescribed by IQS(14) and WHO(15) table (2) for determining suitability the ground water for humans drinking. Found the all ground water samples with safe limits except water cells (8,9,10,12,13and14) because of high concentration ionic (Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+,K+, Cl-,HCO- and SO4-) Table (1). Generally, that the most water cells in the study region is suitable for humans drinking purposes table(2).

Ground water suitability for livestock purposes.

All ground water samples are suitability for livestock purpose according to (18) in

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Ground water suitability for building purposes

Comparison of ion concentration of ground water samples depending on the classification proposed by (18) reveal that the all samples suitable for building purposes. Table (6)

Table (5). Water specification for livestock purpose of by unit(ppm)

Suitability Parameter

Excellent type

Good type Permissible type

Able use Maximum limit

Na+ 800 1500 2000 2500 4000

Ca2+ 350 700 800 900 1000

Mg2+ 150 350 500 600 700

Cl- 900 2000 3000 4000 6000

SO4-2

1000 2500 3000 4000 6000

TDS 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000

T.H 1500 3200 4000 4700 5400

Table (6). Evolution of water for building use depending on (19)

Ion Permissible limit

HCO3-

350

SO42- 1460

Cl- 2187

Ca2+ 437

Mg2+ 271

Na+ 1160

Ground water suitability for agriculture purposes

.

Depending on the classification suggestion by (11) as show in table(7). We observe in table (1). The most ground water samples of the study region seeds as low salt tolerance except the wells (12 and 13) medium salt tolerance according to classification (11). These types water suitable for grow most of crops.

Ground water suitability for irrigation purposes.

Increasing of electrical conductivity in the irrigation water cause of deteriorate in plant growth and low yield. In addition increase of chloride cause burns of plant leafs mostly the garage and citrus. While increment of sodium lead to increase of SAR, Which effect plant growth (20) values Influencing facts in suitability of ground water for irrigation purposes show in the table(1).

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Salinity

Increase of Ec and TDS in irrigation water influence soil structure, aeration and permeability. Therefore effect the plant growth. The soil water is pass to plant through the roots due to rise osmotic pressure. The effect is visible in plant by stunted growth cause burns of leaves, discoloration and low yield(21). The ground water samples fall within good (2,5 and 6), the wells (1,3,4,7,8,9,10 and 14) medium and the wells (12 and 13) bad. Therefore, its most safe for irrigation purpose table (8) .while the wells (12) and (13) not safe for irrigation purpose depending on (19).

SAR

Sodium Adsorption Ratio is evaluation the ratio of sodium ions for calcium and magnesium, expressed by meq l-1. If Sodium Adsorption Ratio is more than 9. This know an increase of sodium or decrease of (calcium + magnesium) in the water. This is increase cause destroying soil texture, dispersion of soil colloids and high permeability (20).Sodium Adsorption Ratio of ground water samples in the region less from 9. Table (1). Where reference to that the all water cells samples located within the excellent class depending on (19) table (8).

Soluble Sodium Percentage Na %

Sodium percentage (Na%) values in ground water samples of the study region Table (1). Found all that the ground water samples within the medium class except samples (3,4,5,7 and 12) in the good class depending on classification (19), as show in table(8).

Residual Sodium Carbonate

Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values of all ground water samples in the study region Table (1). As shown all ground water fall within excellent, according to (19).

show in table(8).

Table (7). Relative tolerances of crops to salts concentrations for agriculture (EC µs.cm-1)

Crop Division Low Salt

Tolerance

Medium Salt Tolerance

High Salt

Tolerance Fruit Crops 0 - 3000 3000 - 4000 4000 -10.000 Vegetable Crops 3000 - 4000 4000 – 10.000 10.000 – 12.000 Field Crops 4000 - 6000 6000 – 10.000 10.000 – 16.000

Table (8). Evolution of water for irrigation water quality (19) Water

class

EC µs.cm-1 SAR (meq.l-

1)

Na% RSC (meq.l-

1)

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Good 250 – 750 10 - 18 20 - 40 1.25 – 2.0 Medium 750 - 2250 18 - 26 40 – 60 2.0 – 2.5

