Differential Responses for Harvesting Times and Storage on Hardness of Different Varieties of Okra
Ghadir MOHAMMADI
1, Ebrahim M. KHAH
1, Mohammad BANNAYAN AVAL
2*1University of Thessaly, School of Agriculture, Department of Crop Production and Rural Environment, Greece
2Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran; [email protected] (*corresponding author)
Abstract
Okra seed hardness results in slow and nonuniform germination. This study was conducted to determine the effects of time of harvest and storage on seed germination of four different cultivars of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). The study was carried out at Agricultural faculty of Razi University in years 2009 and 2010. The experimental design was a randomized complete block under factorial arrangement with three replications. Four different cultivars of okra included, ‘Boiatloy’, ‘Beloudo’, ‘Clemsson Seinless’ and ‘Pleas’ and six harvesting times of 20-25-30-35-40 and 50 days after flowering were considered in the present study. The results showed that seed germination increased in 2009 from 3.4%, at first harvesting time, to 46.4% at fifth harvesting time, and in 2010 from 2.9%, at the first harvesting time, to 49.7% at fifth harvesting time. Different cultivars varied in seed germination. In 2009 ‘Plea’ and in 2010 ‘Clemson’
cultivars showed the highest germination. Seeds from different parts of the plant also showed different germination rate. In 2009 seeds from the middle part of the plant with 54.3% and in 2010 seed from the lower part with 50.3 % showed the highest germination. In 2009 seeds from the lower part of pod showed more germination, whereas in 2010 seeds from middle part of pod produced higher germination. By increasing time to harvest, the percentage of seed germination after storage highly increased. Different cultivars during storage showed different behaviors on germination. ‘Beloudo’ cultivar produced more seed germination than other varieties after storage, and ‘Pleas’ after storage produced lower seed germination. Seeds from the middle part of plant and middle part of pod showed a higher germination after storage.
Keywords: harvesting time, okra, seedhardness, seed storage.
Introduction
Germination is a crucial stage in life cycle of plants (Mokhtar et al., 2009). Seed germination initiated by water imbibition, which results in the enhancement of key enzymes involved in the catabolism of seed storage reserves. These events are under the control of the seed’s genetic make-up, but environmental conditions are also effective (Gusta et al., 2004). The testa, including the en- dosperm, has been shown to be a major barrier to radicle protrusion for many seeds (Kermode, 2005). Abelmoschus esculentus shows a particular kind of seed dormancy, called delayed permeability caused due to structure of the seed coat and particularly by the chalazal plug. There is a di- rect relationship between the seed moisture content and delayed permeability with variances between cultivars and moisture contents (Anonymous, 2005). The occurrence of hardseedness and the low percentage of seed germina- tion are major challenges in growing okra (Luis Felipe et al., 2010). The percentage of seed germination of okra is frequently low, due to tegument impermeability (hard seeds). This is the major barrier to the emergence of okra seeds for commercial producers (Luis Felipe et al., 2010).
There are differences among the okra cultivars in relation to hardseedness, resulting in lack of uniformity in seed
germination. In some cultivars, the occurrence of hard seeds becomes more frequent the longer the pods remain in the plant (Luis Felipe et al., 2010). Hardseededness can be variable in a population of seeds. It increased by envi- ronmental (dry) conditions during seed maturation, and during seed storage (Baskin and Baskin, 1998). Harvest- ing slightly immature seeds and preventing them from completing desiccation can reduce hardseededness.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) crop ex- hibits seed hardness that complicates its management.
