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Ultrasound screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced liver fibrosis. An overview.

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DOI: 10.11152/mu.2013.2066.162.md1is2

Abstract

Liver cirrhosis is the major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). All etiologic forms of liver cirrhosis may be complicated by HCC but the risk is higher in patients with hepatitis B or C viral infection. Patients at high risk for developing HCC should be included in surveillance programs. Groups at high risk are: all cirrhotic patients; non-cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced liver fibrosis (F3), non-cirrhotic HBV carriers with active hepatitis. Current guidelines issued by AASLD and EASL recommend surveillance among high-risk patients by ultrasound (with or without alpha-fetoprotein) every 6 months. The aim of ultrasound screening and surveillance is to detect HCC at an early stage, when it is amenable to curative therapy, to reduce mortality. For good results, ultrasound examination must be done by highly experienced personnel, with extensive experience in the field of hepatic ultrasound.

Keywords: liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, ultrasound, screening.

Ultrasound screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced liver fibrosis. An overview.

Mirela Dănilă, Ioan Sporea

Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeș”, WFUMB Center of Excellence, Timișoara, Romania

Received 24.02.2014 Accepted 15.03.2014 Med Ultrason

2014, Vol. 16, No 2, 139-144 Corresponding author: Mirela Dănilă

73/9 Martir Petru Domăşneanu street 300351Timişoara, Romania E-mail: [email protected]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer occurring frequently in patients with liver cirrhosis and in patients with chronic liver disease and advanced fibrosis.

The incidence of HCC is rising in many countries (es- pecially in developing countries), being responsible for more than 500,000 deaths per year. In Romania, accord- ing to data provided by GLOBOCAN, in 2008 the inci- dence of liver cancer for both genders was 5.3/100,000 (8.1/100,000 in men and 3/100,000 in female patients) [1].Cohort studies indicated that HCC is currently the major cause of liver-related death in patients with com- pensated cirrhosis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B infection (HBV) are associated with the highest HCC incidence in persons with cirrhosis.

Treatments modalities (curative treatment) in patients with HCC are frequently outdated at the time of diagno-

sis, due to advanced disease. Prognosis of HCC is deter- mined by tumor stage at diagnosis and also by the stage of liver disease.

Because HCC occurs most often on a background of chronic liver disease, it is important to screen this class of patients for early detection. Ultrasonography (US) is usu- ally used for HCC screening due to its cost-effectiveness and non-invasiveness. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), contrast enhanced computer tomography (CE- CT) or contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) are the methods used to certify the diagnosis of HCC.

Target populations for screening program

Cirrhosis of any etiology is the major risk factor for HCC; in approximately 90% of cases, hepatocellular car- cinoma occurs in patients with liver cirrhosis [2].

The risk of HCC varies, according to the etiology of liver cirrhosis, ranging between 1.5-4.5% per year in HCV related cirrhosis [3] and 2.2-4.3% per year in HBV related cirrhosis [4].

Also, the incidence of HCC in viral C liver cirrhosis has been reported differently according to the geographi-

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Fig 1. Hyperechoic hepatocellular carcinoma – as- pect in standard US

cal region. In a retrospective cohort study, the annual HCC incidence was 1.4% in European cirrhotic HCV pa- tients [5]. Degos et al [6] reported HCC incidence rates of 13.4%, after five years follow-up in a French cohort of patients with compensated cirrhosis. In the study per- formed by Lok et al [7] in the United States, the HCC in- cidence was higher in HCV patients with cirrhosis, than in those with bridging fibrosis (annual HCC incidence rates: 1.45% vs 0.8%, p=0.08).

Infection with HBV and HCV are the major risk fac- tors for the development of HCC.

For patients with chronic hepatitis C infection, HCC surveillance is recommended in any patient who has developed cirrhosis. Some experts also recommend screening for HCC in HCV-infected patients who have advanced fibrosis, but no cirrhosis (METAVIR stage 3).

HCC screening is not recommended in HCV-infected pa- tients with no advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis.

