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PEUCE, S.N. XVI, 2018, p. 281 - 324

PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE EXCAVATIONS AT HISTRIA, THE ACROPOLIS CENTRE-SOUTH SECTOR (2015–2016)

Valentin Bottez, Alexandra Ţârlea*, Alexandra Liţu**, Iulia Iliescu***

Abstract: 2015-2016 represented the second half of the initial archaeological research program implemented by the University of Bucharest team in Histria (Constanța County, Romania). We delimited the last Late Roman insula, divided into two nuclei (N and S), with two phases of functioning.

Phase I: first half of the 6th c. – 559 (Kutrigur raid); Phase II: reign of Justin II – beginning of the 7th c.

Rezumat: Campaniile 2015-2016 au reprezentat a doua jumătate a proiectului inițial de cercetare arheologică implementat la Histria (jud. Constanța) de echipa Universității din București. În cursul săpăturilor am delimitat ultima insula de locuire romană târzie, compusă din două nuclee (N și S), ambele cu câte două faze de funcționare. Faza I: datată de la începutul sec. al VI-lea p.Chr. până în 559 (atacul cutrigurilor); Faza a II: datată de la domnia lui Iustin II până la începutul sec. al VII-lea p.Chr.

Keywords: Histria, Late Roman, insula, residential district, urban evolution.

Cuvinte cheie: Histria, epoca romană târzie, insula, cartier de locuințe, evoluție urbană.

The aim of this paper is to present the raw data resulted from the excavation in question, which can therefore be subjected to future scrutiny by other specialists, accompanied by our preliminary conclusions. Other articles will focus on the material discovered during excavations, and the final analysis will be published in the shape of a volume in the monographic series Histria1.

University of Bucharest; e-mail: [email protected]

University of Bucharest; e-mail: [email protected]

University of Bucharest; e-mail: [email protected]

University of Bucharest; e-mail: [email protected]

1 For the first preliminary report see Bottez et alii 2015; for publications of the different categories of excavated material see Bădescu, Bottez 2014; Bivolaru, Bottez 2015; Vîlcu, Țârlea 2016; Bădescu, Iiescu 2016; Iliescu et alii 2017; Iliescu 2017; also see the three articles, on Late Roman pottery (by Iliescu et alii 2018), bone objects (by Beldiman et alii 2018) and coins (Ţârlea et alii 2018) published in Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice. Five other articles (archaeological, epigraphic, pottery, archaeozoology and metal analyses results) will be published in the proceedings of the 6th International Black Sea Congress, probably in 2019.

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THE PROJECT

The present research was undertaken according to an on-going excavation program financed by the University of Bucharest. After an initial 4-year program (2013-2016), a second 5-year program was approved (2017-2022). This project refers to the first dig organized by the University of Bucharest in Histria (Constanţa County), and includes the excavation proper, as well as student training2. The permanent team is formed by the authors of this paper, plus dr. Virgil Apostol (“Vasilie Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest) and dr. Corneliu Beldiman (University of Bucharest); there are also members from other institutions, with different specialties, who will collaborate according to the dig’s evolution.

LOCATION OF THE SECTOR (Fig. 1)

The choice of the sector’s location was important, as it covers a surface of approximately 50 (N-S) × 55 m (W-E), S of the centre of the acropolis of Histria, starting from street c and descending to the S part of the Late Roman defence wall, hence the sector’s conventional name – Acropolă Centru-Sud (Acropolis Centre-South – acronym ACS). This central area of the acropolis is bound to have been covered by important monuments, as confirmed by the presence of several remarkable monuments around the sector: to the N lies the Episcopal Basilica3 (connected with the ACS sector through a N-S street), the most imposing monument identified at Histria up to the present moment and centre of the civic and religious life during the Late Roman period4; to the E lies the Domus Sector5, where several large buildings contemporary to the Episcopal Basilica are concentrated; one of them contains an apsidal hall, which was interpreted by some as the bishop’s residence6; the sector’s S limit is given by the Late Roman defence wall; to the S is located another Christian

2 Already one former student is part of the team, while three others have started working on the material resulted from the excavation.

3 Suceveanu 2007.

4 The basililca is dated to the reign of Justinian, but it superposes an older one (4th c.) (Suceveanu 2007, 10; Bounegru 1993; Băjenaru 2003-2005), a situation that we also encounter in the basilica to the S (Angelescu, Bottez 2009, 202; Achim 2012, 128-131) that suggests a continuous presence of a church on the spot during the Late Roman period. For the most comprehensive and complete description of the Christian basilicas at Histria, see Achim 2012.

5 Condurachi 1954, 324-349; Bounegru, Lungu 2003-2005.

6 Bounegru, Lungu 2003-2005, 171, fig. 2; Sodini 1997, 452 interprets it as a banqueting hall.

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basilica (in a sector conventionally named Basilica Pârvan)7; finally, to the W lies the Cetate Sector, probably a residential area during the Late Roman period8.

Apart from the sector’s location in an area surrounded by important buildings, a crucial aspect for our choice was the fact that no modern excavations are attested for this part of the site, apart from the area of the Late Roman defence wall (excavated by Pârvan in 1914-1916).

Fig. 1. Location of the sector.

OBJECTIVES

The general aim of the dig is to clarify the evolution in time of the urban plan in the area between the Cetate and Domus sectors.

The sector’s specific objectives are the following:

1) Obtaining a main N–S stratigraphic profile connecting street c to the N with the Late Roman defence wall to the S, from the current surface down to the bedrock;

7 For the results of recent, as well as old excavations in this area see Angelescu, Bottez 2009;

Bottez 2014; Bottez 2015.

8 Munteanu 2011a, 33-42.

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2) Identifying the Late Roman insulae and comparing them with those from previous periods, in order to understand the area’s urban evolution;

3) Clarifying how the insulae from different periods were integrated in their contemporary urban plan and how they interacted with the surrounding complexes.

Objectives for 2015-2016: our main aim was to try to delimit the two nuclei (N and S) of the Late Roman insula we have been researching, which for now will be conventionally called α.

METHODOLOGY

The excavation units we use are 4×4m trenches, numbered from C001 onwards; each trench is divided into 1×1 square, numbered A–D on a S–N direction and 1–4 on a W–

E direction9. We are registering the layers and complexes that we uncover as contexts on sheets developed by the MoLAS10. Each context receives a name that contains the number of the trench (maximum of three digits) and that of the context (three digits) 11. All depths are taken with the optical level from the same point (conventionally called point 0), identified in the terrain by a nail set between two large slabs in street c, with the Romanian national topographic coordinates (STEREO70) 799964.3467,345599.9315.

