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¡t ii lii
gc[eotr;(.of
coulstr,it'lu
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1l.e have
flre
fclllorvjng lesuìts.Sorne rerna¡i<s otl meaÌ1s
I cl3
10:.1 Cìh. -foarlcr
IrL
[36] l'e
l-r¿lve pt'ot'ecl thal, :Ð s A : P,
a'lltl
thai,Z'is not
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.h¿-r,r,e corrjectulecl tlrzr,l, 1/)
I?utr.In
l'28| using
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eu¿nd
logat'ithmal,ing,we
get; ;1lrr, { Il
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<
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u'hichsiì'cs,
¿l,s ¿ùbovc:(8)
¿1 .::I; <
lL.[ìel¿r,tittlrs ltotrveor generalizotl aritluneticr, gcornetlic
anrl
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btrcngivcn irr lÍ37j.
Urs le..tnincl sorne olì 1;hem:Gu,tt
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ulc 1- lrld,<
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a,r'c ¿l,lso inecluzr,litiesof
-tni-xctl {,.1.pe,u'ìrich inlolve
rror'(ì rìrr¡rìrìs. So,in
[12] J-ì. C. Callson plovecìt]rat
:G'
.l'1¡21L2.
llllris rva,s ìrrrlrtovetl b5'
II, Alzel in
[.1] as :(,].[..',f,2
'ryltr¡ ¿llso ¡l'ov-tit1
iii
I'lì| that
:tl 'G <L'T.
Ilsìrrg
hherrr, rve li¿u\'o tleril'eclit:'
l'27 )the
in,eqtalities :rt -l- /l -
/'-< ll <2t¡ - A
rvhich
cz¡,lr l.¡r-' cor-n¡rarecl rvi1,ìr (8).I'ol norrsyrlulctric
mearìs,in
[29.]atttl
[16] was
uscd ¿ìr colììpar?ì-biliLv on a
subsel;. 'llho means-il[ anù .il['
arein
relal;ionlI 1o trL' il:
M@,
1¡)4 il'(r, y)
1'or1r,
u) eI)
ß
( iir 'l oarlr.l
ã\ i.[ if
i,t I Lor¡-nrltlr()ntollot(oux) l,ltcntjl.¡
,t'n- | :l ort_,:it ¡ttrlto_ll
Sttrìri-' ¡¡,;,r ¿t rlr-s r)Jì iÌt(\¿l]ts
l,rì\t \l \
ttti)tJ('ttc0tí.r. ()t
)t) i,l .ll
'ix t-sttlùtotìto(tc)t(ous)lli(tt ll, il;
lsul)r).ìtonto(l(,n(,ou:i,c) f,l :ll ¿s
!stibitottt()tl('t¿(ot('i,tlt(n ,ll'i:¡
tt.so
l-sttl¡lto¡tpít4t('otts,., jll. !/. 'rlt. )l', ,l[,"
1rr' .r (r'o¡¡)-!rtr)rtotnotJ('tteotrs (rn(r.]Í
,í:; itttt'r'u,s,i,,tri¡,lltt'n .tlt(il', ,ll")
,í,x L (l t,g) sttltltonto¡¡t,t?,(,ous.\\'t' l'clllltl'li 1lttlt'
tltt¡.ltl¡rLrrir, inr¡roscs ¿rrotlierr, tr'¿t,l-ol
ol.¡t¿r,ilinH^ ¿ti\,\'r)ìlìl(ì1I'i(r
tlt{'iìIì
i't','¡¡¡ ,r,i.ïiy¡lr 9¡rt,¡llit,ìt
lll.cii(,t,\-(!stìie /
l¡¡¡_lriLltlroir';¡_{.i(ìni'jl,\'.
'l'llis
r:il,lr lre rlciinr.rllri,:
;¡¡rr (.t' t .t1)
.
