Legal Sustainability of Evidence to Provide Benefits to the Authorized in the Investigation Process
(Study in the Legal Area of the West Sumatra Regional Police) Burahim Boer1Elwi Danil2 , Aria Zurbeti3, Yoserwan4
Faculty of Law, Andalas University, Padang1,2,3,4
* Corresponding author: Burahim Boer, Faculty of Law, Andalas University, Padang Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Introduce. Law enforcement aims to fulfill three elements that must always be considered, namely; legal certainty (Rechtssicherheit), benefit (Zweckmassigkeit), and justice (Gerechtigkeit). The ideal decision is a decision that provides a sense of justice, a sense of benefit, and legal certainty proportionally and equally. Method. This study uses the normative law research method, namely researching, tracing, assessing, and analyzing with the object. Result. Evidence in the form of wood that was confiscated and auctioned off in 2006 and the auction proceeds in the form of money remain used as evidence from 2006 to 2020, the value of money in 2006 compared to 2020 has decreased in value, even as long as this money is used as evidence it cannot be used because money is deposited in a holding account without interest. Conclusion. Legal Certainty in goods Evidence to avoid similar cases concerning deprivation of assets that are not supposed to be done by the courts and the State author advises several parties to avoid such things: For the public, to be more careful in choosing the wood and the transaction process
Keywords: Legal Certainty, Benefit, Justice, Evidence, Investigation 1. INTRODUCTION
Humans live in groups where one group has different interests. In one group there are also many human individuals whose needs differ from each other. This inevitably triggers a conflict of interest that can lead to chaos. For that, this situation requires the existence of laws1,2,3,4. Philosophically, this is known as Ubi SocietasIbiIus. Law functions as a tool to protect weak humans who can be oppressed by other humans. On that basis, the law must be implemented and enforced because it is through law enforcement that this law becomes a reality5,6,7,8. Law enforcement aims to fulfill three elements that must always be considered, namely; legal certainty (Rechtssicherheit), benefit (Zweckmassigkeit), and justice (Gerechtigkeit)9,10. The proof is a series of truth- seeking processes that must be supported by valid evidence and evidence that has been confiscated. Valid evidence consists of witness statements, expert statements, letters, instructions, and statements from the defendant11,12,13,14,
Meanwhile, the evidence is a movable or immovable object, tangible or intangible which has been confiscated by an investigator for examination at the level of investigation, prosecution, and examination in court15,16,17,18
. Evidence (bewijsgoed) is goods used to commit an offense, including goods resulting from an offense. Evidence will be confiscated by the investigator during
the investigation process for proof because it will be shown by the judge to the accused and/or witnesses at the time of the trial. Legal certainty is one of the "three basic legal values" which means that it can be equated with legal principles19,20,21,22,23,24
. A verdict or court decision must be following the law because the judge must judge based on the law.