We would also like to mention that all the discovered material is marked with the inventory number, followed by the site’s initials, the year and context (which includes the number of the trench and of the context); e.g. 143) HIS14 10002.

RESULTS FOLLOWING THE 2013-2014 CAMPAIGNS General stratigraphy

The stratigraphy is remarkably similar for the entire surface excavated until now (e.g.

Fig. 22). The last living surfaces are superposed by a yellow layer of debris (generally registered as context 002 in all trenches), characterized by strong traces of burn, which represents the moment of destruction of the last building level. Above this layer and under the vegetal layer there is a grey layer of debris (generally registered as context 001 in all trenches), identical to 002, which marks the moment of the final collapse after the abandonment of the buildings affected by the fire.

9 We will be using the following abbreviations: C for square trench (casetă in Romanian), Z for wall (zid in Romanian), P for pavement, T for sidewalk (trotuar in Romanian), ST for street, CR for Roman building (clădire romană in Romanian), pL for present length, pW for present width.

10 Museum of London Archaeology Service.

11 For example, the first context in C001 is 1000 and in C018 it is 18000.

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As far as the living surfaces are concerned, they were identified at different depths and are generally highly solidified yellow clay layers, some of which had a complex structure (e.g. 7014, which is made of wooden planks superposed by a layer of hard yellow silt). In several cases (8006 and 10004–11003–12005), these layers had the same level as the plinths of the walls they functioned with, which indicates they must have been covered by different types of pavement that is now gone. Also, four stone pavements were identified (P001 in C002, C003, C004, C014 and C017; P002 in C014; P003 in C017 and P004? in C011).

Building structures

As far as the building structures are concerned, we have identified an insula from the last period when Istros functioned as a city, which we conventionally called insula α12.

This appears to be divided into two nuclei, separated by an alley that runs between Z018 and Z019. This structure resembles the large residences discovered in the Domus Sector to the E. In the N nucleus there seems to be an open courtyard paved with large stones (P001) and with a circular pit for draining rain water (similar to the one in the large residence N of the so-called Basilica Pârvan). We have little information concerning the S nucleus, other than it must have been delimited to the S by the Late Roman defence wall, which unfortunately was dismantled.

The insula seems to have had two construction phases; the second one was identified as some of the entrances providing access in Phase I (in Z002, Z021 and Z017) were blocked. Also, P001 seems to have been added in Phase II, as well as a series of other walls that changed the inner structure of the buildings. It is not yet clear to which phase belonged sidewalks T001, T002 and T00313.

We have also identified walls from previous structures (Z015, Z016, Z022, Z025 and Z026), which are still to be researched.

Among the most important structures discovered are two new streets, conventionally called ST01 and ST02. ST 01 delimited insula α to the W, and ST02 to the W (Fig. 2). If ST01 follows the usual trajectory (perpendicular on street c and leading to the Late Roman defence wall), ST02 presented us with an interesting situation. This street has two phases, with the earliest one perpendicular on street c and the second oblique to it, on a N-S direction. This change of the street plan suggests a major change of the urban plan in this part of the Histrian acropolis and seems to indicate the need to connect that sector of street c with the area to the S, namely to the so-called Basilica Pârvan.

12 The insulae that will be discovered underneath will be called β, γ, δ etc.

13 Sidewalks were also identified in Domus I (Condurachi 1954, 326), streets D and C, N of the Basilica Florescu and E of the Late Roman defence wall N of the Great Gate (Munteanu 2011b, 236).

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Fig. 2. General plan of the sector (2016).

Chronology

Given the fact that initially only a very small part of the material was studied, the only chronological considerations were made by comparing the construction phases to other structures in the area. The architectural similarities with the structures in the Domus Sector only support a general chronology for the 6th c. AD14, with Phase I of insula α to be dated possibly to the first half of the century, and Phase II to the second – these are the two phases established for the contemporary Episcopal Basilica situated N of the sector15. In the case of ST02, Phase I (perpendicular to street c) seems to have preceded insula α, which is contemporary to Phase II of ST02.

Excavation units (Fig. 3)

In 2015 we excavated trench C019 as a continuation of C001-004, 009-011 and 018, in order to finalize the main N-S profile of the sector. C019 aimed at connecting the main profile with the acropolis’ limit, namely the Late Roman defence wall.

14 Domus I is dated to the first eight decades of the 6th c. (Condurachi 1954, 349).

15 Suceveanu 2007, 12-30.

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The same year we uncovered the entire trajectory of the Late Roman insula’s E limit, by opening C021 where street c and ST01 meet, as well as C022 and 025 to the S end of the insula. On the E side of ST01 we started C016, in order to establish ST01’s width.

Fig. 3. C005 and Baulk C005-007: Z002 and Z006.

Along the insula’s W side we excavated C020, 024 (2015), 028, 029, 032 and 033 (2016), towards the Basilica Pârvan Sector. We also excavated towards the interior of the insula C02316.

As in 2015 we found what seems to be the insula’s SE corner, we excavated on a E-W line trenches C027, 028, 030 and 031, in order to completely unveil the insula’s S limit and what we supposed to be a street (ST03) that bordered it.

The following baulks were also excavated:

-

between C002/C005 (the respective contexts were numbered according to the context in both trenches, e.g. context 2000 – 5000);

-

between C005/C007 (the respective contexts were numbered according to the context in both trenches, e.g. context 5000 – 7000);

-

between C007/C015 (the respective contexts were numbered according to the context in both trenches, e.g. context 7000 – 15000);

-

between C015/C020 (the respective contexts were numbered according to the context in both trenches, e.g. context 15000 – 20000);

-

between C028/C030 (the respective contexts were numbered according to the context in both trenches, e.g. context 28000 – 30000);

-

between C030/C031 (the respective contexts were numbered according to the context in both trenches, e.g. context 30000 – 31000);

16 In C023 we stopped on the last level of debris. This trench was excavated in 2017.

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Excavation results A) Stratigraphy

C019 – the aim of this trench was for the sector’s main profile to reach the Late Roman defence wall. This is why in this case the usual square trench (4 × 4 m) was replaced by a 12 × 4 m trench (which kept the indicative C). The squares were marked A-D/1-4 (S-N/W-E) for the initial 4 m, then continuing N-S with -A, -B, -C, up to -G. The numbering continued to be 1-4 every 4 m.

