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EFFECT OF REDUCING TEMPERATURE ON THE

STRUCTURAL ,ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF POLY-CRYSTALLINE MATERIAL La

0.67

Sr

0.20

Cu

0.10

0.03

MnO

3

H.W. ZHAOa*, Y.L. LIb, L.C. HUc, C.R. CHANGa, C.L. YANd

aCollege of Science, North China University of Science and Technology,Tangshan 063009, Hebei Province, China

bHebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei Province, China

cDepartment of BasicTeaching, Tangshan College, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China

dAnalysis & Testing Center, North China University of Science and Technology,Tangshan 063009, Hebei Province, China

La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 (“□” representing cation vacancy) poly-crystalline manganite powder was synthesized by sol-gel method, which we used as parent materials. The parent powders were reduced by hydrogen in different temperature, and series of reduced powders were prepared. The bulk samples were sintered in Ar and air atmosphere respectively. Their structure, morphology, electrical and magnetic properties as well as magnetoresistance (MR) were researched in detail. Under an applied magnetic filed of 1.8T, the maximum values of MR, MRP, of the samples sintered in Ar atmosphere for 12 hours at 1100°C, with the power reduced for 15 minutes in different temperature (200°C, 250°C, 300°C) hydrogen atmosphere for La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 parent powders, respectively, were improved comparing to one of the sample sintered with the parent sample. The MRP of the sample sintered with parent powder is 24.6% at 319K; the MRP of the sample sintered with powder reduced for 15 minutes at 250°C, reaches 31.5%.

(Received January 14, 2016; Accepted March 7, 2016)

Keyword: Colossal magnetoresistance, Perovskite type structure, Sol-gel method,

Reducing method

1. Introduction

Manganite R1-xTxMnO3 with ABO3 perovskite structure, where R and T are rare earth and alkaline earth ions, respectively, has been extensively studied due to its abundant physics related to colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) and its potential application in magnetic devices [1-4]. In general, the MR magnitude of a perovskite manganite reaches the maximum only at the Curie temperature (TC), which is beyond the room temperature region generally. And the MR changes abruptly with the temperature approaching the Curie temperature. These properties severely limit the practical applications of these materials [5-8]. Many researches have thus been concentrated on making new material system that provides low field magnetoresistance (LFMR) around room temperature. On the other hand, recent efforts to broaden the CMR temperature range have been made by means of the Mn-site substitution or oxygen-deficiency[9-12]. M.Brando[9] et al studied the dependence of oxygen deficiency on electrical and magnetic properties of La0.85Na0.15MnO3-

(

=0;0.04;0.10),

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

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244

they found that: when the

increased , the Curie temperature of the samples decreased. X.M.

Liu[11] et al studied the electrical properties and magnetoresistance effect, found that: for La0.67Sr0.33MnO3, Sr-site substituted by Cu and the leading in of vacancy could both change the peak temperature (TMR) of MR to room temperature and improve the peak value of MR.

In this paper, we chose La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 as parent materials because its TMR is higher than room temperature and its MR value a little bigger. By means of reducing the powders in different Temperature hydrogen atmosphere, changing the oxygen content of the parent materials, the peak value of MR are improved.

2. Experiment

Composite samples of La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 were prepared by the sol-gel method

[12],which we used as parent materials. This method has the advantage of using low-temperature synthesis, which not only results in smaller grains but also produces high-purity and homogeneous samples. Stoichiometric quantities of La2O3, Sr(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 and Mn(NO3)2 were dissolved in dilute HNO3 solution; suitable amounts of citric acid and ethylene glycol as complexing agent were added, until a completely homogeneous transparent solution was achieved. This solution was subjected to slow evaporation at 360K until a highly viscous residue was formed. Finally a gel was developed during heating at 473K for 24 h. The gel was thermally treated at 873K for 5 h for the purpose of organic precursor decomposition. After grinding, the samples were calcined in air at 1073K for 10 h until furnace cooling.

The parent powder samples were reduced by hydrogen in different conditions. First, put the parent powder samples in reducing furnace, and then inlet Ar gas for10 minutes to outlet air in the furnace. Second, inlet the hydrogen and increase temperature for reducing need, then keep the temperature stable for the time we want. Third, after reducing process finished, the furnace cools in the hydrogen atmosphere until 50°C, then stops inletting hydrogen and inlet Ar to outlet the hydrogen in the furnace.

The La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 parent and reduced powders were pressed into pellets and then sintered in air at 1373K for 14 h followed by furnace cooling. Finally the bulk samples were gained.

The phase identification of samples has been performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with an 18kW Rigaku max-RB diffractometer with Cu K radiation. The magnetization measurement was carried out with a Lake Shore vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) in the temperature region of 300380K. In order to determine the Curie temperature, we plotted a curve of d/dT along the curve of special magnetization versus temperature. All the Curie temperature measurements were performed at a field of 0.05T. The morphologies of the powder samples were obtained using an S-570 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the resistivity were measured using Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS) with the standard dc four-probe method with the applied field vertical to the direction of the current.