Decisions must also contain justice, be objective and impartial. Therefore, the ideal decision provides a sense of justice, a sense of benefit, and legal certainty proportionally and equally. In criminal proceedings materially or formally, the parties involved are obliged to provide legal certainty. Legal regulations contained in the Criminal Code are general principles because they are regulated in laws25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34
. As a general rule, all regulations contained in the Criminal Code are not only addressed to the public or certain parties, but to anyone who can be regulated by the formulation of general principles35,36,37,38,39,40
In the process of criminal cases in Indonesia, evidence plays a very important role, where evidence can make clear about the occurrence of a criminal act and in the end will be used as material to support the judge's conviction on the defendant's guilt as charged by the public prosecutor. Evidence can also provide clues as to whether or not a defendant is guilty. To impose a sentence requires power because the law itself is inseparable from the power41,42. The relationship between law and power can be formulated with the slogan
"Law without power is wishful thinking, power without the law is tyranny". The main characteristic of law when compared to norms is that law requires a power to support it, whereas norms do not. Power is needed because the law is compelling. Without power, law enforcement in society will experience obstacles. The more orderly and orderly society is, the less dependent on power will be. Legal certainty for evidence in the investigation process is not regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code, because the evidence will be used for evidentiary purposes starting from the process of investigation, prosecution, and court proceedings. According to the law, as regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code, evidence can be confiscated. Evidence that has been confiscated will be returned to the rightful if there has been a verdict from a judge who has permanent legal force43,44,45 Based on the criminal case process as described above, obtaining an inkracht decision will take quite a long time, and During this process, the evidence cannot be fully returned to the rightful owner. With the existence of these laws and regulations, it is hoped that during the investigation process, evidence can be returned to the owner as a person who is deemed entitled. Based on Article 46 of the Criminal Procedure Code, there is a very good chance that evidence can be returned to those who are entitled, but if it is not needed for investigation or prosecution Evidence can not be returned because it is contrary to Article 39, Article 44 and Article 181 of the Criminal Procedure Code, where confiscated evidence is following Article 39 of the Criminal Procedure Code and is kept and is prohibited from being used by anyone following Article 46 of the Criminal Procedure Code because it will be shown to the accused or witnesses. at court proceedings (Article 181 KUHAP)46,47,48,49,50
. For the evidentiary process to run smoothly and produce accurate facts, the panel of judges and prosecutors will present evidence that is relevant and necessary in a criminal act to be proven true. The items that will be presented in court are known as "evidence". All evidence is shown by the judge to the accused by ensuring whether the defendant recognizes the evidence and if necessary it will be shown to the witnesses, following Article 181 paragraph (1) and (2) of the Criminal Procedure Law, the purpose of showing the evidence the anticipation of that evidence has nothing to do with the case against the defendant are not used as evidence, in addition to possibly confuse the evidence, so do not get the items as evidence unknown to the defendant or witness51.
2. RESEARCH METHOD.
This study uses the normative law research method, namely researching, tracing, assessing, and analyzing with the object the legal certainty of evidence to provide benefit to those entitled to the investigation process.
3. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Data in the West Sumatra Regional Police show that in the investigation process, investigators never return or hand over evidence to those who are entitled until there is a decision that has permanent legal force, including against the case. This can be seen in the table below.
NO Case Evidence MeasuresInvestigator EvidenceStatus Barriers Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. The crime of Illegal Logging in March 2006
Form WoodProceed s of Crime
1. ConfiscatingEviden ce
2. Auction Evidence 3. Auction
ResultsEvidence used and stored by investigators
are still in Confiscation investigators
The casehas not yet been delegated to the Public Prosecutor (JPU)
The value of money from the auction proceeds in 2006 compared to now in 2020 has decreased in value
2. Illegal Logging Crime in March 2007
Results of Crimes in the
Form of
Timber
Confiscation of Evidence Still in ConfiscationInv estigators
The casehas not Delegated to the Public Prosecutor (JPU)
Evidence confiscated in 2007 is now of no economic value
3. Illegal mining crime in 2016
The
the tool used in the form of an excavator
1. confiscated evidence of 2. care/borrowing
from the owner
Still in
ConfiscationInv estigators
The casehas not delegated to the Public Prosecutor (JPU)
Status Evidence that is still in care should not be transferred, pawned, or sold to other parties because the status is still evident in the
Source: Case Data of the Directorate General of Criminal and Criminal Investigation at the Regional Police of West Sumatra