19000: modern/vegetal layer. The terrain’s slope varies from +0.05 m in the N to -2.85 m in S, which determined a variation of the level of the first layer; thus, on the first four meters, from N to S, the layer was approx. 10 cm (+0.05 m/-0.15 m), and in the rest of the trench it decreases to approx. 5 cm. In this layer were discovered three coins (60/2015, 203/2015, 408/2015), as well as many pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. It superposed the modern deposit layer 19002. At the same time, it superposed 19001, 19003 (T004?) and 19005.

19001: upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction level. It was identified in squares A1, D2-4, -C2-4, from -0.15 m in the N and -0.67 m in the S, to -0.30/-1.75 m (N/S). It consists of a loose, grey soil, with large and medium stones, as well as fragmentary construction material. In this layer pottery and bone fragments, as well as glass and metal objects were discovered. Two coins were also discovered there (204/2015 and 246/2015).

19002: modern layer, identified in squares A4/D4 from -0.09 (N)/-0.47 m (S) to -0.24 (N)/- 0.53 m (S), as well as in squares -C1-4/-G1-4, from -1.05 to -3.75 m; in this area the layer was not completely excavated. It represents soil from previous excavations, and it determined the shape of the terrain’s current slope. It consists of a loose, grey soil, in which many pottery and bone fragments were discovered, as well as glass and metal objects and architectural elements (two cancelli fragments, probably from the Episcopal Basilica).

19004: highly-solidified shells layer, probably a substructure for T004? (19003). The layer was identified in squares C1 and C3 at -0.40 m, and is approx. 0.1 m thick. It consists of a yellow soil, mixed with sand and shells. In square C1 the layer is approx. 0.6 m long and 0.3 m wide, while in square C3 it is approx. 0.5 × 0.3 m. In square C1 the layer was excavated in order to take a sample of the shells for analysis, as well as in order to verify if the layer superposes Z03117 (19011), which it does not. Superposed by 19001; it superposed 19009.

19005: the lower (yellow) layer of debris of the last construction phase (-0.20/-0.30 m (N) and -0.65/-1.30 m (S)). It covered squares A1-4 - D1-4, -A1-4,-B1-4. It consists of a loose, yellow soil, containing medium stones, as well fragments of pottery and construction material. It also contains metal, bone and glass fragments. In this layer one coin was discovered, 861/2015 (square A3), at +0.94 m. Superposed by 19001 and 19002; it superposed 19003, 19006, 19011 (Z031) and 19012 (Z032).

19006: living surface/silt floor, identified in squares A1-4, B1-2 and-A3, at a depth between - 1.18 m and -1.20 m. On its surface pottery, bone, glass, and metal fragments were discovered.

Superposed by 19002 and 19005, and the floor was destroyed in its S part by the lower level of debris (19005).

17 Z is the abbreviation from the Romanian word “zid”, which means wall.

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19007: Greek layer (possibly Hellenistic), identified in squares -C1, -C2 and -B1, at a depth between -2.11m and -2.38 m, with variations given by the contexts it superposed. It is a compact, yellow layer, with inclusions of shells and pottery shards, most of them Hellenistic.

Superposed by 19001. The excavation stopped on this level.

19008: ancient filling layer (palaeosoil?)/levelling layer, identified in squares -C2, -C4, -D2 and -D4, at -2.31 m. It is characterised by a yellow-brownish compact silt, on which pottery, bone and metal fragments were discovered. It neighbours 19007 and is partially superposed by the latter; superposed by 19002.

19009: levelling layer/living surface, identified in square C1 after layer 19004 was excavated. It was identified at +0.39 m, and is made of a compact, yellow soil in which there are pebbles. Pottery fragments were also discovered on its surface. This layer, as 19004, does not superpose 19011 (Z031). Superposed by 19004.

19010: layer of debris, identified at a depth between -2.27m/-2.74 m, in squares -D1 and -E1. It consists of a loose, grey layer, with large stones; initially we thought it represented the debris of the defence wall. Later we also hypothesized that it could represent the debris of another building. This debris can be dated to the period after the defence wall was dismantled, when the fortification at Vadu was raised. Superposed by 19002.

19013: debris of the Late Roman defence wall, identified at -2.87, in squares -E1-4 – -F1-4. Compact level, made up of large and very large stones, as well as fragmentary construction material mixed with a grey, loose soil, in which pottery, bone and metal fragments were discovered. Superposed by 19002 and 19010. The excavation stopped on this level.

C020

20000: modern/vegetal layer (+0.77 m/+0.55 m), identified on the trench’s entire surface. Two coins were discovered there, one in square B2 (79/2015; +0.54 m) and the other in square C2 (104/2015; +0.46 m). It superposed layer 20001 and context 20002 (Z027).

20001: upper (grey) layer of debris of the last construction phase (+0.55 m – +0.45 m). It covered the trench’s entire surface and consisted of a loose brown-greyish soil, with medium and large stones, as well as fragmentary construction material. It also contains many pottery, metal, glass, bone and charcoal fragments. Superposed by 20000; it superposed 20002 (Z027;

except for the area where the wall appears in squares C4-D4), 20003, 20005 (Z033), 20006 and 20007, except for the area in squares C4-D4. In this layer two coins were discovered in squares B2 (248/2015, +0.17 m) and D1 (249/2015, +0.28 m), as well as the head of a terracotta statuette (210/2015) in square D4, at +0.47 m.

20003: the lower (yellow) layer of debris of the last construction phase (+0.45 m – +0.03 m). The layer first appeared in square D4 and then extended in squares D2 and C4. It consists of a yellow, loose soil, with medium stones and fragments of pottery and construction material. It also has inclusions of metal, bone and glass fragments. In this layer four coins were discovered, one (282/2015) in square D3, at + 0.20 m, another two (307/2015) in square C2, at +0.02 m, and the fourth (336/2015) in square B4, at +0.15 m. In the same layer, in square D4, we discovered a ceramic protome/statue head, at +0.03 m. Superposed by 20001; it superposed elements that appear in squares D2, C4-D4: 20002 (Z027), 20004 and 20007.

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20004: levelling layer/living surface, consisting of highly compacted yellow silt, identified in the N side of C020 in squares D1-3, at +0.02 m. In square D1 is a large rectangular stone similar to a threshold. It is superposed by 20001 and 20003 and could represent the living surface of 20002 (Z027); it could also be connected to living surface 20006, identified S of the presumed threshold, given the levels at which the two layers were identified (20004: +0.02 m, 20006: -0.02 m in the NW corner, -0.01 m in the SE one).