G ( )l(t',
u),
.tt(,¡1,
t')).itl
l2fii
tt'tr ltll\''(ì ì'ernrìt'ìicrl1haÍ
f,hir rncarrs1,,
iùl,o I, l9g srtll¡9rrr¡- Íl('tr('()rrril't¡r' I ¡ 1
aLrtl -r¡',. iì,r't¡ /-sçllhonrrlrl(ìÌrcoirs fìrr,/
-__ì. ..,\ls,l
w(, ì.tlt Vt' ¡lt'tlt'tlrl lltai
/ti^ is _l-sulrlìorìì.o.!,e rìcor¡sr¡rirl r ;s
t,to3'-suì.rìrorrroggrrsg1Ls 1,":./ :
'ì ,/ìo'g ,\'
0.f)61 . ',
[-,rsìn'tì 1[u' ¡i¿lrriu rriollrot'l ìr.,, r,,r,,' }r'or-tr llrc I'ollori'ing, rrot,(' Iìctìel'¿t,l I'oirrIt, :'l'rìi,t,lìi:rr i. [.l
tlit:,tttcrrtt ,\,t
yriJries llte
tlottl¡l,a t,t:Iut.io,:!1)
1,,,<. )l
.:_ l',,ht,tt t'.1. t:s
7tfry
l.og-suliltotttog?tl.toulJ.I't'oo.;f
. flllte
incrirL¿r,lj1,r' (f))ltì*¡rìs
1,h¿11 :((,t,,'
,
ryr)p\t;n<
,1/(e,, .r¡) -1 ((¡.:r!
,Ít)f2)tt,t.['ttt,iitrg i¡t
[,htr l'il,,qt, ìl¿tL,t c,D- t(
Ít,tì(l ],//)=-t, l.o
l¡trl.:(¡¿
I
'¿')i2.1
ill.t'('rrLtn, ,r.titt¡.ÀlsL,. l't'oln
illtr
setlolltì1;ali, lirt'
.)),t --,ìt7 .tltt .-,¿.) \\.(ì h¿t-o:t1'['1 (ttttq
,
'¿'l/")<
(¿¿ .I Ì)
2.'lia.l<ìrrg,
in tIt'
r'esultirrg iricr¡rrrr,lit,,r,,rr
-.,¡¿tu, ¿lrrt[á -.
1;t/t,, j1. lol¡rrvs:.llQ(t,l't, brl¡t)
<
,1¡r,/,t(rr,
b),/\triÌl{)rqou¡il\', \\'(ì ()¿ùtì l)l'ovrì :
'l'll,:ol: t,t.rt
2.
-I./ :ll,, .:- ill
.-- lÌ,,lltr:rt
:l'I,i,t; ¡t fq,:;tr lthontoqr:trr:ott:;.lit¡tlhltr 5,{!{llietlc{t¡i. (lir.crti t \\'o lrì{lltr)¡i ,Jl
antl
,lJ.' ottt: rrit,¡r[gfili.
l¡rloribltr s{Ì(f ucttcr(}
(ol ll
lrirtirrrclrsjorra,l i1,cl,a,1ioit
¿lgolit, lrnr) slat,iirrg, l,rorir i;n-o llosi{iyt'
nr¡rrrllel,ii u,oitlrtl
'r7,,, itLtl o
nt\.s
:(l()ì
)',,.,,--,1,[(t',,,t7,,),ll,
t-.,i|[,(,t,,,1,!1,,)(l i ) ;7',, , , ,ll(t,,, .r¡,,)t !/, t . i!,(rt,,,: t, ,,/,).
r,(ìl:ùi^(l 1L) ílì(, lrill:iillt., t,gir {il :[ {.r)tlilrrrr¡¡ ji¡¡¡,¡.
/ I I
i t,). ti /;,,
,,;,;iiì'¡ : 1 ., .
.Ì.lt¿ t ,t/ ¡t : t- .t,,,
[ìt i,s,.1¡¡¡ \'r,Ì,g.(,j¡(,{.
r i,,, ,,,,j,,,ì,
,,;: i:;i;,,1;;lì
,,;;,jl ,,,;;ï,,,,,,,,,;.¡,,11:,,,f :;,,r,r,r1,¡¡ 1,¡¡r,,¡.
;r)o¡.t/at
¡e
rrerLri. ,,,i,')11,,1.1i',f,]]"],:.::
('oirl,:,11tt;i;i'ir;ì';,ili
{r{'ìrìtiilil¡1¡"" ¡¡' agorìr ,, (,u) ;,,;;"ì,i:lìïì:ilïl;;,:î,,1lil':-i,;::,llli
1,ìli,,itf:]ri;
:;ì;;i'ì,ï l'ii,;; ,j','l"r)',."r'j(r
rr.,r,rr). ir rlis 1,,, ,,,,.