This seed hardness interferes with seed germination, weed control, harvesting and other management factors. Hard- seed coats in okra may cause slow and erratic emergence which is exacerbated at sub-optimal conditions. The de- gree of hardseedness in seeds of this species is influenced by a number of factors such as seed moisture content, time of harvest and drying rate during seed maturation (Demir, 2001). The hardseed coat of okra interferes water uptake and is a major physiological constraint to uniform stand establishment and performance (Marsh, 1992; Standifer et al., 1989). Demir (1997) reported that harvesting seeds at earlier stages of development, when seed moisture is still high (28 /40%) and drying seeds within the pod (slow drying) might eradicate the occurrence of hard seed coat and stimulates germination. If the combination of slow Received 30 June 2011; accepted 15 October 2011
Material and methods
The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Fac- ulty of Razi University, Iran, with the geographic longitude of 47°20’E and latitude of 34°20’N and elevation of 1351 meters above the sea level, in two years, 2009 - 2010. Cli- mate characteristics of experimental location were shown in Tab. 1. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design under factorial arrangement with three replications. Four different cultivars of okra includ- ing, ‘Clemson Seinless’, ‘Boiatloy’, ‘Beloudo’ and ‘Pleas’
and six harvesting times (harvesting pods after flowering) were studied. Six harvesting times were as fallow:
T1= Harvesting pods 20 days after flowering T2= Harvesting pods 25 days after flowering T3= Harvesting pods 30 days after flowering T4= Harvesting pods 35 days after flowering T5= Harvesting pods 40 days after flowering T6= Harvesting pods 50 days after flowering
Land preparation operations including plowing, disk and trowel to the desired way, before planting was done in the first half of May in both years. After taking track, map test was implemented on the ground. Planting okra cultivars as a spring planting on 30th of May was performed by hand. Each experimental unit of four rows was estab- lished. Each replicate contained 24 plots and each plot was 12 m2 (3×4). Total area of the land was 1152 m. Crop was irrigated regularly once a week. Between the two replicates two meters distance was considered. The seeds were planted 3 cm deep on the sowing lines. Weeds were controlled by hand. After crop started flowering they were tagged and saved in envelops. 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50 days after tagging, pods were collected. Each individual crop of okra divided in 3 different parts and pods tagged as a pod of low, middle and upper part of plant. Every pod was also divided into 3 different parts and seeds inside the pod tagged as low, middle and upper part of pod. Seeds in the pods were dried in shadow under air temperature. Ini- tial and final seed moisture contents were calculated by the high temperature oven method (ISTA, 1985). Seed germi- nation experiment was conducted using four replications of 25 seeds per each treatment. Seeds were sterilized using Mankuzeb fungicide and were placed on double layered Wathman No.1 filter paper moistened with distilled water drying and after-ripening improves germination in seeds
harvested at earlier stages of development (before seeds are dry and hardness has developed), then it may be pos- sible to improve the germination of okra seed simply by modifying the traditional time of harvest, and introduc- ing new drying procedures (Demir, 1994). Passam and Polyzou (1997) observed that the formation of hard seeds was particularly noticed when the capsules ripened during periods of high temperature. However, in Brazil, Setubal et al. (1994) observed that the proportion of hard seeds significantly increased when the harvesting was delayed until senescence of the plant. Chauhan and Bhandari (1971) reported that the best time for harvesting pods of
‘Pusa Sawani’ was 30 days after anthesis, when the pods were fully matured and dry seed germination recorded was 86%. Fruits of cultivar ‘Amerilinho’, harvested 55 days after anthesis, showed the highest (92%) seed germination in Brazil (Zanin et al., 1998). The developing seed attained germination capability at 21 days after anthesis, with the highest germination and vigor values at 30-36 days after anthesis. Similar observations for the ‘Pusa Sawani’ culti- var were recorded by Velumani and Ramaswamy (1976).
Okra seeds show conventional storage behavior in which the longevity is improved with desiccation and storage at chilling temperatures. High storage tempera- tures and high relative humidity reduces the storage life of seeds. Therefore, dry cool conditions are to be maintained for longer storage. Low seed moisture, preferably 5%-7%, is ideal for seed storage (Dhankhar and Singh, 2009).
Agrawal (1980) stored okra seeds (10% moisture) for 37 months at ambient conditions. Moisture content of 13.6%
or less was ideal for maintaining high seed viability for short periods, while 8% moisture maintained viability for several years at room temperature (Dhankhar and Singh, 2009). Low storage temperature is congenial for long- term storage. However, seeds with high moisture content are not suitable for sealed storage at low temperature. Seed viability rapidly decreased at higher storage temperatures, which promotes the leaching of electrolytes and solute sugar from the seeds (Doijode, 1986).
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of dif- ferent harvesting time and storage on increasing germina- tion and decreasing seedhardness of different okra culti- vars.