3. Results and discussion

3.1 X-ray characterization

The structural characterization of the powder samples grinding from the bulk samples was determined. Fig.1 shows X-ray diffraction patterns for bulk samples B1-B4. Conditions of powder reducing and bulk sintering are given in table 1. The results indicate that our samples are composites composed of a R3 perovskite phase. The Lac 0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 parent sample B1 has a very few Mn3O4 phase indicated by XRD diffraction peaks 2=36.12 degree. As

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2(degree)

Intensity

(d) (c) (b) (a)

the reducing temperature increasing for the powders, the Mn3O4 impurity phase in the samples could decrease or disappear. The sample B4 has already a purity phase of perovskite structure.

We use a Rietveld refinement software Fullprof suite to calculate the lattice parameter and crystal cell volume. The results are given in table 1.Compared with mother sample B1, the lattice constant, crystal cell volume of reduced samples B2-B4 has increased slightly, this may be because the oxygen vacancies make the lattice structure distortion

Fig.1 X-ray diffraction patterns for bulk samples B1(a)B2(b)B3(c) and B4(d)

Table.1 Conditions of powder reducing and bulk sintering and Lattice parameters、

crystal cell volume for La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 bulk samples No.

Powder reducing condition

Bulk sintering

condition Lattice parameters crystal cell volume

V (Å3) TR(C) tR(min) TS(C) tS(hr) a (Å) c (Å)

B1 parent parent 1100 12 5.5273 13.371 353.77

B2 200 15 1100 12 5.5325 13.376 354.58

B3 250 15 1100 12 5.5336 13.507 358.19

B4 300 15 1100 12 5.5316 13.375 354.43

3.2 Morphology of the powder sample

Fig.2 shows the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology of powder samplesB1、

B3. From Fig.2 we can see that the La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 parent sample B1 prepared by sol-gel method possesses homogeneously globular shape grains, the grain size is about 100 nm.

After being reduced by hydrogen, the phenomenon of conglobation in particles was improved.

(a) Sample B1 (b) Sample B3 Fig.2 SEM morphology of powder samples B1 and B3

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246

3.3 Magnetic properties of samples

Fig.3(a) shows curves of the special magnetization  versus temperature T for the bulk samples, under an applied magnetic field of 0.05T. Fig.3(b) shows curves of the d/dT calculated from Fig.3(a) versus temperature, in which the Curie temperatures (TC) of the samples are determined by d/dT tending to zero. Fig.4 shows the magnetic hysteresis loop of the bulk samples at room temperature (300K).

Fig. 3(a) Curves of special magnetization σ versus temperature for bulk samples B1(a)B2(b)B3(c) and B4(d) ,the applied magnetic field μ0H = 50mT

Fig.3(b) Curves of d/dT calculated from Fig.3(a) versus temperature T for samples B1(a)B2(b)B3(c) and B4(d)

Fig 3(a) shows that in the temperature region measured, The samples experienced a ferromagnetic to the paramagnetic shift, the changes have gone through a transition region, due to Samples still in the transition zone show varying degrees of ferromagnetism, so we define d/dT tend to zero corresponding to the temperature as the Curie temperature TC. It can be seen from Figure 3(b) that the Curie temperature TC of bulk samples B1 is about 329.7K. The Curie temperature of Bulk samples B2, B3 and B4 is 333.1K, 332.0 K and 330.3K respectively, as shown by Table 2. We can see that the Curie temperature of the samples is higher than room temperature, the samples at room temperature are ferromagnetic, reducing treament changes Curie temperatures TC of the sample not obvious.

Fig.4 shows that the magnetization basically reached saturation near 400mT.the samples are soft magnetic materials with small coercivity. Table.2 shows the special saturation magnetization σ (Am2/kg). It can be seen from Table.2 that: reducing temperature has a certain influence on special saturation magnetization σ, as the reducing temperature increased, the special saturation magnetization σ of samples first increases and then decreases, the sample B2 has the maximum σ ,reaching 45.8 Am2/kg.

300 320 340 360 380 400

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

(Am2 /kg)

T(K) (a) (b) (c) (d)

300 310 320 330 340

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0

T(K) d/dT(Am2 /kgK)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

325 330 335 340

-0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00

d/dT(Am2 /kgK)

T(K)

(a) (b) (c) (d) a

b c d

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Fig. 4 The magnetic hysteresis loop of the samples B1(a)B2(b)B3(c) and B4(d) at 300K

Table.2 The Curie temperature TC (K),special saturation magnetization (Am2/kg), metallic- semiconducting transition temperature TMI(K), the maximum value MRP (%) of

the magnetoresistance , and the temperature TMR(K) corresponding MRP for La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3 parent and reduced samples

No TR(C) TC (K) (Am2/kg) TMI(K) TMR(K) MRP (%)

B1 parent 329.7 41.1 320 319 24.6

B2 200 333.1 45.8 333 318 27.6

B3 250 332.0 43.7 335 319 31.5

B4 300 330.3 36.7 332 318 25.9

3.4 Electrial and Colossal magnetoresistance properties of samples

The temperature dependence of the resistivity measured in zero field for the samples B1(a)、

B2(b)、B3(c) and B4(d) are plotted in Fig.5. From Fig.5 we know that with the increase of temperature, the conductivity of the samples experienced a metal-semiconductor transition.