.ttii'l,¡'!tt,) ,rrisi,\
,\(l,
r,,
LlI/ i,
,,,,"" tt' ill'('
li-('('llr¡"''itJl,''1 ,','*,,.,.,i,',/ri:
-r.t:rrrrrr.sirrrur).-l-("r,,i,,,*ir,i,l ìi ì'rilì "i;iìl:",l,ll'';,,lli,::,;'r.rri¡¡¡¡r¡¡¡'*
"r,ì,';ì,,,r.i,.r¡¡,,¡¡¡¡,i .,,c( l'; ¡
\ '^ ,/ ,il (:t:,
.y) :__ ,1r :-> ,, r .ti"
Itt fllÌ/.',il lrrr\.(ì l)r,()\(¡(l llrt,s:ùlutl r,,, Itì(ì¿üll:i. ll¡ l.:ll I u,
,,J't:rtri,,t,s.'''¡"ì"'""ti'i,''ìì ,,iI,,"'ti,::tlll,,';li,','it'll,,lì1",,,i.,
',|ìt',ìi,'],,lil;1,;),,l,li
,(,ns
_ill tt.t¿tl
lV, ís
cor¿,[it¿ttotts uutl Ir3))l(.t,,
1¡)-
. .U =>,r,
,,/.tnen
tltl.sl;tf ,
enists.10ti Gh. Toader 10
Proof
.
n'rorn (1) follorvsthat the
sequences (u,,) ancl (t¡,,) (10) Iie inthe
closetlinterval l
tlebermineilby
ru ã,nc1 3ro.By
the$reiersl,rass thcorem, there is ¿ù sequence Qr¡,.) and
the points
ø, strch l,hal,:iinr
ccr,:
¡urlirn
U,,r: !/¡
lir:t't {ütq¿+t- fit)
Iitl-r yr,.r': y'
,li+æ ft+æ d+æ å+æ
llhen r:
y. fncleecl,if
ure sttpposen1u¡
as ï),t;it:
-l[(nrr,7¡n¡,) ancl !ftt¡,]t:
=.
tr!['(ü,,,r, lln:J) ilj follorvsthat
:n<n'4.ut0<!l'<y.
\Ye pror.e 1,h¿11, :
(14) ß' : ü
oYn' :
?1.Il r<n'<y'{y, rve
choorie0<r'.--(n''-n)i2
{trIC11l==f1,.
suchthat:
lfrnt;+,
- n'I < I
and lYnrt,- !/'I <1'.
So;
rrrr7,.-rr
) ff' -
,l' ;>.(u'
-l- n)12¡¡,ntl
!Jn¡,+t
)'t/t
-t' > (n' +
fi)12.ft,
follo-n's :r,, ) (û' !
r)12 ;>r,
Vn,> I(
which is inconsistent wif;h the hypothesis [,]rat:
\frr"r,: n. If r { U' < r' < y rve obtain a similat' contrad,iotion b).
choosi¡g ¡0 <
?'<(y -
n')12.Arralogou-sly
we
can.prove that
:(15) !l' : n or
Y':
'11holcl.
It
14 saiisfies (12) anct (13),from
(14) anclthe continuity
of ',41 rve geb :æ
: l[(n¡ y) at y : M(t:,
y)tlrtLs a; :=
y.If il{'
satisfies (12) ancl (13) rve use (15).The hypobhesis
r ;'
37 gives analogouslyr: !J.IIence
:lim
ø,,,: lim
lJrr:
frÀ+æ fr-+æ
'¡vhich lea¿ls
to
l::\*":1;y2u":
n'Rem,rtrfl:. lhoso results pertnil,
to
cornpose even cliscon.i,inuous rrt€Al1sìihe:
M@, uJ: min
(rr, q)il
n4
anra.i(ø,
q) iÎ
n;> u.- , .\s
(1(Ðtecr,rtstlto
:r,st¡lf, lesrll[s. il]lre trrosü knorvnis
üitof
.ühe corrrpoxif,iole
¿¿rirrhnÀtli"-'c=åili' rvo
rL''rnindlele
so¡r'ur;r'lc tnean
of
{ì¿lrrss : .)1T/2_Jl
!/o)
,,.'!