The risk for HCC decreases substantially in patients with cirrhosis who obtain a sustained virologic response (SVR) with therapy for hepatitis C, but this risk is not totally eliminated. This category of patients must also be included in the screening program for early detection of HCC.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is estimat- ed to be the cause of 55-60% of HCCs in the world, up to 40% of HBV-related HCC occurring in persons who do not have cirrhosis [8].

Many studies have reported relatively a high inci- dence of HCC in HBV carriers [9]. In a Taiwanese study, the annual incidence rate of HCC was 0.5% [10], but another study from North America indicated that HCC incidence in HBV carriers varies considerably, with an- nual HCC incidence rates ranging between 0.06% and 0.46% [11,12].

In hepatitis B viral infection, high transaminases, HBeAg positive status, and high serum HBV DNA levels were risk factors for developing HCC [13].

On the other hand, any patient with liver cirrhosis can develop HCC, including patients with cirrhosis from non-viral causes, such as alcoholic cirrhosis, non-alco- holic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), autoimmune hepatitis, and other rare causes of cirrhosis like hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease or alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.

In the later years, liver cirrhosis due to NAFLD is recognized as an important risk factor for HCC. The in- cidence of NAFLD/NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepa- titis) is rising in many countries, in conjunction with obesity, diabetes or dyslipidemia. In a systematic review performed by Wite et al [14], an association between NAFLD/NASH and an increased risk for HCC has been found, but only in patients with cirrhosis.

All HCC Guidelines (from the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease – AASLD and the Eu- ropean Association for the Study of the Liver – EASL) [15,16] recommend the screening for patients at high risk for developing HCC. These categories of patients are:

1. Cirrhotic patients, Child-Pugh stage A and B;

2. Cirrhotic patients, Child-Pugh stage C awaiting liver transplantation;

3. Non-cirrhotic HBV carriers, with active hepatitis or a family history of HCC;

4. Non-cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced liver fibrosis F3.

For patients with liver cirrhosis Child Pugh stage C, who are not candidates for liver transplantation, surveil- lance is not recommended, since life expectancy is due to the stage of the liver disease.

US for HCC surveillance

Current guidelines from AASLD and EASL recom- mend surveillance among high-risk patients by ultra- sound [with or without alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)] every 6 months. The aim of US screening and surveillance is to detect HCC at an early stage, when it is amenable to cura- tive therapy in order to reduce mortality. For a good re- sult, US should be performed by experienced personnel.

US is a noninvasive method, without any risk for the patients, well accepted by them and also inexpensive, thus making US a repetitive examination in patients with liver cirrhosis. But US detection of HCC on a cirrhotic background is a challenging issue.

Liver cirrhosis is characterized by fibrous septa and regenerative nodules. These hepatic features make the evaluation of liver texture sometimes difficult. The sen- sitivity of US for HCC detection is also significantly as- sociated with patients characteristics – difficult in obese patients, with poor hepatic window.

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Fig 2. Hypoechoic hepatocellular carcinoma – as-

pect in standard US Fig 3. Inhomogeneous hepatocellular carcinoma –

aspect in standard US

Fig 4. CEUS examination in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a) - HCC – aspect in standard ultrasound; b) – CEUS examination - arterial phase with hyperenhancement pattern; c) - CEUS examination – late phase with wash out

Other factors that influence the accuracy of US in the evaluation of liver structure are: technical per- formance of the US machine (US resolution has been much improved in the latest years), and also the ex- perience of the examiner. Examination of a cirrhotic liver for detection of HCC must be done by highly experienced ultrasonographists, level 2 or 3 according to the EFSUMB and SRUMB classification of Level of Practice for US (www.efsumb.org or www.srumb.

ro).The US appearance of HCC varies: it may be hyper- echoic or hypoechoic (fig 1, fig 2), or it may appear as a “target” lesion. Sometimes, a small hyperechoic HCC may be confused with hemangioma. Large HCCs are more frequent inhomogeneous (fig 3) and sometimes as- sociated with portal vein thrombosis.

Because of the increased risk of developing cancer, a liver mass in a cirrhotic patient strongly suggests the

possibility of a HCC, but the final diagnosis of HCC is based on imaging methods with contrast media. In the later years, CEUS performed immediately after standard US examination allows the diagnosis of HCC in the same session [17-19] (fig 4).

