View of Active Monitoring of Person Exposed to Patients with Confirmed COVID - 19

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Active Monitoring of Person Exposed to Patients with Confirmed COVID - 19

Vignesh P

Department of General Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University,

Chennai -77, Tamilnadu.

Mail id : [email protected] Dr. Brundha M.P .

Associate professor, Department of General Pathology Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences No: 162, PH Road Chennai - TamilNadu

India - 600077

Email: [email protected] Corresponding Author

Dr. Brundha M.P Associate professor, Department of General Pathology Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai - TamilNadu

India - 600077

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Coronavirus disease 2019 is an illness brought about by extreme severe respiratory condition coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It was first determined in the 2019 December month in Wuhan fish market in China, and has brought about a progressing epidemic. The first case might be recorded back on 17 November 2019.

Symptoms of the COVID-19 include cough, fever, dyspnea, fatigue, and ability to smell and taste is lost. While a large portion of the cases show mild signs and symptoms, some of them arrive at acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) likely encouraged by a cytokine storm,

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septic stun, multi-organ failure , and blood clumps. After exposure the time it takes to begin symptoms is generally around six days or it may go from two to fourteen days.

The virus is initially spread between person to person during close contact, most commonly by means of small droplets that come out by sneezing, talking, and coughing. The droplets usually fall onto things and not travel through air over long distances. Less ordinarily, individuals may get infected by contacting a contaminated surface at that point then touching their face. It's generally infectious toward the start of the initial three days after the beginning of indications, despite the fact that the spread is achievable before manifestations show up, and from individuals that don't show side effects.

Keywords: COVID- 19, Transmissions, Management, Global Pandemic, Prevention.

INTRODUCTION

In 1930, the first coronavirus was discovered. An acute respiratory infection of tamed Chicken was caused by injections of bronchitis Virus (IBV)(Estola, 1970), Anther Schalk, and M.C.

Hawn described in 1931 a brand new respiratory virus of Chicken in North Dakota (Fabricant, 1998). Later, Between 1930 - 1940 three more different animal corona Viruses were Cultivated and were kept isolated, at that period they did not realize that these various different viruses were related (McIntosh, 1974). In 1960 the first human coronavirus was discovered. The isolation was done using two different methods in the United nation and in America. In 1960 same year Original research was done about Virus isolation from Common cold occurring in a residential School. From the general population the schoolboy was tested. Malcolm Byone, E.C.

Kendall, and David Tyrrell working at the Common Cold Unit of the British Medical Research Council in 1960 isolated from a boy a novel common cold virus B814. (Kendall, Bynoe and Tyrrell, 1962; Kahn and McIntosh, 2005) The discovered virus was not technically cultivated using normal standard methods which had successfully cultivated rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and other common cold viruses. Like this furthermore, viruses are cultivated and monitored (Corman et al., 2014) After a few decades, the coronavirus strain B814 was lost. (Su et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2020)Our institution is passionate about high quality evidence based research and has excelled in various fields ( (Pc, Marimuthu and Devadoss, 2018; Ramesh et al., 2018;

Vijayashree Priyadharsini, Smiline Girija and Paramasivam, 2018; Ezhilarasan, Apoorva and Ashok Vardhan, 2019; Ramadurai et al., 2019; Sridharan et al., 2019; Vijayashree Priyadharsini, 2019; Chandrasekar et al., 2020; Mathew et al., 2020; R et al., 2020; Samuel, 2021)

Infected individuals are able to contaminate the environment. The interaction of the complementary cell receptor and coronavirus spike protein is central in determining the infectivity, tissue tropism and species range of the released virus. (Masters, 2006) Coronavirus target epithelial cells. (Cui, Li and Shi, 2019) They are transmitted from one individual to another individual depending on the corona Virus species by either aerosol fomite or orofecal

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route (Decaro, 2011). Patients infected with coronavirus Can present a wide range of signs and symptoms extending from mild to severe. cough, Fever, and dyspnea are the most common symptoms reported, and 31% of cases. (Li et al., 2020) Patients that develop acute respiratory distress Syndrome may worsen rapidly and die of multiple organ failure. (Wang et al., 2020).