('¿i troszl -J-.7Ë sirr'?t)
-'t, dl.
0
ft js also plor.erl
(sec[.13])
1;hatkt'å
-
r!¡trzfi at<t r:os(uofuo)
(n?,
-
ltâ)'t'
arch (n,,f ¡¡o
In [32] l.c ll,ovccl that:
¿17-l¿': it,, c,,ltila,
-.-G,, ,,!zilu,:,, *,jLtr r: pql(r _
,p_lpq)
hoJrl ancl¿,li.l'tr: -{", n,,l!,.f
,,, =,(,,", tt,r--g
¡Iro =.= }f
,t wJre'*
s =_It is
eas¡.to
,sttcthat:
- -'--i-- 'l¡:--rI, r
wìtet'rl .s =-ql1 --
,p+
g),1,,!gltt, ,..(i
anil in f?] it is
also rern¿tlkeclthat
:t:,fglr
_,: ti.
Generallr iú is
difticult to
fincl i;ìre corrrlrou¡¿r.ean.
li_or-'ïffiï"un;;
.J
. \\¡jnrp itt
l4Z l.As
cotlcclrrslltc
l,el¿l,tiolr ltel,u,eerlcsull :
I l,Jtc cornporllrd nrc,ùns,rvc
¡¿ve
ûbe Irrlt\{ì{;\.I,f
jl,t q,t¿d,il,
cc),e ,1,7xçy¿qsrtrtyJ,l;hert, :
il|gf,M' -.' trl-altvr"
n,""nJt'å,"iî,1'1'il,,i',,1;,,uîÍ;::i¿fili,i#ì,,i,i;li* ,r,, ¡¡|¡sy6
1,airs o¡(Tr¡, ro prove jr clirecuy,rl''n <
'qra''|G'_
'l'he r.ateof
coarso
srurricãõ,:;-,i,r,ìT,"r'"",iii;i,,fiîÌ:iï;liîîî,'î,rrJ1o
",,,,,non rirnjr
rvasII Sonre .i ctn arks 'olt ìllearì¡i
given
by Ilolzano-?/¡
fr'¡
!/',107
l
't
t)(I G(øo,clc <1 '!/o
!/ o) _?
lc
A
) '
fru);'
t¡oìll
i:
I 1
Gh. Tr.¡¿tcler
IìI.]IIIiIìLÌN(]IIS
12
l I I
1 t)ri
i;l Sonc rl:t.narks on IìroaÌlS
109
l. .\ .l I rr s i a , (i. , liLt tttrtt r:1¿¿ssc 11i rrlgot iIttti iLcrLttioi bíditttr:ti:tiitttaii, Iìt'lld. fjcrlr' lI:it. Ullìv 'l otiuo, P$ (l9ûç) 70)' 269-29ti.
.j J\ j I n i i u ,' (,., itrtu rtrtttctttli:zct:ione dcllu tlisur;uttl\(LIì:(L di Liapottttoll, ì'ìcrrrl- Sicnl. l\'Íai.
ì lrir,. i't¡lilcch. 1'olitto, 3;l (197't--7ã) , 2ll'l '222.
ij. .\- lz- c r', lì-. , t,Ingleit:l.un¡1ctì ¡úr ÀtiLiatt,tctlc, -A'cit. ìlal-¡., '{? (1986), ¡i22 -'1jlli'
.1. ,\ L 2., ¡, Lì. ,'fuin i,rrr1lutiitíqi lor nrcutts, (1. iì. llaLh. lìcp. Àcatì. Sci. (ìarratln, IX (1 98?)'
lt 1(i.
l) À¡(l r.c¡Ii, (,,, ,\lttlic a lot o processi ítcra!ioi, Cio¡'¡alc lll¿r[cnt. Illtltngtili" (5), Bì;
(19o'l), oiì 79.
ti ììau'cr, [iI., -,! ¿./r¿s¡j r:! nrcrLn: rutrL t¡:lr¿ittl itrcquilÌlics, llatlltr;cr'ì¡lta,llaLh,.55 (1986),
199--2112.
