Improving the Performance of Industrial Effluent Treatment by
Phytoremediation method using Water Hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) and Data Management in Big Data
M. R Sundarakumar1, D Salangai Nayagi 2, Amutha R 3,Vedhanayakisri4
Assistant Professor 1, 2,Associate Professor3,Assistant Professor4, Department of CSE 1, 2, Department of ISE3, Department of Biotechnology4
Sona College of Technology 1, Salem, AMC Engineering College 2, 3, Bengaluru, Selvam College of Technology4
[email protected]1,[email protected]2, [email protected]3, [email protected]4
ABSTRACT
This article main objective is to decontaminationthe industrial effluent using water hyacinth (leaves stem and root). It is one of the obligate water plant types and it forms intense free-floating mat that cause massive environmental and social problems. This paper deals with the suitability and efficacy of water hyacinth leaves, stem and root parts for the decontamination of industrial effluent. Three parts of water hyacinth was used in this study and each experiment was practiced two times. No water has to be followed in these treatments include, powder and liquid plant parts were used to decontaminate the effluent.
Refining the water control products on effluent wasquick during the 21 days in the mess cultured with water and there was less decontamination of effluent in for using long time. The Industrial effluent contains several contaminants like nitrogen, potassium, suspended solids, phenols, chloroform and fluorides which are analyzed by the Water quality test. Furthermore, the reading for various parameters such as BOD (Biological oxygen demand), COD (Chemical oxygen demand), TDS (Total dissolved solids), TSS (Total suspended solids), Turbidity and chloride. The color of effluent has been periodically taken every 24hr for 3- 5days. The effect of WH has resulted in a decrease in turbidity and other impurities. The results have stored in a cloud storage database and will be analyzed with the help of big data analytics for developing the usage of water hyacinth.
Key words: water hyacinth, effluent water, Heavy metals, Water purification, Water quality test
1. INTRODUCTION
South America‗s subtropical is the native of, free-floating stableaquatic plant Water hyacinth. Over the surface of water things like broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves, water
hyacinth are raised with bulb and nodules at its base surface [1]. They have stretchedelastic and round stalks. A purple-black feathery freely hanging root is available.Pink and lavender color flowers a with six petals are supported by stalk on a single spike through 8-15 conspicuously. Reproduction of water hyacinth is done by runners or solon and it grows the fastest growing plant by forming daughter plants [2]. Each and every plants of water hyacinth can produce thousand seeds per year. More than twenty eight years it will be sustainable. A day 2 and 5 meters grown water hyacinth was found in South Asia. Normally the size of the water hyacinths growing is double and vigorous in nature also mats too [3].
Eichhornia crassipes development is high rate and extreme in biomass sources. There are 70,000m3/ha of biogas which contains 70%CH4, 30%Co2 can be produced byone hectare crops [4]. The plants absorb some heavy metalssuch as mercury, lead, strontium-90, and some organic compounds which are carcinogenic present over water. Dairy waste water is used for waste water treatment by water hyacinth cultivation.60-80% nitrogen, 69% of potassium is removed from water while using water hyacinth [5]. It founds Eutropicated wetland in a natural shallow the nitrogen can be removed by the roots of water hyacinth.
Eichhornia crassipes was used in this study as a water hyacinth to treat industrial effluent water. The nutrition removal and water purification from the waste water is done by water hyacinth optimum growing rate [6]. The roots absorb impurities and can lock up floating particles from the water. To rendering the normal contaminants of the soil, water and air, the degradation by hyper accumulators to the bio accumulation process can be refers the ability of the plants naturally. The phytoremediationprocess major targets are Toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants [7]. To do environmental cleanup, additionally lot of trails of feasibility in the plants have taken.Coagulation and flocculation along with adsorption of membrane filtration using irradiation are the general treatmentsof the processes on chemically and physically [8].
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
For decolorizing with two limitations they are amount of sludge material with high cost production that requires closingremovalanother time. One of the effective methods among all is adsorption of removing dyes from waste sewage [9-18]. For removing dyes or sludge completely, adsorption process is the good when compared other methods.