Our team has rich experience in research and we have collaborated with numerous authors over various topics in the past decade (Ariga et al., 2018; Basha, Ganapathy and Venugopalan, 2018;

Hannah et al., 2018; Hussainy et al., 2018; Jeevanandan and Govindaraju, 2018; Kannan and Venugopalan, 2018; Kumar and Antony, 2018; Manohar and Sharma, 2018; Menon et al., 2018;

Nandakumar and Nasim, 2018; Nandhini, Babu and Mohanraj, 2018; Ravinthar and Jayalakshmi, 2018; Seppan et al., 2018; Teja, Ramesh and Priya, 2018; Duraisamy et al., 2019;

Gheena and Ezhilarasan, 2019; Hema Shree et al., 2019; Rajakeerthi and Ms, 2019; Rajendran et al., 2019; Sekar et al., 2019; Sharma et al., 2019; Siddique et al., 2019; Janani, Palanivelu and Sandhya, 2020; Johnson et al., 2020; Jose, Ajitha and Subbaiyan, 2020).

COVID - 19 OUTBREAK

An outbreak of viral infection of unknown origin was first determined in Wuhan fish market, Hubei, provinces, china. It was started in December 2019. There Case was epidemiologically connected to the human seafood market. (Almeida and Tyrrell, 1967) Inoculation of bronchoalveolar lavage liquid acquired from patients with viral infection of unknown Origin into human airway epithelial cell and Huh7 and Vero E6 cell lines led to the isolation of a SARS- CoV-2, novel coronavirus, earlier named 2019-nCov.(Balasubramanian, 2020) (Kapikian et al., 1969)

Coronaviruses are positive single-stranded RNA viruses surrounded by an envelope belonging to the family Coronaviridae. They are classified into four genera Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus. So far seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been identified, which fall within the Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera.

SARS-Cov are animal origin, they cause severe respiratory syndrome and are often fatal. From the beginning of the pandemic in late December 2019, SARS-COV-2 has now spread to all continents as of May 21, 2020, the world health organization. Communicated 5,101,526 Confirmed cases and 329,203 deaths globally. The name Coronavirus was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell (He is the one who found novel common cold B814 in a Schoolboy).

(Woo et al., 2005) Coronavirus can infect the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract of mammals and birds. (Bande et al., 2015)

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MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF COVID - 19

Respiratory infections might be transmitted through droplets of different sizes: once the droplet particle unit area is >5-10 μm in diameter they're called respiratory droplets, and once then unit area <5μm in diameter, they're called as droplet nuclei.(Conly et al., 2011) In step with current proof, the COVID - 19 virus is principally transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and by contacting individuals. (Chan et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020)

Droplet transmission happens once someone is in close contact (within one meter) with somebody who has symptoms (e.g., coughing or sneezing) and is thus in danger of getting his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or mucous membrane (eyes) exposed to probably infective metabolism droplets. (Ong et al., 2020)

Droplet transmission is entirely different from airborne transmission since it refers to the presence of microbes inside droplet nuclei, (Burke et al., 2020) that area unit airborne transmission usually thought-about to be particles <5μm in diameter, will remain within the air for long periods of your time and be transmitted to others over distances longer than one meter.(Chan et al., 2020)

With regards to COVID - 19, the transmission system is additionally potential in explicit conditions and settings during which techniques or bolster medicines that produce pressurized canned products territory unit performed; i.e., manual ventilation before brooding, turning the patient to the inclined position, detaching the patient from the ventilator, non-obtrusive positive- pressure ventilation, careful activity, and heart resuscitation(Brundha, no date a).

There is some proof that COVID - 19 infection could cause internal organ infection and be present in feces. However, up to now, just one study has civilized the COVID - 19 virus from one stool specimen. (Zhang et al., 2020)There are no reports of fecal-oral transmission of the COVID - 19 virus up to now.

FOUR STAGES OF GLOBAL PANDEMIC

As indicated by the report, the first stage is when instances of contamination are brought into a country that was not the source of the disease. At that moment, all the country outside of China that began announcing instances of coronavirus reached at Stage 1 of the outbreak as they revealed their first case of infection (Brundha and Nallaswamy, 2019; Brundha, Pathmashri and Sundari, 2019).If a virus is contained after transmission to just one or two countries, it doesn't turn into a pestilence, however on the off chance that it can't be contained during a limited period of time and spreads over the world, as COVID - 19 did,(Timothy, Samyuktha and Brundha, 2019) it turns into an epidemic.(Saif, no date).