7 flor.rrt'ill,,I. 1.I., llol.uciÌt, l). ll,, 7'1rc ti,rty t'l'ttl itncrLtts, Àll;cl . -\Ialh. r\'lonl"hly, 9? (19¡j7), i'l 9 - 522.
¿t Il L'ì' n ,r .: . , .I. i,., lt er -r, s, lf. F,., Sonu: rc¡trotlttcirt¡: ld¡rl/ill¿s for fittttilics ol ntcan ttctlu-ct;, -\c11turt. i\1:11.11. , iÌil (1 rJ87), -t 00 - 1 1 il.
fl,ltrilìclt,l).S..\liLLi¡¡r,itt,l).S., \usió.ì'.ll.,,ì/rttris<uttltÌttirirt.ttclttctlitits, f). tìcidct l'ubl. {lotlr1.r., Dor'.lttrch[, 19tj8.
ig, llrrr'r'oì\'s,Ii. L., îalìro l,Iì. l¡.. ll'hic/¿ nteatt tLo IJILLnÌ(etl?, t¡1. .I. llat-h. Educ, Scì.'l'ccìl:oì., l? (1980), 275-'-2tl'l.
ll, (ì ¿rL. lso¡, 13.(,.,,41¡1,,r'iitt,nsittu6.Luingurill¡utclit:tttttlrtt't¡¡t¿lticlrlc.¿/ìò-,Älìlt'1 .ÀIath'XlonLhly'
i'3 (i971),,{96 l-r05'
l12 (ì a L. l,;,r-u,lì. C., |l-lrc lrt¡¡rtritlunic rrrnr,Àtr.rcL. l'l¡.Lh.Ifonl"ìr1¡" ?fl (1972)' tì15--613.
lll (ì Lrr'ìson,ll. O., G Lrs Latsr ou,.I. L,,'J-olaLposilioity ol tttctutDulLLcsu¡tdlillpergconrc-
lrit l'nttt:lioits, Sl,\Àt .J. l.l¡.|.h. An'.rl'' l'i (1983), 389-395'
l,l. t,'oitcr', I). ù1. ll., L)Jrillips, Cì. lI., A ¡tcutrolirallou olllrc:\rcltitttatl¿tt¡t dotbLc se- r¡tLr:ntr', J. rlhth. ¡\nal. Àp¡rl., l$t (19t14)' 575 581.
1... i',stor',1). ll.,tj.,f,¡iliips,G.ÀJ.,7-û¿ urilinnelic-lru¡nottit:tntrtt, ],I¿rlh.otCorup.'
¿ri! (l9ii1), 165' iii3 191.
'| {j. tf o,sf .,i-,p.ìI. Iì.. ì,¡il1ips, (ì .,ìI.,Octrcrc!rntnpuLtu! rncrtrrs, [ì.cl;.Nolcs]ltth., 131]
(19[J5), ãíj"'6t-r.
1Ì ì.ostcr',1). lt. Ii.,lrhillipr;, (i. ùI., Doul¡lcnuttt /ìro.¿ss¿.s)'l'lrt'lrtr;l"itulc oi]{atìl'
¡rrrl iLs '\ppì., ilil (19fìrl), 170-173.
Llì IIa'rl)','t;. ll., f,ìl'l'it \r,ootl ,.:J. It.,l)olr,:r , (\., ttrcqunli1lcs, (lanrlllitìge, L934'
lir. L;ìil ,,oi,gc, .J. -- l,.,,Sul uttc ¡to,-ror:!!t ntiitr.¡tlc rl: calcul irtlcgrul ,l'iclrl. Ì';\cacl' Roy.
Sci. 'i'Luin. , 2 (l-/84 -1785), trtl\¡res . t. 2, Palis, 18(i8.
i2ir. I.cac¡,iì. ll..Slrulalirt cr',1I.(-)., li.tlenclcc!tneattualucs 1/, J. llailr. Anal.Âppl.,
t¡¡¿ (r9¡ì3), 20i :12:i.
2 f . l, j ; , 'l'. 1,. , ')'1rc poutcr tnccut ttnd tle lo¡ltu iiltttic ;nacn, AtncL. lf rrtlì. ìIonlht¡', flf $974),
liTu 8R3.