The following table 1 explains the removal of biological and agricultural waste by using adsorption process with low cost using various products replaced by carbons.
Table 1: Carbon replaced materials suggested by authors
S No Authors Proposed Methods
1 (Manoj Kumar 2013) Rice husk
2 (Ho and McKay, 1999) Hair and Coal
3 (Garg et al., 2004) Wood Dust
4 (Paul Egwuonwu, 2013) Tree Bark Powder
5 (Fernandes et al., 2006) Peat
6 (Cotoruelo et al., 2010) Lignin
7 (Ata et al., 2012; Ozer and Dursun, 2007) Wheat bran 8 Vijayaraghavan and Yun, 2008) Brown sea weed
9 (Annadurai et al., 2002) Banana Orange Peel
10 (Janos et al., 2003) Fly ash
11 (Hameed et al., 2009), Pineapple stem waste
12 (Pramanik et al., 2011). Coconut pulp, sugarcane pulp, and tuberous pulp
To removing pollutants well established technique used as environment protective called Aquatic Macrophytes Treatment System (AMATS) is running on phytoremediation procedure. AMATS is the low cost adsorbents tested for the dye absorption process [19-24].
3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
3.1. PLANT MATERIAL:
The raw materials are collected from Jedarpalayam Dam, Namakkal Tamilnadu 11.1593 ° N, 77.8817° E. Plant materials like fresh stem, root and leaves are separated from the whole plant was shown in Figure 1.Separated parts were shade dried at room temperaturefor 7-9d and dried samples were powdered using kitchen blender and obtained powder was stored in an air lock container for subsequent experiment.
Figure. 1 shows the whole plant, leaves, stem and root ofwater hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes)
3.2. EXTRACTION OF PLANT MATERIALS
The extraction of water hyacinth is done by cold percolation method. This one of the unique extraction method which is herbal extraction method: no heat or concentration is used.
It involves the slow solvent by a powered material until it absorbssome constituent and drip out through the cleanbase of the bottle. And ratio of the extraction is 1:10 (5gm in 50ml of ethanol).Ethanol is used as a solvent. The powered samples were taken in a three different 250ml conical flasks. After well mixing that are placed in rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 24 hrs.
It contains 2-3 cycles which is taken the interval for each 24 h from the shaker. Then it was clarified by using Whatman filter paper. Finally it was stored in Falcon tubes.
3.3. SAMPLING OF WATER:
The industrial effluents are collected from Erode and Karur. The effluent contains Suspended solids, heavy metals, toxic components and other impurities. The figure 2 shows all the materials like effluent and their hue.
Figure. 2 Shows the effluent and its hue
3.4. PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
The industrial effluent contains many impurities, toxic materials, Total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total dissolved oxygen (TDS), Organic and inorganic matters(Potassium, Phosphorus, magnesium, Nitrate, Nitrite, Sodium, chlorine, and sulphide, etc). Furthermore this compounds are analyzed by Water quality test in Omega laboratories (Analytical testing& Research Centre), Namakkal.
3.5. GCMS ANALYSIS
The GCMS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrum) is for analyze which compounds are present plant material that are Root, Stem, and Leaves of Water hyacinth.
And this was done in Signee Research and innovation Pvt Ltd, Tanjore.
3.5. SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
The plant extracts (leaves, stem, root,) are mixed with effluent in 1:1 ratio. The absorbance is taken from UV spectrophotometer at 600nm. And the absorbance is increased then decreasing indicates the removal of impurities in effluent water. This step was done in Omega Laboratories (Analytical testing & Research Centre), Namakkal.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this project we are employ the GCMS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy) is to identify the compounds which are identify the , Absorbance in UV Spectrophotometer is to identify the removal of micro nutrients in waste water which was shown in Table 2. Quality Test of industrial effluent is to identify the impurities present in the water before purification and that are shown in table 3. And this is mainly focus on the purification of industrial effluent water. Then identify the purification of Root, Stem, and Leaves of Water hyacinth and to compare the percentage of purification.