Definition metal-semiconductor transition temperature TMI for resistivity and temperature curve of resistivity maximum point corresponds to the temperature. The TMI of reduced samples are higher than parent sample. The resistivity of the reduced samples was significantly lower than that of the parent sample, The reducing treatment makes the Mn3O4 impurity phase in the samples disappeared, which resulted in the decrease of the resistivity.

Fig. 5. Temperature dependence of the resistivity measured in zero field for bulk samples B1(a), B2(b), B3(c) and B4(d)).

-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

H(mT)

(Am2 /kg)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

240 270 300 330 360

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0

/ 10-1 cm

T(K) (d)

(c) (b) (a)

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248

Temperature dependence of the resistivity measured in zero field and in an applied field (1.8T) for sample B3 are plotted in Fig.6. The corresponding magnetoresistances are also indicated.

Fig. 6 Temperature dependence of the resistivity measured in zero field and in an applied field (1. 8T) for sample B3. The corresponding magnetoresistances are also indicated.

From Fig.6 we know that in an applied magnetic field, the resistivity of the samples was significantly down. Define the magnetoresistance by MR(%)[(0 H) 0]100% , where

0 and H stand for the resistivities at 0 and 1.8 T.. The magnetoresistances of the sample B3 first increases and then decreases with the temperature increasing. and reaches its peak at the temperature TMR = 319K,The Magnetoresistance peak value of the sample B3 reaches 31.5%.

Temperature dependence of magnetoresistance under an applied field of 1.8T for bulk samples B1(a)、B2(b)、B3(c) and B4(d) are plotted in Fig.7.

Fig. 7 Temperature dependence of magnetoresistance under an applied field of 1.

8T for bulk samples B1(a)B2(b)B3(c) and B4(d)).

As shown in Figure.7, for parent samples B1, its MRP=24.6%, and its TMI = 319K. For the reduced samples B2(b)、B3(c) and B4(d), their TMI changes very little, But their MRP significantly increases, For the sample B3, which was reduced at the temperature 250℃, its MRP improved the most significantly, reaches 31.5%. The magnetoresistance Peak value MRP and the peak temperature TMR of the samples are listed in Table.2

240 270 300 330 360

0 8 16 24 32

MR(%)

T(K) (d) (c) (b) (a)

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The Magnetoresistance effect is caused by the double exchange action between Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions[13], The magnetoresistance peak value MRP of reduced samples B2-B4 were obviously higher than that of mother sample B1.The reason is: reducing treatment makes the sample oxygen vacancies ,Which resulted in the sample lattice structure distortion, and changes the bond length and bond Angle of Mn3+—O2-— Mn4+ ions, Meanwhile changes the ratio between Mn3+ and Mn4+, strengthen the double exchange action and then makes the peak value of magnetoresistance larger.

Applied field dependence of the magnetoresistance measured at 300K for sample B3 is plotted in Fig.8. Fig.8 shows that: when the magnetic field increased, the magnetoresistance increases monotonously. With the magnetic field achieving 6T, the magnetoresistance reaches 35%

and has not yet reached saturation.

Fig. 8 Applied field dependence of the magnetoresistance measured at 300K for sample B3

4.Conclusions

We studied the effect of reducing temperature on the structural ,electrical and magnetic properties of poly-crystalline material La0.67Sr0.20Cu0.100.03MnO3.The reducing time was 15 minutes, the reducing temperature was 200°C, 250°C and 300°C respectively . It was found that:

the reducing process did not change the samples of the perovskite structure, but with the increase of the reducing temperature, the Mn3O4 impurity phase with the properties of insulator in the samples decreased gradually, and then disappeared, which resulted in the decrease of the resistivity.

The reducing temperature had no obvious effect on the peak temperature of the magnetoresistance.

Appropriate reducing temperature can make the peak value of the magnetoresistance MRP

significantly increased, but too much high reducing temperature also can lead to MRP decreased.

Compared with mother sample B1, the sample B3 ,which was reduced at the temperature 250℃, its MRP improved the most significantly, increased from 24.6%(B1) to 31.5%(B3).

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Science and Technology Support Project of Hebei Province , China (Grant No. 15211111); Science and Technology Research Program for Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province, China (Grant No.Z2012002); Science and Technology Research Program for Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province, China (Grant no.Z2014017).

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