20006: living surface (floor), consisting of highly compacted yellow-greyish silt, identified S of the possible threshold and structure 20005 (Z033), which delimits levels 20004 and 20006. The layer was identified in squares A-C1-2, but was broken by the debris layer 20001 in squares B1-2. Unfortunately, no coin was discovered on this level.

20007: levelling layer/living surface, identified in squares A-D3-4, at +0.03 m, as a highly compacted yellowish-grey soil. Superposed by 20001, it seems to have represented the living surface of Z027, as it lies E of the latter, and seems to be connected with layers 20004 and 20006, given the depth at which they were identified. Excavation in C020 was stopped on layers 20004, 20006 and 20007.

C021

The initial 4 × 4m trench was extended approx. 1 m northwards, in order to cover the area where ST01 intersects street c.

21000: modern/vegetal layer (+0.92 m – +0.55 m), identified on the trench’s entire surface.

In it pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments were discovered. A coin was also identified (168/2015) in it, as well as two marble fragments (106/2015, 134/2015) and a glass bead (105/2015). It superposed 21001.

21001: debris layer of the last construction phase; identified at +0.55 m – +0.16 m (squares A3-4– B3-4)/-0.03 m (squares C3-4– D3-4). Apart from stones and earth, the layer also contains pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments, as well as construction material. Four coins were found in the layer (206/2015, 207/2015, 283/2015, 374/2015), along with two weights (310/2015, 337/2015) and a fragment of a millstone (376/2015). Superposed by 21000, it is neighbouring 21002 in squares A2 – B2 and it superposed 21002 (squares C2 – D2), 21003 and 21004.

C022

22000: modern/vegetal layer (+0.64 m – +0.46 m), identified on the trench’s entire surface.

In this layer two coins were discovered, one (250/2015) in square D4, at + 0.55 m, and the second (611/2015) in square B4, at +0.26 m. It superposed layer 22001.

22001: upper (grey) layer of debris of the last construction phase (+0.46 m – +0.17 m), identified on the trench’s entire surface. It consists of a loose, brown-greyish soil, with large and medium stones, fragmentary construction material, as well as pottery fragments. In this layer metal, bone and glass fragments were also discovered, as well as two coins: 663/2015 in square B4, at +0.25 m and 928/2015 in square A3, at +0.17 m. Superposed by 22000, it superposed 22002, as well as contexts 22003 (Z017), 22004 (Z019) and 22005 (T001). The layer has not yet been completely excavated, with the exception of squares A-B2, where we reached layer 22002, on which we stopped.

22002: lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase, identified in squares A-B2.

It started at +0.25 m, but the layer was not completely excavated. It consists of a loose soil, with

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medium stones and pebbles, as well as fragments of construction material. It also contains pottery, bone glass and metal fragments. Superposed by 22001. The excavation stopped on this level.

C023

23000: modern/vegetal layer (+0.88 – +0.73/+0.47 m), identified on the trench’s entire surface. In it pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments were discovered, as well as four coins (169/2015, 170/2015, 171/2015 and 691/2015). It superposed 23001.

23001: the debris layer of the last construction phase; identified at +0.73 m, but in squares B2-3 it reaches deeper than in the rest of the trench (+0.47 m). The layer was not completely excavated, but it contains stones, as well as pottery, bone, metal, glass and construction material fragments. Excavation stopped in C023 on this level.

C024

24000: modern/vegetal layer (+0.70 m – +0.33 m), covering the entire surface of the trench, and consisting of a loose, brown-greyish soil, with pebbles. In this layer, 13 coins were discovered:

409/2015, A3, +0.62 m; 410/2015, B3, +0.62 m; 447/2015, B4, +0.63 m; 448/2015, C3, +0.56 m;

449/2015, C4, +0.63 m; 480/2015, A3, +0.42 m; 481/2015, A3, +0.43 m; 482/2015, B2, +0.40; 483/2015, C2, +0.41 m; 502/2015, A2, +0.40 m; 503/2015, B2, +0.40; 549/2015, A4, +0.48 m; 550/2015, D4, +0.47 m. It superposed 24001.

24001: the upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase (+0.33 m – +0.19 m).

Identified on the trench’s entire surface, it consisted of a loose, brown-greyish soil with many inclusions (large and medium stones, pottery and construction material fragments). Apart from all these, bone, as well as metal and glass fragments were discovered. Four coins were also discovered in this layer: 578/2015, A2, +0.39 m; 579/2015, B-C/1, +0.25 m; 612/2015, A4, +0.38 m; 637/2015, C-D/1, +0.20 m. Superposed by 24000; it superposed 24002, 24003 (Z027), 24004 and 24005.

24002: lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase, consisting of a loose yellow soil, with large and medium stones, pottery and construction material fragments. It covered approx. the entire surface of the trench, except for squares C-D/3-4, where 22003 (Z027) was discovered. As far as the depth is concerned, it reached +0.19 m and + 0.16 m E of Z027, and +0.07 W of Z027, variations given by the structures it superposes. Apart from pottery, bones, metal and glass fragments were also discovered in this layer. Superposed by 24001, it superposed 24004 and 24005. West of Z027 the excavation stopped on this level.

24004: living surface/floor, consisting of a highly compacted yellow silt with inclusions – pebbles and pottery fragments. Identified in squares C-D/1, at +0.09 m. On this level metal and glass fragments were discovered, but no coins. It is possible that it was the living surface corresponding to wall Z027 and the continuation of the living surface 20006 in C020.

Superposed by 24002. East of wall Z027, in squares C-D/1, the excavation stopped on this level.

24005: living surface/levelling layer, identified in squares A-B/1-2. It is a compact layer yellow-grey silt layer, in which we found pebbles and pottery fragments. Coin 728/2015 was discovered in this layer, in square A2, at +0.12 m. Superposed by 24002. Given the depth at which it was identified, it is probable that 24004 and 24005 functioned at the same time; it is possible that this living surface superposed Z027’s trajectory in the area the wall was destroyed (in C024’s S part), thus constituting a new entrance during the building’s second functioning phase. The excavation stopped on this level.