Sensitivity and specificity of US for early detection of HCC was evaluated in numerous studies, as well as the superiority of screening versus non-screening strategies in patients with risk for HCC.

The optimal interval for ultrasonographic surveil- lance for early detection of HCC is not known. Based on the median doubling time of HCC [20] (range between 80 and 117 days), the recommended interval between HCC surveillance tests is 6 months.

In one placebo-controlled randomized study [21], which included 19,000 HBV-infected patients, it was shown that HCC surveillance with both abdominal ul- trasound and serum AFP repeated at 6 month intervals,

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resulted in a 37% reduction in HCC-related mortality.

According to the meta-analysis by Singal et al [22], US sensitivities for detecting early-HCC may be improved by US at 6 month intervals, compared to surveillance in- tervals between 6-12 month (sensitivities: 70% vs 50%, p=0.001). A recent randomized control trial [23] inves- tigated whether a 3-mo interval of US surveillance was more effective than a 6-mo interval and no differences in detection rates of small HCC, eligible for curative treatment, were observed between the two randomized groups.

A recent meta-analysis [24] has shown that US can identify subclinical HCCs with a sensitivity of 94% and 90% specificity, but US was less effective for detecting early HCC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A), with a sensitivity of 63%. In the same study, combination of US and serum AFP assessment slightly increased (6%) the sensitivity of surveillance, but almost doubled the cost for each small HCC detected, due to a high number of false positives results.

In a study [25] that evaluated the effectiveness of a surveillance program using ultrasound and AFP every 6 to 12 months among patients with cirrhosis, in a real- world clinical setting, the sensitivity of ultrasound alone for early-stage tumors was only 32%. The sensitivity was significantly increased to 63% (p=0.008), when used in combination with AFP.

Until now, there are no official recommendations re- garding the use of CE-CT or CE-MRI for HCC screening (due to the high cost), but when US visualization of the liver is inadequate, mostly in patients with liver cirrhosis, CE-CT or CE-MRI are frequently used in clinical prac- tice for HCC screening.

All studies demonstrated that survival was signifi- cantly improved among patients diagnosed with HCC, who had undergone prior screening. This was primarily due to curative therapy in patients with earlier stage HCC and less severe liver disease.

AFP for screening in HCC

Worldwide, AFP is the most frequently used bio- marker for HCC, but not all HCC cells secrete AFP into the circulation. Also, serum AFP levels may be elevated in patients with chronic liver disease in the absence of HCC. In one systematic review, using the usual cut-off point of 20 ng/mL, sensitivities and specificities for de- tecting all stages of HCC were 41%-65% and 80%-94%, respectively [26]

The use of serum AFP as a surveillance test has a poor sensitivity for early HCC, since only a small proportion (10-20%) of early cancers, are associated with elevated AFP serum levels [27,28].

A recent cost-effectiveness analysis found that the combination of ultrasound and AFP was the preferred strategy, when the sensitivity of ultrasound fell below 65% [25].

Thus, in clinical practice, US will be used for screen- ing for HCC in specific categories of patients. For good results, only trained physicians, with extensive experi- ence in the field of hepatic US, must perform this proce- dure (level 2 or 3 according to the EFSUMB and SRUMB classification). Also mandatory is the use of high tech US machines, preferable able to perform CEUS. In patients with a good acoustic window, this method is usually highly accurate for the diagnosis of HCC (and also for staging the tumor, concerning a possible portal thrombo- Fig 5. Ultrasound in portal vein thrombosis (PVT): a) - PVT - aspect in standard ultrasound; b) - PVT - CEUS

aspect with arterial enhancement in malign PVT.

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sis – fig 5) [29]. In cases that are not suitable for ultra- sound examination, CE-CT or CE-MRI are the alterna- tives for screening.

Conclusions

All patients with advanced liver fibrosis and risk for HCC must undergo ultrasound evaluation every 6 months. Extensive US experience and good US machines are essential for a correct diagnosis.

Conflict of interest: none of the authors had any con- flict of interest.

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