Bad 2250 - 4000 ˃ 26 60 - 80 2.5 – 3.0

Very bad ˃ 4000 ˃ 26 ˃ 80 ˃ 3.0

Conclusion

The value of chemical analysis result for the ground water samples shows that the all ground water low alkaline and has low mineralized and most of its classified as fresh water with some that are Slightly Brackish water. Values of major anions and cations are high little than some ground water a quality standards depending on IQS(14) and WHO (15). High concentration some ionic in some ground water that could because impact formation rocks within diyala. Ground water in the study region is most suitable for humans drinking, livestock, building and growth many types of crops. It is most suitable irrigation purpose by salinity and safe for irrigation purpose according to SAR, Na% and RSC.

References

1- Yakirevich, A, Weisbrod, N, Kuznetsov, M, Rivera Villarreyes, C.A, Benavent, I, Chavez, A.M, Ferrando, D, 2013 Modeling the Impact of Solute Recycling on Groundwater Salinization Under Irrigated Lands. : A Study of the Alto Piura Aquifer, Peru. J. Hydrol. 482, 25–39.

2- Agoubi,B, Kharroubi, A. and Abida, H 2013. Hydrochemistry of groundwater and its assessment for irrigation purpose in coastal Jeffara Aquifer, southeastern Tunisia , Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol.6, pp.1163-1172

3- Adimalla, N. 2018 Ground water Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes and Potential Health Risks Assessment :A Case Study from Semi-Arid Region of SouthIndia, Exposure and Health,pp.1-15

4-Mohammed, M.N. 2011. Quality assessment of Tigris river by using water quality index for irrigation purpose, European Journal of Scientific Research 571: 15-28.

5-Richards, L. A. 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils, U. S.

Department of Agriculture Handbook, Vol. 60, Washington D. C., USA. p.160

6-Wilcox, L. V. 1955, Classification and Use of Irrigation Waters, United States Department of Agriculture, Circular No. 696, Washington, DC. p. 16.

7- Ayers R. S. and Westcot D. W. 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No: 29. FAO. Rome.

8-Don, C.M. 1955. A grows guide to water quality, University college station, Texas.

9-Rump, H. H. 1999. Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Water, Waste Water and Soil. 3rd ed. Wiley-VCH. In Dutch, Translated by: Elisabeth J. Grayson.

10- Driscoll. 2009. Water hardness based on concentration of calcium and magnesium. In: Poells, D.J., Smith, G.J. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hydrogeology.

Academic press. 30 corporate drive. suite 400. Burlington. MA 01803. USA.

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11- Todd, D. K. 2007. Groundwater hydrology third edition. John Wiley and Sous.

Third Reprint. Inc. .India. 535p

12- Todd, D.K. 2005. Groundwater Hydrology (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons New York. USA. p: 650

13-Turgeon, A. J. 2000. Irrigation Water Quality. College of Agricultural sciences.

The Pennsylvania State University. USA. http://turfgrass.cas. psu.edu / Education / Turgeon / Case Stuy / Old Ranch / IrrWatQual.html.

14- IQS, Iraqi Standard. 2009. Iraqi Standard of Drinking Water No. 417, Second modification.

15- WHO, World Health Organization. 2007. Guide fine for drinking water quality Recommendation Vol.4th ed. 36p

16.Al-Qaraghuli, N. A. 1987. Content of nutrient elements in the fertilizers produced from Al-Kaim. Iraq. Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control.

Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Zanco. 5(3) : 57-69 .

17- Hem, J. D, 1989. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Survey. Water Supply paper, P.2254,246.

18- Altovisiki, M. E. 1962. Handbook of hydrogeology. Geogoelitzet. Moscow.

USSR(In Russian).614p.

19- CGWB, Central Ground Water Board and CPCB, Central Pollution control Board. 2000. Status of Ground Water Quality and Pollution Aspects in NCT Delhi.

20- Jain, C.K., Bandyhyay, A. and Bhadra, A. 2012. Assessment of Ground Water Quality for Irrigation purpose. District Nainital, Uttarakhand. India. Journal of Indian Water Resources Society, 32(3-4): 8-14.

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