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C025

25000: modern/vegetal layer. The earth deposited there during previous excavations raised the level up to +0.13 m in the W part, and +0.78 m in the E part. The layer’s lower limit is at 0.00 m on the entire surface of the trench, except for the SE corner (squares A3-4), where it reaches -0.34 m. It was identified on the trench’s entire surface. In it pottery, bone, metal and glass objects were identified, as well as seven coins (504/2015, 551/2015, 552/2015, 580/2015, 581/2015, 582/2015, 613/2015), a fragment of marble cancelli (554/2015), a fragmentary applied decoration (587/2015) and two weights (614/2015 and 639/2015). It superposed 25001.

25001: the upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase; identified at 0.00 m, but in squares A3-4 it reached deeper than in the rest of the trench (-0.34 m); to the W-NW the layer was identified at -0.51 m. Apart from stones and earth, the layer contains pottery, bone, metal, charcoal, glass and construction material fragments. In it a coin (800/2015) and a loom- weight (835/2015) were discovered. Superposed by 25000, it neighboured Z017 (25005) and 25006 and it superposed 25002 in squares B1 – D1.

25002: the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase; identified in squares B1-2 – D1-2 between -0.51/-0.66 m. Apart from stones and earth, the layer contained pottery, bone, metal, glass and construction material fragments. Superposed by 25001, it neighboured 25004 and Z017 (25005) and it superposed 25007.

25004: compact layer of yellow silt, identified in squares A1-2 at-0.50m. It is a living surface that corresponds to layer 18002 in C018. On this layer pottery, bone and glass fragments we discovered. The excavation stopped on this level. Superposed by 25001, it neighboured 25002 and superposed Z017 (25005).

25007: compact layer of yellow silt, identified in squares B1-2 – D1-2 at -0.65m. It is a living surface west of Z017 (25005), which seems to superpose the wall’s plinth and seems to be the same layer as 25004. On this level pottery and bone fragments we discovered. The excavation stopped on this level. Superposed by 25002, it neighbours 25004 and Z017 (25005).

C026

26000: modern/vegetal layer (+1.02/+0.75 m), identified on the trench’s entire surface. In it we discovered pottery, bone, metal and glass objects, as well as four coins (638/2015, 678/2015, 679/2015 and 692/2015). It superposed 26001.

26001: the upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase; identified in squares A1, A4, B1-4, C1, C2, C4, D1-4, cut by Z030 (26002). To the N, it started at a much lower level (+0.63 m) than in the rest of the trench (V: +0.71 m; E: +0.81 m) and continued down to +0.67 (N- W)/+0.45 (E) m. Apart from stones and earth, the layer contained pottery, bone, metal, glass and construction material fragments, and in squares C2 and D3 many fragments of a large dolium were identified. Two coins were also found in it (702/2015 and 738/2015). Superposed by 26000, it neighboured Z030 (26002) and superposed 26003 and 26004.

26003: compact layer of yellow silt, initially considered a yellow silt floor, but later considered to be part of the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase (see 26004). Identified in squares C1-2 – D1-2, starting from +0.67 m and reaching down to +0.37 m. In this layer we discovered a fashioned stone, considered to be a threshold. Superposed by 26001, it neighbours Z030 (26002) and superposes 26005.

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26004: layer of loose yellow-reddish soil, representing the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase. It was identified E of Z030 (26002), in squares A3-4, B3-4 andC4, starting from +0.45 m and reaching -0.08 m. Apart from stones and earth, the layer contained pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. We also discovered in it one coin (770/2015) and a loom weight (801/2015). Superposed by 26001, it neighboured Z030 (26002) and superposed 26007.

26005: compact layer of yellow silt, identified W of Z030 (26002), in squares A1-2, B1-2, C1-3, D1-4, starting from +0.37 m. In this layer we identified stone slabs-oriented SW–NE, which indicates the existence of a pavement for Phase I of ST02. Superposed by 26003, it neighboured Z030 (26002). The excavation stopped on this level.

26007: compact layer of yellow silt, identified E of Z030 (26002), in squares A3-4– C3-4, starting from -0.08 m. It is a living surface associated with layer 26005. Superposed by 26004, it neighboured Z030 (26002). The excavation stopped on this level.

C027

27000: modern/vegetal layer, consisting of a grey, loose soil, identified on the trench’s entire surface. The layer is approx. 0.40 m thick (+0.49 m – +0.10 m), and in it a coin (52/2016), as well as many pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments were discovered. It superposed the layer of grey debris 27001.

27001: upper (grey) layer of debris of the last construction phase (+0.10 -0.29 m). It covered the trench’s entire surface. Its highest level is in the NW part of the trench (squares A1-2 D1-2, +0.50 m), and it descends towards the SE (squares A3-4– D3-4, +0.06 m). It consisted of a loose brown-greyish soil, with medium and large stones, as well as construction material fragments (some of them large, especially in squares A1-4). To the NE, in square D4, we discovered many mud and fired bricks. We also discovered there many pottery, metal, bone, charcoal and glass fragments, as well as three coins in squares A2 (168/2016, -0.04m), A3 (226/2016, -0.12m) and C1–D1 (193/2016, +0.10/-0.29 m) respectively. Also, in 27001 we discovered two Greek Hellenistic inscriptions18, in squares B2 (277/2016, -0.13 m) and A2 (278/2016, -0.32 m) respectively. Superposed by 27000, the layer partially superposes the trajectories of 27003 (Z036) and 27004 (Z021).

27002: the lower (yellow) layer of debris of the last construction phase (-0.29 m/-0.43 m), identified on the trench’s entire surface. It consists of a loose, yellow soil, with medium stones, construction material, pottery fragments, metal, bone and glass fragments. Superposed by 27001; it cuts through the trajectory of 27003 (Z036) and 27004 (Z021) and it superposed the living surfaces (floors) 27005 and 27006.

27005: layer of very compact yellow silt, with inclusions of pebbles and medium stones (living surface). Identified in squares A2-4 and B2-3, W and SE of 27004 (Z021), between -0.29/-0.43 m. Initially identified in the trench’s SE part (-0.26 m) where it is very compact and has no

18 The two inscriptions, which were discovered one hour apart on the same day, are dated to the 3rd – 2nd c. BC based on their paleographic characteristics. One of them is a dedication to Poseidon Helikonios (presented by Alexandra Lițu at the 6th International Black Sea Congress held in Constanța, in September 2017; it will be published in the Congress’

proceedings), the other, a honorary decree for an unknown benefactor of the city.

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inclusions. To the W the floor is broken and has inclusions of pebbles and medium stones.

Superposed by 27001; it is cut by 27002.