4.1. Grinding and Extraction of plant material
Different parts of dried plant powder and the liquid extraction was shown in Figure. 3
Figure 3: Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) dried and powdered leaves root After that the powdered samples are extracted by ethanol. The ethanol extract was done by cold percolation method. The three different parts of water hyacinth Root, Stem and Leaves in 1:10 ratio such as 5 gm in 50ml which was taken in three 250ml conical flasks. This was shown in figure 4. Then it was placed in a rotary shaker at 100 rpm room temperature. And the first cycle of water hyacinth Root: 7ml Stem: 9ml and Leaves: 12ml. The ethanol extract was shown in figure45. Finally it was used for further study. Figure
Figure 4. Ethanol extract of stem, root and leaves 4.2. WATER QUALITY TEST BEFORE THE PURIFICATION
The water quality test is needed for which types of compounds are present in water. And this was done in Omega laboratories (Analytical testing &Research Centre), Namakkal.
4.3 Mass spectrum analysis
Gas chromatography and Mass spectrum (GCMS) was used to identify the compounds present in the plant material. This analyzes the compounds present in the ethanol extracts of stem, root and leaves of water hyacinth. And the compounds are shown in below.
The table 3 indicates the compounds which are present in the Root extract. Next the table 3, 4, 5shows the compounds which are present in the leaf extract and their results shown in figure 5,6,7. Finally the stem extract which contains the compounds are present in Table 2
Table 2: Compounds identified in before purification
S.NO TEST PARAMETERS TEST
RESULTS UNIT
1 Colour Brown Hazen
2 Turbidity Low NTU
3 pH at 25ºC 8.14 -
4 Specific Conductance at 25ºC 4.30 mS/
cm
5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 18620
mg/lit
6 Number of Solids 272
7 Cl2 as Residual Free Chlorine 1660 8 TSS as Total Suspended Solids 42.5
9 Oil and Grease 1.90
10 SO2- sulphide 2.0
11 Chloride 3060
Table 3: Compounds identified in root
Peak# R. Time Area Area% Height Height % A/H Name
1 13.40 0
1195586
1 1.92 115820 1.89 10.2 5-(7A-ISOPROPENYL4,5- DIMETHYLOCT 2 14.83 1301105
8 2.09 713216 1.17 18.4 .alpha.-selinene
12 PO4- Phosphorus 194
13 Nitrates as NO3 182
14 Nitrites as NO2 10.0
15 Total Nitrogen 15.5
16 Phenolic Compounds as C6H5OH 0.50
mg/lit
17 Sodium as Na 2.5
18 K-Potassium 1.9
19 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 27ºC, 3
days 16
20 Chemical Oxygen Demand 92
21 Dissolved Oxygen 2.80
22 As-Arsenic 1.9
23 Cadmium as Cd 8.45
24 Copper as Cu 26.8
25 Pb 11.5
26 Mercury 0.9
27 Zinc 11.0
28 Total Chromium 18.6
29 Iron as Fe 7.2
30 Nickel 4.7
31 Selenium as Se 3.3
32 Manganese as Mn 4.5
33 Fluoride as F 4.8
3 15.22 2601230
5 4.17 290558 4.75 8.95 1-Octadecanol(CAS) Stenol 4 15.43 1318664
4 2.11 225378 3.69 5.85 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester(CAS)MET 5 15.55 1491090
0 2.39 238768 3.91 6.25 2-HEXADECEN-1-OL,3,7,11,15- TETRAME
6 15.62 8551593 1.37 250009 4.09 3.42 Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester(CAS)Methy