2'l r\,f a l- s , i\,I. 1Ì,., I;ttttcliotts tulticlt plt unrcl.rizc tnccLns, Ä¡icr', llatlt. lfouLhìy, 90 (1983)'
l) I / uù.t.
2:i Àfil-rinovió,D.S.,PeðlrIió,J.fi.,firetlnjeDrcditoslittntaLentutici,Nart<In¿rl{njiga' Iìcoglatt, f .i)8{).
it I lI o,-s li <l v i I t , l)., ,ltt alignntcnt t:lnr! for uoriorts rrtctttts, Àrtler. ]IaLìt' llouthly, 4l]
(1933),592--59t1.
2f . i{ yr.'Á
" '' g, lr. J., S¿¡r' ¡¿n¿ ¡1en(:rrtliscttiott clc l.o nrcgenne u'ítlmtLirlttc-¡¡lott'rót.riquc tlc Gauss, (1. lì. r\catl. So. Paris,:?46 (19ã8),3201-3204.
2il. pioL1a, G., I)i tuur formulrt per iIcalcolo rlelle nttlic contbirrrLloríc, AtLn. Soc' Pt'og'
Sci., 2? (:939), 5, :lB--45. ì
2i. I> j Llen gc r', À. O., IneqLtctLìttes bcluectL uritlt¡ncllc u'tillogarillntric ltTccttts, L-niv. lloograrì.
Pub[. lflektro. Iìak., 678-?IÌi (1980)' 15-18.
2g, Sárrrlor., ,Ì., Ioaclcr, Gh,, Ofl sonTe erpcneltliul rrcttns, "Babcg-Bolyai" univ.'
Prept'int ? (1990), (35-40).
l2fr. S c lr o o n lt c r.g-, I. J., A,Icttltct¡tt/ticaL linte exposttrc.s, 'Iìlc llath. Assoc. oi Arntllicn,
1982.
30. StolalsI;.y,I(. I).,Gcnrrtili:rtllonsctl ilt:lorlltilhnit: rirt'nn, lllllt'\fngazirlc,¿*'U (19'1'c),
at o,
Íì1. ll'oatlcr, (ì¡¡.,(i¡t'Lpic:;gr:ttcrtLliz.ed r1e(t)r.\, I' ils t lr{at, S¡'rrrp. "Iìcal!zãr'i ¡ipcls;;ci:ti\e îrr clt llrcnirti lratlttcIollclol", Chrj, I986, lll, 'lti'-49.
tblc sequen-es, Sl_urlì¿ t,,¡rir,.,,llaitcs-lJoh.ai,,, of dortblc s,equcttccr;,,,tìlbcl_13ol¡,ni., tiriv.,
s, _¿\lal. Nurnér.. .i.hcor,,,\p¡l,o;i.,
ffj (1gBZ),
rcans, N:rt. Cont. r\ppl. l\Iailr. ùfcchan., Clni- es_Iì^o.t¡,ai,,,IJn eiric ancl l.un-nonic i v., Prepirr ;narzns,,,13al)e;;_tìolyai,,t ? (1. ggB), õ 1 _ ¡j4.
alqorithnts, .,Baìrcç-Rol¡,¿i,, l,Tltiv,, plcprinL e scquerúes, Secoud NaL. Cont. Âppl. ÀInilr.
ari d¿Ile lrc classicltc nviie , AtLi r\cc. lici.
,lìlìli.l':l;,l,i-;itç;ì,|rlÍr#,,1#,_::{i:.i,.t,,¡tet!'a¡tutisiit,tttericrt, oonoc¡1rtol,r/ci.rr.,:\ccatr.
ut),]"."r',1,;,,'],'rJJ:'íii¡l]';iîì'ttttt itc¡{¿tio, at¡'oritttitis,lrcrir. s.¡'. -\r:ri. r'rir.. l'orircc. r.o.iro lìcccirtd 1.X.1990
Cltair of A.Icttltentali cs poltl l e cl uúcttl I ¡t st it u l e
Il- 3 1 0 0 C ! u.i _:\t ttpoca
,':
il ir
iit'
:19.
'l ().
'Li.
12.