27006: layer of very compact, yellow-reddish silt (living surface), identified in square D1 (NW), W of 27003 (Z036), at -0.31 m. On this and near this layer were discovered fragments of construction material. Superposed by 27001 and partially by 27002; cut by 27002.

C028

28000: modern/vegetal layer, identified on the trench’s entire surface. Between +0.80 m – +0.62 m thick in squares A1-4/B1-4 and +0.39 m respectively in squares C4-D4. It consists of a grey, loose soil with inclusions (stones and fragmentary construction material). In it, many pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments were discovered, and in square D3 three coins were identified (53/2016, +0.75 m; 54/2016 and 55/2016 at +0.73 m). It superposed 28001.

28001: upper (grey) layer of debris of the last construction phase. It was excavated between +0.62 m (squares A1-4, B1-4, C1-3, D1-3) / +0.39 (C4-D4) and +0.53 (A1-2/D1-2) / +0.06 m (A3-4) and 0.00 m (D3-4). Identified on the trench’s entire surface, it consisted of a grey, loose soil, with pebbles and medium stones and fragmentary construction material. It also contained inclusions of pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. In this layer two coins were discovered (194/2016, A3, +0.28 m and 274/2016, D3, +0.11 m). Superposed by 28001; it superposed 28002.

28002: the lower (yellow) layer of debris of the last construction phase. Identified on the trench’s entire surface, it was discovered at +0.53 m – +0.33 m (squares A1-2/D1-2) and +0.05 m and -0.60 m (squares A3-4/D3-4) respectively, and consisted of a yellow, compact soil, with inclusions of stones and construction material. E of Z038 (28006), in squares D3-4, the soil has a brick-red colour due to the construction material found in large quantities in this area. In this layer four coins were discovered (227/2016, C2, +0.60 m; 228/2016, D1, +0.56 m; 409/2016, B3, -0.26 m; 440/2016, A1, +0.26 m), as well as pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. Superposed by 28001; it superposed 28003, 28004, 28006, 28007, 28008 and 28009.

28003: living surface made of highly compacted yellow soil with few inclusions (stones).

Identified in squares B1 and D1, at +0.33 m; it could continue in squares A1 and C1. On this surface pottery, bone, metal and construction material fragments were discovered. Superposed by 28001; associated with 28005 and 28006.

28004: living surface (floor), identified at -0.60 m in squares A3-4– D3-4, consisting of a compact yellow soil with few inclusions (stones). On the floor’s surface a fragment of a burnt beam was discovered, oriented N-S in squares D3-4, passing under a globular storage amphora with ribs, discovered in square C3, while part of the beam fell over a slab oriented E-W (possible pavement). In square B3 was discovered a partially reconstructible oriental amphoretta, and under one of its fragments, a fragmentary bronze container, stuck in the floor. When the beam was removed, we discovered many nails in it, while two additional nails were found on the floor. On the floor’s entire surface, we identified strong traces of burn and many fragments of burnt wood, probably from the beam. On this level we identified pottery, bone, metal, glass and construction material fragments, as well as traces of charcoal and wood. Superposed by 28002;

associated with 28009 and possibly with 28007.

28008: living surface (floor), consisting of a very compact yellow soil, and identified in squares A2-3 – D2-3, at -0.46 m to the N and -0.35 m to the S respectively. Delimited to the W, E

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and N by building contexts 28006 (Z038) and 28007 (Z037). In square A3 a metal fragment was identified lying on the floor, while on the entire level pottery, bone, metal and construction material fragments were discovered. Superposed by 28002; associated with 28006 (Z038) and 28007 (Z037). In this trench, during the straightening of the E profile, we discovered a coin (504/2016).

C029

29000: modern/vegetal layer, identified on the trench’s entire surface, between +1.03 m and +0.67 m, and consisting of a dark, loose soil. In this level we discovered many pottery, bone, metal, glass and construction material fragments. It superposed 29001.

29001: upper (grey) layer of debris of the last construction phase. Identified on the trench’s entire surface, it is approx. 0.17 m thick (+0.67 m – +0.50 m). The compact grey soil was mixed with many stones and fragmentary construction material. We noticed a higher concentration of stones in the W part of the trench (squares A1-2 – C1-2 and D1-3), as well as in its S part. In this layer we discovered a coin (195/2016, B3, +0.63 m), as well as pottery, bone, metal, glass and construction material fragments. Superposed by 29000; it superposed 29005.

29005: the lower (yellow) layer of debris of the last construction phase, spotted in squares B2-4 – D2-4. Identified between +0.50 m – -0.20 m, it consists of a loose yellow-grey soil, with inclusions of stones and construction material fragments. This layer destroyed the living surface (floor) 29006. On its entire surface we registered strong traces of burning, as well as a considerable quantity of fragments of burnt mud bricks. Also, in squares B2 and B3 we discovered many metal fragments. Apart from these, in this layer we discovered pottery—

among which a stamped handle (281/2016)—, bone, glass and charcoal fragments. Superposed by 29001; it superposed 29006; delimited by 29002 (Z030) and 29004 (Z044).

29006: living surface (floor). Identified in square D2, at -0.13 m, it consisted of a very compact yellow soil, on which pottery fragments were discovered. Superposed by 29005; it partially superposes 29005.

29007: the layer that blocked the entrance in Z030 (29002); identified in squares D1 – D2, at +0.60 m. It consists of stones and fragmentary construction material, mixed with earth. It is 1.20 m long and 0.70 m wide. Superposed by 29001; associated with 29002 (Z030) and 29003 (T005).

C030

30000: modern/vegetal layer, identified on the trench’s entire surface, between +0.95 m – +0.90 m, with the exception of square A1, where it descends down to +0.46 m. It consisted of a loose, grey soil, with inclusions of stones and pottery fragments. In this layer we identified four coins (109/2016, C1, +0.82 m; 138/2016, B4, +0.89 m; 139/2016, D1, +0.85 m; 140/2016, A4, +0.77 m), as well as many pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. It superposed 30001.

30001: the upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase, a compact grey soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. It was identified on the trench’s entire surface, with a variable thickness of +0.90 m – +0.56 m and +0.46 m – +0.56 m respectively.

Two coins (407/2016, C4, +0.55 and 408/2016, B4, +0.50 m) were discovered in this layer, as well as pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. Superposed by 30000; it superposed 30002.