7 15.78 1031937
6 1.65 261496 4.28 3.95
2,6,10,10-
TETRAMETHYLBICYCLO[7,2, 0]
8 15.88 6
4696604
2 7.53 494498
2 8.09 9.50 LUP-20(29)-EN-3-YL ACETATE 9 16.14
2
6085651
5 9.76 430166
4 7.04 14.1
5 LUP-20(29)-EN-3-YL ACETATE 10 16.25
8
2986730
6 4.79 361204
9 5.91 8.27 METHYL COMMATE B
11 16.65 4
6882379 7
11.0 4
585927
4 9.59 11.7 5
Cholest-5-en-3-ol(3.beta)- (CAS)Lanol 12 16.80
2
9020917 5
14.4 7
695953 8
11.3 8
12.9 6
Cholest-5-en-3-ol(3.beta)- (CAS)Lanol 13 16.96
7 8425743 1.35 426095
5 6.97 1.98 A-Norcholestan-2-one, (alpha.)- (CAS)
14 17.08 3
3197240
1 5.13 401316
3 6.57 7.97 Cholest-5-en-3-ol-(3.beta.)- (CAS)Lanol
15 17.13 3
2682045
9 4.30 364035
4 5.96 7.37 <NO NAME>
16 17.42 7
3604585
3 5.78 237290
3 3.88 15.1
9 Dihydrocholesterol 17 18.26
2
1651174
8 2.65 788915 1.29 20.9 3
Ergosta-7,22-dien-3- ol,(3,beta.,5.alpha.,22E)- 18 24.39
2
5289159
6 8.48 208907
2 3.42 25.3
2 Dihydrocholesterol
19 24.52 5
3673468
9 5.89 201929
1 3.30 18.1
9 LUP-20(29)-EN-3-YLACETATE 20 24.85
7
1949979
6 3.13 173354
5 2.84 11.2
5 LUP-20(29)-EN-3-YLACETATE
Figure 5. GCMS-Root extract Table 4: Compounds identified in leaf
Peak# R. Time Area Area% Height Height % A/H Name
1 8.940 1268824 0.55 488856 0.77 2.60 Undecanoic acid, 10- methyl-,methyl ester(CAS) 2 9.433 2157231 0.9 780834 1.24 2.76 Dodecanoic acid (CAS)
Lauric acid
3 9.766 890818 0.39 420995 0.67 2.12 1-Pentadecene(CAS) Pentadec-1-ene
4 10.974 3211442 1.39 1042744 1.65 3.08 LIMONENEDIOXIDE 1 5 11.807 4169360 1.80 1263849 2.0 3.30 TETRADECANOIC ACID
6 12.657 15924458 6.89 602712 9.54 2.64
2,6,10-TRIMETHYL,14- trimethyl,14-ETHYLENE- 14-PE
7 12.746 4199970 1.82 1367365 2.16 3.07 2-Pentadecanone,6,10,14- trimethyl-(CAS)6,
8 12.925 3606429 1.56 1308669 2.07 2.76
2-Hexadecen-1-
ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl- ,[R-
9 13.135 6429214 2.78 2346209 3.71 2.74 2-Hexadecen-1-
ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl- ,[R-
10 13.589 2151234 0.93 698378 1.11 3.08 Triacontanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) methyl
11 13.999 53105867 22.99 55063714 23.84 3.53 Hexadecanoic acid (CAS) palmitic acid
12 14.279 4606699 1.99 1099262 1.73 4.22 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (CAS)ETHYL Pa 13 15.240 2174691 0.94 851650 1.35 2.55 1-Octadecanol(CAS) stenol 14 15.419 1593679 0.69 606137 0.96 2.63 11-Octadecanoic acid,
methyl ester(CAS) Me
15 15.58 39519310 17.10 13322925 21.09 2.97
2-Hexadecen-1-
ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl- ,[R-
16 15.858 13035341 5.64 2950336 4.67 4.42 (Z)6-Pentadecen-1-ol 17 15.931 23179316 10.03 4932286 7.81 4.70 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic
acid, methyl ester, (Z) 18 16.098 14241957 6.16 3178991 5.03 4.48 OCTADECANOIC ACID 19 16.20 3120363 1.35 934501 1.48 3.34 ETHYL LINOLEOLATE 20 22.017 32489503 14.06 4491740 7.11 7.23 Hexadecanoic acid, 2-
hydroxy-1-(hydroxymet)
Figure 6. GCMS-Leaf extract
Table 5: Compounds identified in stem
Peak# R. Time Area Area% Height Height % A/H Name
1 8.931 2035994 0.50 675661 1.83 3.01 Undecanoic acid, 10-methyl-, methyl ester(CAS)