The second stage of a pandemic is when there are instances of local transmission inside the country; the report clarifies (Prashaanthi and Brundha, 2018). This means the individual from

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whom the contamination spread to an alternate individual is from the same country. During this stage, the direction of the infection is generally recognized from the source to all the contaminated people. (Kumar and Brundha, 2016).

Community transmission is the third stage of the pandemic, in this stage, predictable with the report; it turns out to be difficult to follow the chain of transmission of the infection in a sizable measure of cases. This recommends the infection has begun circling inside the network and may likewise contaminate those people who neither have headed out to a country experiencing the pandemic nor have come into the contact of an individual contaminated by the infection. During this event, (Hannah et al., 2019) a lockdown turns out to be profoundly significant as an individual can spread the infection, paying little heed to their movement history or the individuals they need are accessible in contact with (Preethikaa and Brundha, 2018).

The fourth phase is when the virus infection gets endemic in certain continues reemerging around the year. This is frequently a phase that the Indian government has mulled over in its choice to handle the infection, the IE report states(Shreya and Brundha, 2017).

These stages of an episode stay uniform over the planet to shape coordination and understanding less difficult, all together that countries are frequently arranged in like manner. Such an order makes it simpler for different countries to force quantifiers that they think will profit, (Kalaiselvi and Brundha, 2016) like India forcing travel limitations on China very right on time inside the epidemic. This was on the grounds that, the report states, around then of your time all the instances of coronavirus in different nations were being imported from China (Harsha and Brundha, 2017).

MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT

The incubation time for coronavirus is said to be extended to 14 days, within a time of 4-5 days from exposure to symptoms onset. One research study revealed that 97% of persons with confirmed COVID - 19 develop symptoms can therefore at intervals of 11.5 days of coronavirus infection(Guan et al., 2020).

The signs and symptoms of novel corona virus present at unwellness onset vary, however over the course of the sickness, (Chen et al., 2020) most persons with COVID - 19 can have Fever, Cough, Anorexia, Fatigue, Sputum production, dyspnea, Myalgia and Atypical symptoms are mostly seen in older adults and persons with past medical history and comorbidities may have delayed presentation of fever and respiratory signs and symptoms. An article concluded, it is referenced around 1,000 hospitalized patients, fever was present in just 44% at hospital admission however later developed in 89% in the hospital. (Huang et al., 2020)confusion, Headache, rhinorrhea, hemoptysis, pharyngitis, vomiting, and diarrhea symptoms are reported less frequent (<10%). (Wang et al., 2020)Dysnomia or ageusia preceding the onset of respiratory symptoms has been anecdotally reported, however additional info is required to grasp its role in characteristic COVID - 19.(Balaji, Brundha and Path, 2016; Ravichandran and Brundha, 2016).

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INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Immediate recognition, Securing triage, and preventing the source of infection. clinical storage includes a system for assuring all patients at admission, allowing for early identification of possible COVID - 19 and immediate quarantine of patients with Suspected infection in an area isolated from other patients.(Shenoy and Brundha, 2016)Standard precautionary measures include hand and respiratory cleanliness, the utilization of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) according to a risk assessment, waste management, environmental cleaning, conventional linens, and sterilization of patient-care supplies. (Adhikari et al., 2020)

In addition to utilizing the standard precautions, all people, including family members and guests, should use contact and droplet precautionary measures before entering the room of suspected or Confirmed COVID -19 patient, Patient should be placed in inadequately ventilated single rooms. For a general wardroom with natural ventilation, sufficient Ventilation is considered (Brundha, no date b) .

60 L/s per patient. Authoritative controls and arrangements for the avoidance and control of transmission of COVID - 19 within the health care setting include, yet may not be constrained to building up practical IPC infrastructure and activities. instructing patients developing policies on early recognition of acute respiratory infection potentially could by Could- 19 infections (Shen et al., 2020).

CONCLUSION

This study is a picture of current research of transmission, management, prevention, and pandemic of ongoing Coronavirus. protect yourself as well as other people around you by knowing the information and taking Appropriate measures, follow the suggestion given by your nearby general wellbeing office.

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