Tab. 1. Climate characteristics of experimental location 2009-2010
Month
Minimum temperature
(°C)
Maximum temperature
(°C)
Minimum humidity
(%)
Maximum humidity
(%)
Minimum temperature
(°C)
Maximum temperature
(°C)
Minimum humidity
(%)
Maximum humidity
(%)
2009 2010
May. 8.6 24.3 27 76 9.1 9.1 32 86
Jun. 11 31.9 12 55 13.5 13.5 11 50
July. 25.6 37.7 7 34 16.5 16.5 7 34
Aug. 25.3 37.9 8 30 19.7 19.7 8 30
Sep. 14.6 34.1 13 40 15.4 15.4 9 37
Oct. 10.7 28 12 44 10.4 10.4 13 46
Average 15.9 32.3 13.1 46.5 14.1 14.1 13.3 47.1
in sterilized Petri dishes. Finally, all Petri dishes were placed in a germinator at 25°C for 21 days and every 2 days the number of germinated seeds were counted and removed, and in the case of moisture deficiency distilled water was added. A seed was considered germinated when the tip of the radicle had grown free of the seedcoat (Auld et al., 1988, Wiese and Binning, 1987). For seed storage, seeds harvested in 2009, kept in freezer at 5°C for 12 months, were submitted to germination tests. Data were analyzed by using SAS statistical program and Duncan test was employed to classify mean values of different treatments when F-values were significant (p<0.05).
Results and discussion
The results of this study showed that in 2009 seed germination increased from 3.4%, at first harvesting time (T1) to 46.4%, at fifth harvesting time (T5), and in 2010 from 2.9%, at first harvesting time(T1) to 49.7 (%), at fifth harvesting time (T5) (Fig. 1). Most seedhardness occurred at sixth harvesting time (T6) in both years, at this harvest- ing time only 20.2% of seeds, in 2009 and 19.5% of seeds, in 2010 germinated. Study of climate characteristics (Tab.
1) showed that in sixth harvesting time (T6) seeds were faced with lower temperature, and this may be tempera- ture induced impermeable layer occurrence in seeds. Tem- perature during pod development also influenced seed germination as it influenced the development and the hardness of the seed coat (Dhankhar and Singh, 2009).
Seed moisture content at the time of harvest from the first harvesting time (T1) to the last one (T6) was declined, in this case dramatic decrease of 32% and 32.7% occurred from the fifth harvesting time (T5) to the sixth harvesting time (T6) in 2009 and 2010, respectively (Tab. 2). It seems
that by reduction of seed moisture content, seedhardness was increased in seeds that at 50 days after anthesis. This result is consistent with the result of Demir (2001), which mentioned that seed coat impermeability increased as moisture levels of the seed decreased. The number of hard- seeds in garden beans was also found to increase as seed moisture decreased lower than 15% (Quinlivan, 1971).
The highest and lowest seed moisture after drying was monitored in 2009 at second harvesting time (T2) and last harvesting time (T6) and in 2010 at first harvesting time (T1) and last harvesting time (T6), respectively (Tab. 2).
It seems when immature okra fruits were harvested, the amount of dry matter of such fruits was fairly low, and this caused the seeds of these fruits not to have capabil- ity of good germination. Several studies are available on development of the seed within the capsule and the days to physiological maturity and harvesting. The highest seed germination was recorded when the pods were harvested 35 days (Ewete, 1980; Kanwar and Saimbhi, 1987) and 40 days after anthesis (Neupane et al., 1991). Delay in har- vesting reduced seed weight and germination percentage.
Percentage of seed germination after storage by increasing Tab. 2. Effects of different harvesting times on seed moisture content at 2009 and 2010
Harvest time (DAA)
Seed moisture (%)
when harvested Seed moisture (%) after drying at 2009 at 2010 at 2009 at 2010
20 59,3 58,2 8,9 9,3
25 58,4 52,5 9,2 9,1
30 52 51,2 8,6 8,8
35 48,6 48 8,4 8,6
40 44,6 46 8,3 8,4
50 12,6 13,3 8,1 8,3
Fig. 1. Effect of different harvesting times and seed storage on mean germination in 2009 and 2010
in 2010, it seems that these two had more seed hardness that caused less seed germination (Fig. 2). Study of seed moisture of different varieties showed that ‘Pleas’ variety in 2009 and ‘Clemsson’ variety in 2010 had more moisture content at the time of harvest and after drying. ‘Boiatloy’, which showed less seed germination in 2010, had less seed moisture content at the time of harvest, but after drying
‘Clemsson’ variety, in 2009, and ‘Pleas’ variety, in 2010, showed higher moisture content (Tab. 3). There is a di- rect relationship between the seed moisture content and delayed permeability with variances between cultivars and moisture contents (Demir, 2001). After storage, different varieties showed different germination behavior. Vari- ety of ‘Beloudo’ after storage produced more germinated seeds than other varieties, while ‘Pleas’ variety after storage showed less germinated seeds (Fig 2). It seems a genetic time of harvest dramatically increased. Harvesting at 50
days after anthesis (T6) in first germination test showed more seed hardness, subsequently after storage showed more seed germination (86.8%) (Fig. 1). It seems that storage of seeds, with a hard seed coat, for 12 months at 5°C caused overcome of seed hardness, so they germinate better. Okra seeds show conventional storage behavior in which the longevity improved with desiccation and stor- age at chilling temperatures. Low seed moisture, prefer- ably 5%-7%, was ideal for seed storage (Dhankhar and Singh, 2009).