2 11.288 1245731 0.30 522327 1.42 2.38 Tetradecanal(CAS) Myristaldehyde 3 11.817 3757572 0.91 949529 2.57 3.96 TETRADECANOIC
ACID
4 12.649 1804090 0.44 761780 2.06 2.37 2,6,10-TRIMETHYL,14-ETHYLENE-14- PE
5 12.917 2348868 0.57 347110 0.94 6.77 9-Octadecanoic acid(Z)-(CAS)oleic acid 6 13.131 2644524 0.64 943590 2.56 2.80 1-Octadecanol(CAS) Stenol
7 13.996 22614753 5.50 5025630 13.62 4.50 Hexadecanoic acid(CAS) Palmitic acid 8 14.271 2785153 0.68 386737 1.05 7.20 Hexadecanoicacid,ethyl ester(CAS) Ethyl
pa
9 15.234 2970799 0.72 1054975 2.86 2.82 1-Octadecanol (CAS) Stenol
10 15.414 2244127 0.55 682640 1.85 3.29 9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) MET
11 15.578 7s028918 1.71 1552846 4.21 4.53 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetra methyl- ,[R-
12 15.874 46636037 11.35 4514722 12.24 10.33 TRICYCLO[20,8,0,0E7,16]TRIACONTAN 13 16.143 40210474 9.78 3051732 8.27 13.99 Ergost-22-en-3-ol, (alpha., 5beta.,22E)-
(CAS)
14 20.017 20126208 4.90 1438406 3.90 13.99 Spirostan-3-ol-,(3.,beta.,5 alpha.,25R)- (CAS)
15 21.142 5787782 1.41 704872 1.91 8.21 Stigmasta-5,23-dien-3.beta,-ol 16 21.233 6744871 1.64 900958 2.44 7.49 Stigmasta-5,23-dien-3,beta,-ol
17 21.342 10919548 2.66 1049892 2.85 10.40 Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol,(3,beta.,22E)- (CAS)
18 21.691 17890613 4.35 1336203 3.62 13.39 Stigmasta-5,22-dienol,(3,beta.,22ECAS) 19 23.922 127103528 30.92 6097971 16.53 20.84 Dihydrocholestrol
20 24.217 84159558 20.47 4893562 13.26 17.20 Dihydrocholestrol
Figure 7. GCMS-stem extract 4.4. Purification of industrial effluent
Ethanol extracts of leaves, root and stem are mixed with industrial effluent in a separate flask. And the absorbance (600nm) was decreased which indicates the impurities removed in the effluent which was shown in table 4.4.1 for leaf extract, 4.4.2 for stem and 4.4.3 for root. The ethanol extracts of water hyacinth (root, stem and leaf) were purifying the industrial effluent.
Table 4.4.1 Absorbance (OD at 600nm) of leaf extract
S.NO Days Volume of
waste water
Volume of Leaf extract
Absorbance (OD) at 600nm
1 Day 1 50ml 5ml 0.668
2 Day 2 50ml 5ml 0.652
3 Day 3 50ml 5ml 0.610
4 Day 4 50ml 5ml 0.543
5 Day 5 50ml 5ml 0.425
6 Day 6 50ml 5ml 0.256
7 Day 7 50ml 5ml 0.218
8 Day 8 50ml 5ml 0.194
9 Day 9 50ml 5ml 0.185
Table 4.4.2 Absorbance (OD at 600nm) of Stem extract S.No Days Volume of waste
water
Volume of Stem extract
Absorbance (OD) at 600nm
1 Day 1 50ml 5ml 0.954
2 Day 2 50ml 5ml 0.943
3 Day 3 50ml 5ml 0.907
4 Day 4 50ml 5ml 0.878
5 Day 5 50ml 5ml 0.752
6 Day 6 50ml 5ml 0.554
7 Day 7 50ml 5ml 0.527
8 Day 8 50ml 5ml 0.468
Table 4.4.3 Absorbance (OD at 600nm) of Root extract S.No Days Volume of waste
water
Volume of Stem extract
Absorbance (OD) at 600nm
1 Day 1 50ml 5ml 1.455
2 Day 2 50ml 5ml 1.434
3 Day 3 50ml 5ml 1.408
4 Day 4 50ml 5ml 1.364
5 Day 5 50ml 5ml 1.236
6 Day 6 50ml 5ml 1.048
7 Day 7 50ml 5ml 1.016
8 Day 8 50ml 5ml 0.952
The purification of industrial effluent was analyzed by the absorbance and going to identify the percentage of purification .Then it can be used for further study.