30002: the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase, identified in squares A3, B1-3 and D2-4, between +0.56 m and +0.50 m, respectively +0.09 m for squares A1-3. It consisted

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of a compact yellow soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. In squares A1-3 it was cut by a pit filled with brown soil. In square D4 were discovered several bronze objects (a pair of silver-plated bronze earrings, inv. no. 444/2016, a probable hair pin and a bronze leaf), and on its entire surface we discovered pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments.

Superposed by 30001; it superposed 30005 and 30006.

30005: living surface (floor), made up of a very compact yellow soil and identified at +0.64 m, in squares A1-4 – B1-4 and C1. The floor is broken in A1-A3 and sunk down to a much lower level (+0.09 m). To the W (squares B1-C1) it is delimited by construction context 30004 (Z043), to the N (squares C1-C3) by construction context 30003 (Z042), and to the NE (square C4) by a threshold. On this layer’s surface were discovered pottery, bone, metal, glass and construction material fragments. Superposed by 30002; associated with 30004 (Z043), 30003 (Z042).

30006: living surface (floor), identified in squares D2-4, at +0.50 m, consisting of a very compact yellow soil. The floor is broken in squares D2-3. In D2 it was preserved only near construction context 30004 (Z043) and in D4 on a larger surface. Near the floor there is a threshold and construction context 30003 (Z042). Very close to the floor, in the upper layer 30002, in square D4, we discovered the previously-mentioned bronze objects. On this layer we discovered pottery and metal fragments. Superposed by 30002.

C031

31001: modern/vegetal layer, identified on the trench’s entire surface, between +1.08 m and +0.94 m. It was a loose, grey soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. In this layer we discovered pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. It superposed 31001.

31001: upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase. Identified on the trench’s entire surface, it is approx. 0.60 m thick (+0.94 m – +0.34 m). It consists of a compact grey soil, with inclusions of stones and fragmentary construction material. On its entire surface we discovered pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments, as well as a coin (609/2016, A4, +0.46 m).

Superposed by 31001; it superposed 31002 and 31003 (Z041).

31002: the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase was identified in squares A1-4 – B1-4, C1, C4 and partially in D1-4. It consisted of a compact yellow soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. In squares A4 and B4 we noticed a stone alignment, possibly from a wall (preserved L = 1.28 m, l = 0.22 m, h max = 0.23 m, h min = 0.07 m). In squares A2-A3 we uncovered a large slab of stone, possibly from a previous pavement. In squares D1-D2 we found many dolium fragments, and on its entire surface we found pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. Superposed by 31001; associated with 31003.

C032

32000: modern/vegetal layer. Identified on the trench’s entire surface, between +1.05 m and +0.85 m. It consisted of a loose, grey soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. In this layer three coins were discovered (141/2016, C4, +0.79 m, 142/2016, D1, +0.73 m and 169/2016, B1, +0.67 m), as well as pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. It superposed 32001.

32001: upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase. Identified on the trench’s entire surface, with a maximum thickness of 0.50 m (+0.85 m – +0.36 m), it consisted of a compact grey soil, with inclusions of stones and fragmentary construction material. In this layer we discovered an architectural fragment decorated with a bucranium and garlands (382/2016),

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as well as pottery, bone, metal and glass objects. Superposed by 32000; it superposed 32002 (Z035), 32003 (Z029) and 32004.

32004: the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase. Identified in squares A2-4 –C2-4 and D3-4, between +0.70 m (squares B1 – D1)/ +0.40 m (A2-4 – D2-4) and +0.03 m. It consisted of a compact, yellow-grey soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. It is delimited by walls 32002 (Z035) and 32003 (Z029). On its entire surface we discovered many pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments, as well as a reused stone sewage segment (548/2016). A coin was discovered in this layer (505/2016, C3, +0.09 m). Superposed by 32001; associated with 32002 (Z035) and 32003 (Z029).

32005: living surface (floor), made up of a very compact yellow soil. It was identified in square C4, at +0.41 m and was delimited to the N, in square D4, by construction context 32003 (Z029). No archaeological material was discovered on this surface. Superposed by 32004;

possibly associated with 32003 (Z029); it superposed 32007.

32006: substructure layer for street ST02; identified in squares B1– D1, at +0.33 m. It consists of a very compact yellow soil, with inclusions of shells and pebbles. It is 2.00 m long and 0.77 m wide. It is delimited to the S and at E by construction contexts 32002 (Z035) and 32003 (Z029). No archaeological material was discovered on its surface. Superposed by 32004.

32007: living surface (floor), identified in squares A1-4, B2-4 and C3-4, at +0.10 m, consisting of a very compact yellow soil, with shell inclusions. No archaeological material was discovered on this floor, except for one coin (644/2016, A1, +0.03 m). It is delimited by construction contexts 32002 (Z035) and 32003 (Z029). Superposed by 32004 and 32005.

C033

On this trench’s surface we found soil deposited there from the excavations in the Basilica Pârvan Sector, which was removed prior to starting the excavation.

33000: modern/vegetal layer. Identified on the trench’s entire surface, between +0.96 m – +0.48 m. It consisted of a loose, grey soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. In the trench’s E side, we identified and partially uncovered wall Z035 (33002), that we first identified in C032, and which continues southwards. After removing the layer, in the central and E part of the trench we discovered elements of the pavement of ST02 (33003). In this layer were discovered many pottery, metal and bone fragments. It superposed 33001.

33001: the upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase; identified in squares C1-D1 (in the NW part of the trench) at +0.48 m; we did not finish excavating the layer in 2016.

The slightly compact grey layer was mixed with stones and few fragments of construction material. The pavement of ST02 (33003) and wall Z035 (33002) were identified during the excavation of the previous layer (33000) at a higher level than the upper debris layer. In this layer were discovered pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. Superposed by 33000.

Baulk between C002/C005

2000/5000: modern/vegetal layer. It covered the entire surface of the baulk (squares A1-D1), and was identified between from +0.76 m to +0.65 m (square A1) and +0.56 m (square D1) respectively. It consisted of a loose, grey soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. In this layer pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments were discovered. It superposed 2001/7001.

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2001/5001: the upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase. Identified on the entire surface of the baulk, from +0.65 m (square A1) and +0.56 m (square D1) to +0.26 m (square A1) and +0.29 m (E of 2003/5003, Z006) and + 0.09 m (W of 2003/5003, Z006) respectively. The compact grey soil contained inclusions of stones and fragmentary construction material. During its excavation we noticed in squares A1-B1 a stone alignment-oriented N-S and another oriented NW-NE. In this layer we discovered two coins (813/2016, D1, +0.28 m; 833/2016, D1, +0.29 m), as well as many pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. It superposed 2002/5002 and 2005/5005.

