• Nu S-Au Găsit Rezultate

View of Sports Dentistry: A Review

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "View of Sports Dentistry: A Review"

Copied!
7
0
0

Text complet

(1)

Sports Dentistry: A Review

Dr. Arunkumar Sajjanar, Prof. & Head of Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Dr. Nilesh Rojekar, Post Graduate Student of Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Dr. Suryakant Kumar, Reader of Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Dr. Niharika Gahlod, Senior lecturer of Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Dr. Harshita Shukla, Post Graduate Student of Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Dr. Durga Bhattad, Post Graduate Student of Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Corresponding Author: Dr. Nilesh Rojekar, Post Graduate Student of Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra.

Email id- [email protected] Abstract:

Trauma occurring in developing years disrupts normal social functioning and brings about a major impact on quality of life due to their cumulative effect. Dental trauma in sports differ from other dental trauma as it is possible to easily prevent it and there is also the possibility to dramatically reduce the occurrence of injury by use of mouth guard that protect all dental and periodontal structures. Recommendations for the public when responding to dental trauma in young children should include the measures like wash the wound with plenty of running water.

Key words: Sport Dentistry, Pediatric Sports, Facial Trauma.

Introduction

Vigorous physical activities as well as competitive athletics offer sports men and women a variety of health benefits. However, participating in such activities contribute to a major part of sports related injuries in children. Trauma occurring in developing years disrupts normal

(2)

social functioning and brings about a major impact on quality of life due to their cumulative effect. Dental trauma in sports differ from other dental trauma as it is possible to easily prevent it and there is also the possibility to dramatically reduce the occurrence of injury by use of mouth guard that protect all dental and periodontal structures. (1,2)

Hence sports dentistry has evolved as an independent sub-specialty during the last decade. It has expanded much beyond its traditional image of being limited to mouth guard fabrication and treatment of fractured teeth. There has been an evolution in the concept of identification of cause, treatment and prevention of dental injuries and diseases related to sports community at both recreational and organized level. (3) Sports dentistry began in the 1980s and focuses on preventing and treating or facial athletic injuries and related oral diseases. (4) It is known that majority of dental injuries is seen in children between ages of 8 and 11 years. The frequency of dental trauma is significantly higher for children with increased over jet and inadequate lip coverage. (5)

Hence observing this need for expanding and disseminating knowledge about this field of dentistry, and due to scarce studies about sports dentistry, the objective of this library dissertation is to define the role of professionals, focus on the prevention methods and frequent risk situations that involve athletes. (6)

EPIDEMIOLOGY

It has been widely reported that participation in sports exposes a person to risk of sustaining dental injury. (7) The frequency and intensity of the contact during competitions can sometimes be the main cause of dental injury. (8) The type of contact can be classified as direct contact with competitors (taekwondo, jiu-jitsu, kickboxing, boxing, etc.) indirect contact with rival competitors (handball, basketball, football, soccer, ice hockey, etc.) and no contact with rival competitors (volleyball, badminton, etc.) during the activity. (9)

A universal finding is that the injury to the central incisors accounts to 80% of the injuries affecting maxillary jaw. In children, the incidence of injuries from sports accidents is maximum in the age group of 8-11 years. (10) Boys are more likely than girls to be injured; with the ratio being 1.5:3.1. Adding significance to the above-mentioned figures is the fact that most of the school teachers are not aware about the adequate measures to be

(3)

taken to deal with such injuries. Garcia-Godoy observed a male:female ratio of 0.9:1.0 in a study from three private schools in the Dominican Republic, and 1.1:1.0 in another study in public and private school children, the sex distribution was not significantly different. (11)

More than 5 million teeth are avulsed each year; many during sports activities, resulting in nearly $500 million spent on replacing these teeth each year. In an issue of the Journal of the American Dental Association (JADA) it was reported that 13- 39% of all dental injuries are sports-related, with 2-18% of the injuries related to the maxillofacial. (12)

In Alabama, a study on 754 football players revealed that 52% of all orofacial injuries occurred in sports other than organized football. Basketball, baseball and unorganized football were a few of the sports which showed a high incidence of oral trauma and concussions when mouthguard were not used. (13) Morrow and Kuebker conducted surveys in selected Texas high schools to determine the incidence of orofacial injuries on approximately 122,000 male and female athletes. They measured the types of mouthguard worn and dental injury experienced in football, and later indicated that soccer and basketball had higher dental injury rates than football. (14) An athlete has a 10% chance of receiving an orofacial injury every season of play. In addition, athletes have a 33%-56% chance of receiving an orofacial injury during their playing career. (15)