4.5. Comparative study of Water hyacinth
Plant materials of water hyacinth Stem, Root and leaf purifies the industrial effluent was treated. Based on the absorbance the percentage of purification was calculated. For Leaves has the efficiency to purify the industrial effluent 65.31%. And the Stem has the efficiency to purify 34.04%. Finally the root has the efficiency to purify the industrial effluent was 11.16%. Therefore the decreasing value of absorbance indicates the removal impurities in the effluent waste water.
The following formula was used for the identification of plant extracts (leaf, stem and root)
%T=antilog [2- Absorbance (OD)]. The following tables 6, 7, 8 will give the final results and stored it in a cloud server for doing the analytics using big data analytics.
Table 8: Leaf extract
Day1- %T= antilog (2-0.668) = 21.47
Day2-%T= antilog (2-0.652) = 22.28 Day3-%T= antilog (2-0.610) = 24.54 Day4-%T= antilog (2-0.543) = 28.64 Day5-%T= antilog (2-0.425) = 37.58 Day6-%T= antilog (2-0.256) = 55.46 Day7-%T= antilog (2-0.218) = 60.53 Day8-%T= antilog (2-0.194) = 63.97 Day9-%T= antilog (2-0.185) = 65.31
Table 9: Stem extract
Day1- %T= antilog (2-0.954) = 11.11 Day2-%T= antilog (2-0.943) = 11.4 Day3-%T= antilog (2-0.907) = 12.3 Day4-%T= antilog (2-0.878) = 13.24 Day5-%T= antilog (2-0.752) = 17.70 Day6-%T= antilog (2-0.554) = 27.92 Day7-%T= antilog (2-0.527) = 29.71 Day8-%T= antilog (2-0.468) = 34.04
Table 10: Root extract
Day1- %T= antilog (2-1.455) = 3.50 Day2-%T= antilog (2-1.434) = 3.68 Day3-%T= antilog (2-1.408) = 3.90 Day4-%T= antilog (2-1.364) = 4.3 Day5-%T= antilog (2-1.236) = 5.80 Day6-%T= antilog (2-1.048) = 8.95 Day7-%T= antilog (2-1.016) = 9.63 Day8-%T= antilog (2-0.952) = 11.16
5. CONCLUSION
In a nut shell the Water hyacinth was used for the purification of industrial effluent.
Compounds which are present in the water hyacinth were identified by the GCMS analysis. We did the comparative study of purification of industrial effluent water. On the one hand leaf extract has the efficiency to exactly 65. 31% purify the industrial effluent and stem extract has the ability to 34.04%. On the other hand root extract has the ability to 11.16%. And the leaf extract has the best to purify the industrial effluent when compare to the other parts of material (stem and root) by organically. Then there is no waste discharge problem and there has no environmental problem.
The cloud storage and big data analytics will help to the industries for predicting the usage of water hyacinth in future purposes. This will help to predict the levels for using water hyacinth in industries and threshold value will be set for better water waste control in the industries. Futuristic predictions are helped the industry peoples to remove the wastage water or recycling the water process iteratively during the cleaning process.
6. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
In future, water hyacinth usage in industries will be the mandatory for the entire unit for recycling of water and avoid the chemical contaminants added in to the water. The predicted levels will decide the industry peoples how to use water for their production purpose and avoid the wastage of water during the production time. For the improvement of water quality minerals would be added to the water initially and used for other works continuously. The levels are identified and controlled remotely using IOT framework in future to give a notifications and alarm to the industry peoples [25-27]. Big data analytics will help to store and analyze the huge volume of data from the industries result while using this article [28]. Secured analytics and handling of sensors will be managed in IoT framework for the accurate results [29].
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