2002/5002: the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase. Identified in squares C1-D1, E and W of construction context 2003/5003 (Z006) respectively, between +0.29 m (to the E)/ +0.09 m (to the W) to -0.04 m (to the E)/ -0.01 m (to the W). It consists of a compact yellow soil, with inclusions of stones and fragmentary construction material. In the entire layer pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments were discovered. Superposed by 2001/5001; it superposed 2006/5006; associated with 2003/5003 (Z006) and 2004/5004 (Z002).

2005/5005: substructure of pavement P001 in C003 C004. The layer was identified in square A1, at +0.26 m, and consisted of a compact yellow soil, mixed with shells. In the S corner of square A1 we noticed a layer of shells on which pavement P001 was laid, which was identified in trenches C003 C004; stones from this pavement can be seen near construction context 2004/5004 (Z002). Near this layer of shells, we noticed an area of very compact soil, mixed with shells. On this layer’s surface we discovered pottery fragments. Superposed by 2001/5001; associated with 2003/5003 (Z006) and 2004/5004 (Z002).

2006/5006: living surface (floor), identified in squares C1-D1, at -0.01 m in the area W of construction context 2003/5003 (Z006) and at -0.04 m in the area E of it. The floor was made of a compact yellow soil, with inclusions of small pebbles and shells. Identified E and V of construction context 2003/5003 (Z006); the layer is better preserved W of the latter. In C005, near the floor, there is a wall (Z015) that seems to have been used as a living surface or possibly as a substructure for a now destroyed pavement. No archaeological material was discovered on its surface. Superposed by 2002/5002; associated with 2003/5003 (Z006).

Baulk between C005/C007

5000/7000: modern/vegetal layer; Identified on the entire surface of the baulk (squares A1-6), with a thickness varying from +0.86 m and +0.77 m respectively, to +0.55 m. It consisted of a loose, grey soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material, including mud bricks. In this layer we discovered a coin (700/2016, A4, +0.63 m), many pottery fragments, among which there were a stamped handle, several terracotta statuette fragments and a bone fragment, probably from a belt, as well as bone and glass fragments. It superposed 5001/7001.

5001/7001: the upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase; identified on the entire surface of the baulk (squares A1-6), the layer varies in thickness, from +0.55 m and +0.58 m in square A1, +0.40 m in A2, to +0.31 in squares A3-A4 and +0.05 in A6. It consisted of a loose, grey soil, with inclusions of stones and fragments of construction material (including mud bricks). During the layer’s excavation we noticed an alignment of five stones in squares A4-A5, as well as another (4-5 courses) in the profile. In square A1 we discovered a fragment of a marble cornice (716/2016). We also discovered four coins (730/2016, A2, +0.40 m; 731/2016, A6,

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+0.37 m; 732/2016, A4, +0.23 m; 733/2016, A5, +0.09 m), and an arrow tip, as well as pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. Superposed by 5000/7000; it superposed 5002/7002.

5002/7002: the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase. Identified on the entire surface of the baulk, between +0.58 m (square A1)/ +0.05 m (square A6) to -0.45 m (to the N) and -0.15 m (to the S) respectively. It consists of a compact yellow soil, with inclusions of stone and fragments of construction material. The layer is delimited by wall Z005 (5003/7003) and Z011 (5005/7005) on the entire surface of the baulk. In this layer we discovered three coins (750/2016, A6, -0.21 m; 769/2016, A2, +0.16 m; 770/2016, A4, -0.08 m), a terracotta statuette fragment (614/2016, D1, +0.16 m), pottery—including a stamped handle (619/2016)—, bone, metal, glass and charcoal fragments. Superposed by 5001/7001; it superposed Z005 (5003/7003) and Z011 (5005/7005) and 5006/7006.

5006/7006: living surface (floor). Identified in squares A1-A4, at two distinct levels (+0.15 m in A1 and -0.15 m in A2-A4), it consisted of a very compact yellow soil, with small pebbles inclusions. The layer was identified S of construction context 5005/7005 (Z011). In square A1, near the layer there is a large slab of stone. In squares A2-A4, the layer covered Z045 that was first discovered in C005 and which continues in the baulk. No archaeological material was discovered on the layer’s surface. Superposed by 5002/7002; associated with 5004/7004 (Z045).

Baulk between C007/C015

7000/15000: modern/vegetal layer. Identified on the entire surface of the baulk (squares A1-F1), it has a variable thickness (from +0.80 m to +0.73 m in square A1 and from +0.30 m to +0.15 m in square F1) due to the baulk’s topography, which follows a S-N slope. It consisted of a loose, grey soil, mixed with stones and fragmentary construction material. On the entire layer pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments were discovered. It superposed 7001/15001 and 7002/15002.

7001/15001: the upper (grey) debris layer of the last construction phase; identified only in square A1, between +0.73 m and +0.68 m. The loose, grey soil, contained inclusions of stones and fragments of construction material. In this layer four coins were discovered (730/2016, A2, +0.40 m; 731/2016, A6, +0.37 m; 732/2016, A4, +0.23 m; 733/2016, A5, +0.09 m), as well as pottery and bone fragments. Superposed by 7000/15000; it partially superposes 7002/15002.

7002/15002: the lower (yellow) debris layer of the last construction phase; identified on the entire surface of the baulk (squares A1-F1), its thickness varies (from +0.68 m in A1 and +0.15 m in F1 respectively, to -0.21 m) imposed by the topography. Between this layer and construction context 7003/15003 (Z027), we noticed small traces of a grey silt level in square A1 (-0.34 m) and traces of a larger yellow silt floor in squares C1-F1. In this layer seven coins were discovered (610/2016, D1, +0.38 m; 611/2016, D1, +0.13 m; 658/2016, D1, -0.15 m; 681/2016, A1, +0.08 m; 714/2016, B1, -0.12 m; 715/2016, C1, -0.21 m; 848/2016, F1, -0.30 m) as well as pottery, bone, metal and glass fragments. Superposed by 7001/15001 in square A1 and by 7000/15000 in the rest of the trench.

When we cleaned trench C007, we discovered a coin (867/2016) on the floor S of the mud brick wall.

Baulk between C015/C020

15000/20000: modern/vegetal layer. It covered the entire surface of the baulk (squares A1-A4), and was identified from +0.76 m to +0.58 m. It consisted of a loose, grey soil, mixed with stones.

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