DISTRIBUTION BY AGE AND GENDER

Studies have shown that males experienced traumatic dental injuries at least twice as often as females. The male:female ratio varies from1.5:1.0 to 2.5:1.0. Such ratio could be attributed to a greater participation of boys in contact sports, fights and car accidents. Also, it could be related to the fact that girls are generally more mature in their behaviors than boys, who tend to be more energetic and active.(16) However, some of the studies have shown a reduction in the gender ratio which might be due to increased sports activities among girls. Altun et al. observed some association between gender and type of injury, that boys more often suffered from dental hard tissue and pulp injury than girls. Lam et al. up to 92% of traumatic dental injuries occur before the age of 34 year. Distinct age groups are determined and majority of injuries occur in the 0 to 4, 5 to 9 and 10 to14 years age groups.

(17)

Table III: Distribution by cause, type and location of injury

(4)

Author Cause/where injury occurred(%)

Type of injury (%) Dental location (%)

Perez et al

Falls (46.0) Soft tissue injury (58.0)

Not given Fights (14.0) Displacement (62.0)

Road traffic accidents (13.0)

Alveolar fractures (5.5)

Accident (12.0) Sensitivity to

percussion (37.0)

Bicycle (8.0) Direct extrusion from socket (29.0)

Sports (5.0) Intrusion into socket (12.0) Child abuse (1.0) Avulsion (22.0)

Author Cause/where occurred (%)

injury Type of injury (%) Dental location (%) All sport (33.5) Crown fracture not involving

pulp (58.0)

Maxillary incisor (66.6)

central Bicycle/tricycle (15.7) Crown fracture involving pulp

(13.7)

Maxillary incisor (15.7)

lateral Davis and Assault (10.2) Crown and root fracture

without pulp (1.2)

Mandibular incisor (9.8)

central Knott Road traffic accidents

(5.1)

Crown and root fracture with pulp (8.5)

Mandibular incisor (7.87)

lateral Subluxation (23.0)

Displacement (7.9) Avulsion (5.2)

Liew and Daly

Falls (26.6) Sports (18.0) Bicycle (14.2) Assault/fights (13.3) Struck by object (9.4) Road traffic accidents (8.2)

Pool/surf (5.6) Collision/bump (4.7)

Primary Luxation (46.9)

Permanent Crown fractures without pulp (25.0)

Luxation (23.5)

Primary Maxillary central incisors(66.3) Maxillary lateral incisors(18.9)

Permanent Maxillary central incisors (55.8) Maxillary lateral incisors (18.8)

Maxillary canine (3.5)

(5)

Martin et al

Falls (26.0) Luxation (26.0) Maxillary

incisors (63)

central Sport (team) (16.0) Crown fracture not involving

pulp (25.0)

Bicycle (15.0) Subluxation (16.0) Fights (13.0) Avulsion (13.0) Road traffic accidents

(9.0)

Crown fracture with pulp (11.0)

Collision (8.0) Crown root fracture (4.0) Root fracture (4.0)

Caliska

Undefined falls (45.0) Enamel dentine fractures were the most

Maxillary incisors (66.2)

central Sport (22.6) common injury Maxillary

incisors (21.1)

lateral

Road traffic accidents Mandibular central

N (11.3) incisors (8.5)

and Turkun

Violence (11.3) Mandibular lateral

incisors(4.1) Miscellaneous (9.7)

Naveen Kumar et al

41.1% were aware of the possibility of oral injuries

55.4% knew about

mouthguards

Maxillary anterior teeth

OUTCOME OF TRAUMATIC DENTAL INJURIES

The most favorable outcome of traumatic dental injuries is healing of the pulp and surrounding tissues. However, traumatic dental injuries are often accompanied by complications of different types and severities like: pulp necrosis, apical periodontitis, discoloration of tooth crown, fistulas, external inflammatory root resorption. The outcome of dental trauma depends on the type of injury, time prior emergency treatment, and quality of treatment. Consideration must be given to the fact that complications of dental trauma can occur several months or even years after the injury. (18)

Traumatic dental injuries to the hard dental tissues and the pulp such as uncomplicated or complicated crown or root fractures could be accompanied by pulp necrosis. The consequences of traumatic dental injuries to the surrounding tissues of the tooth, in case of avulsion or intrusion injuries, can be even more serious, e.g. various types and degrees of root resorption could be expected.