Different varieties showed different seed germina- tion. In 2009 ‘Pleas’ and ‘Beloudo’ varieties, while in 2010
‘Clemson’ and ‘Boiatloy’ varieties showed higher and low- er germination, respectively. Considering lower germina- tion of ‘Beloudo’ variety in 2009 and of ‘Boiatloy’ variety
Fig. 2. Effects of variety and seed storage on germination in 2009 and 2010
Fig. 3. Effects of different parts of plant and seed storage on germination in 2009 and 2010
comes more frequent the longer the pods remain on the plant (Purquerio et al., 2010).
Seeds from different part of plant showed different germination potential. In 2009 seeds from the middle part of the plant and in 2010 seeds from the lower part of the plant showed higher germination rate (Fig. 3). The same result was reported by Yadav et al. (2001), higher values of seed per fruit, test weight, germination, vigor index, and seed yield in fruits harvested from lower positions on the plant at Hisar, India under semiarid conditions. Also Naik et al. (2004) and Prabhakar et al. (1985) reported that quality of seeds harvested from the fruits born on lower nodes (up to the 8th node) were superior under tropical conditions at Bangalore, India. In their study the lowest value for these parameters was from seeds harvested from upper part of the plant. Study of seed moisture content showed that in both years, seeds from the middle part of the plant had more seed moisture content at the time of harvest and after drying (Tab. 4). Result showed that after storage, seeds from the middle part of plant showed more germination. In this study seeds from upper part of the plant after storage produced less germination (Fig .3).
Study of different parts of the pod showed that there is a difference between seeds in germination capacity. In 2009, seeds from the lower part of pod had more germina- tion, whereas in 2010 seeds from the middle part of pod produced more germination (Fig. 4). Seeds from the upper part of pod in both years germinated less than other parts (Fig. 4). Purquerio et al. (2010) explained that seeds from pods located in the middle of the plant presented higher germination capacity than those extracted from pods lo- cated in upper parts of the plant. Seeds from different pod parts after storage also had different germination behavior.
Seeds from the middle part of the pod after storage pro- duced more germination. In this study seeds from the up- per part after storage had less germination (Fig. 4). Malik et al. (2000) reported that seeds obtained from the pods of bottom and middle nodes have better germination even difference between varieties that caused different germina-
tion after storage. In okra, seed germination is influenced by the position of the fruit on the plant and the cultivar as well, Bhatt and Srinivasa Rao (1998) found consider- able reduction in seed germination under field conditions compared to controlled conditions in different cultivars of okra. In some cultivars, the occurrence of hard seeds be- Tab. 3. The effects of the variety on seed moisture in 2009 and 2010
Variety Seed moisture (%)
when harvested Seed moisture (%) after drying at 2009 at 2010 at 2009 at 2010
‘Boiatloy’ 36,3 37 8.4 7.9
‘Beloudo’ 36 37.8 8.2 8.3
‘Clemsson’ 42.1 49.8 8.8 8.7
‘Pleas’ 49.4 49.2 8.5 9.2
Tab. 4. Effect of different plant parts on seed moisture in 2009 and 2010
Plant Part Seed moisture (%)
when harvested Seed moisture (%) after drying at 2009 at 2010 at 2009 at 2010
Up 49.3 47.3 7.9 8.1
Middle 52.0 51.7 8.7 8.9
Lower 48.7 48.5 8.3 8.4
Fig. 4. Effects of different pod parts and seed storage on germination in 2009 and 2010
Tab. 5. Effect of different parts of pod on seed moisture in 2009 and 2010
Pod Part Mean germination (%) at 2009
Mean germination (%) at 2010
Germination (%) after storage
Up 44,6 42,5 71,8
Middle 49,7 50,6 80,6
Lower 52,3 47,4 75,6
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