(6)

Traumatic dental injuries like infraction, enamel fracture, uncomplicated or complicated crown fracture represent different possible pathways for bacteria to enter pulp space and to become a cause of pulp inflammation and necrosis. (19)

Conclusion

Recommendations for the public when responding to dental trauma in young children should include the measures like wash the wound with plenty of running water.

Generally, dental trauma includes injuries to the adjacent soft tissue.Stop bleeding by compressing the injured area with gauze or cotton wool for 5minutes. Seek emergency treatment from a pediatric dentist.

References:

1. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM.Text book and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth, 3rd edn. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. 1994;719-735.

2. Kerr IL.Mouthguards for the prevention of injuries in contact team sports. Sports Med.

1986;3:415-27.

3. Singhal A et al. Sports dentistry: A Review. Healtalk. 2014;6(3-4).

4. Ranalli DN (2018) Sports dentistry and dental traumatology. Dent Traumatol. 18,231-236.

5. Kumamoto D, Maeda Y. Global trends and epidemiology of sports injuries. J Pediatr Dent Care. 2018;11(2):15-25.

6. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. Policy on Prevention of Sports- related Orofacial Injuries. 2018;37(6):15-16.

7. Vougiouklakis G, Tzoutzas J, Farmakis E-T, Farmakis E-E, Antoniadou M, Mitsea A.

Dental data of the Athens 2004 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Int J Sports Med. 2008;

29:927-33.

8. Yang XJ, Schamach P, Da i J-P et al. Dentalservicein2008 Summer Olympic Games. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:270-4.

9. ABO - MG. Associação Brasileira de Odontologia. Odontologia de sport ivaconquistareconhecimento de atletase profissionais. Correio ABO-MG.2006;23:12-4.

10. Dorney B. Dental screening for rug by players in New South Whales, Australia. FDI World

(7)

1998;7:10‐3.

11. Olin WH. Dentistry and Sport, Meeting the Needs of Our Patients. JADA, June 1996,127:809-18.

12. Mills, S. Can We Mandate Prevention? J Pediatr Dent Care. 2017;11(2):7-8.

13. Koch T, Moavenian, N., Parker, J., Waston M., Westfall, A. The Use of Mouthguards in High School Contact Sports. U of M School of Dentistry, Class of 1996. Medline Site-15 14. Crow RW. Diagnosis and Management of Sports-Related Injuries to the Face. Dental

Clinics of North America, Oct 1991,35(4):719-732.

15. Lam R, Abbott P, Lloyd C, Lloyd C, Kruger E, Tennant M. Dental trauma in an Australian rural centre. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24:663-70.

16. Gracia Godoy FM. Prevalence of distribution of traumatic dental injuries in a sample of Dominican school children. J Am Dent Assoc 1981;9:193-7.

17. Glendor U, Halling A, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Klitz I. Type of treatment and estimation of time spent on dental trauma. A longitudinal and retrospective study. Swed Dent J 1998;22:47-60.

18. Robertson A. A retrospective evaluation of patients with uncomplicated crown fractures and luxation injuries. Endod Dent Traumatol 1998; 14:245-56.

19. LoveRM, JenkinsonHF. Invasion of dentinal tubules by oral bacteria. Crit Rev Oral BiolMed.2002;13:171-83.

Referințe

DOCUMENTE SIMILARE

Children visiting the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swargiya Dadasaheb Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India were selected, based on the

One hundred and twenty four patients, both male and females of different ages, visiting teaching hospital at the College of Dentistry /University of Mosul city / Iraq

 History: 76 years-old-male, no relevant medical history, presented with right upper abdominal pain, heart burn and bloating.  Laboratory findings revealed normal blood tests

Datta Meghe Medical College, Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre Nagpur-441110 (Datta Meghe Institute of Medical

Articulators are mechanical devices that represent maxilla, mandible and temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Their main task is to provide a frame where it is

Department of General Surgery, SRM Medical College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203.. 1-Post Graduate, Department of General surgery,

1 Bachelor of Dental Surgery, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, India.. 2

This case control study was conducted in Periodontology department of Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar on total of 60 (30 cases and 30 controls)