Based on the data in the table above, it is clear that the evidence in the investigation process does not exist. legal certainty for people who have the right to be the owner of the evidence. If viewed from the aspect of benefit, the usefulness of the evidence material decreases and even does not benefit at all. There is no certainty and usefulness of the evidence for the following reasons: Evidence in the form of wood confiscated and auctioned in 2006 and auction results in the form of money remain used as evidence from 2006 to 2020, the value of money in 2006 compared to 2020 has decreased in value, even this money as long as it is evidence cannot be used because the money is kept in a holding account without interest. Evidence in the form of wood confiscated in 2007 will still have its status as evidence until 2020 without treatment so that the value of the wood is of no use because it is already damaged and can no longer be used. Evidence in the form of heavy equipment confiscated in 2016, its status until 2020 remains evidence that is entrusted with care to the owner and may not be transferred, pawned, or sold to other parties because the status is still evidence. Confiscation and confiscation of goods are categorized as additional penalties, confiscation is regulated in Article 1 number 16 of the Criminal Procedure Law, namely "Confiscation is a series of actions by an investigator to
take over and/or keep under his control movable or immovable, tangible or intangible objects for the benefit of proof in the investigation, prosecution and trial ”. There are two types of seizure, namely: Criminal Seizure, the act of an investigator to take over and/or keep under his control movable or immovable objects, tangible or intangible for the sake of proof in the investigation, prosecution, and trial. General Confiscation In Article 1 point 1 of Law Number 37 the Year 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Postponement of Debt Payment Obligations, the definition of bankruptcy is as follows: "Bankruptcy is general confiscation of all assets of the bankrupt debtor whose management and settlement is carried out by a curator under the supervision of the supervisory judge". This condition can cause stress to the victim and society, stress is the body's reaction to situations that seem dangerous or difficult51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61
Confiscation of goods is regulated in Article 39 of the Law Criminal Law, which is intended to seize the property of a defendant which was obtained from a crime or was deliberately used to commit a crime. To be confiscated, the goods must be the property of the perpetrator, so even though the said goods were used by the defendant to commit a criminal act or were the result of a criminal act, the goods are not the convict's property so the goods cannot be confiscated62,63,64,65, 66,67,68
. In a criminal procedure, not all confiscated evidence ends in confiscation, there is also evidence that is returned to the party entitled to the said goods. As stipulated in article 46 of the Criminal Procedure Code concerning confiscation, which states "objects subject to confiscation are returned to the person or them from whom the object was confiscated, or to the person or to those who have the most right. Certainty due to law and certainty in or from the law itself. explained that the law must succeed in ensuring the certainty of every node of society. Legal certainty can be realized if the provisions in the law do not contradict each other and in that law, there are no terms that can be interpreted differently. Law enforcement requires legal certainty, legal certainty is justiciable protection against arbitrary actions. The public expects legal certainty because, with legal certainty, the community will be orderly, safe, and peaceful69,70,71,72
. People expect benefits in the implementation of law enforcement. The law is for humans, so the implementation of the law must provide benefits, benefits for the community. Legal certainty is not only in the articles in the law but lies in the consistency of these various regulations (not to be contradictory), including in the judge's decision. Legal certainty is seen if it meets the following requirements:
There are clear, consistent, and accessible legal rules issued by or recognized because of the (power) of the state; That government agencies implement the legal rules consistently and also obey and obey them; Whereas in principle the majority of citizens agree to the content and accordingly adjust their behavior towards these rules; That independent and impartial judges impartially apply these legal rules. consistent as they resolve legal disputes brought before them; That judicial decisions are concretely implemented73. Legal rules in the form of laws and unwritten laws, thus, contain general rules that serve as guidelines for individuals to behave in social life, both in relationships with others73,74,75 4. CONCLUSION
Evidence in the form of wood confiscated in 2007 will still have its status as evidence until 2020 without treatment so that the value of the wood is of no use because it is already damaged and can no longer be used. Evidence in the form of heavy equipment confiscated in 2016, its status until 2020 remains evidence that is entrusted with care to the owner and may not be transferred, pawned, or sold to other parties because its status is still evidence
5. SUGGESTION
To prevent and avoid similar cases regarding asset confiscation which should not have been done by the courts and the State, the author provides suggestions to several parties so that the same thing does not happen again: For the community, to be more careful in choosing wood and the transaction process. For legal officials to be wise in handling fraud cases involving the losses of many people, don't just stick to the existing regulations, also use the conscience.
REFERENCES
1. AbdoelDjamali, 2003, Introduction to Indonesian Law, PT. Raja GrafindoPersada, Jakarta.
2. ABD Haris Hamid, 2017, Indonesian Consumer Protection Law, CV. Sah Media, Makassar.
3. Achmad Ali, 2012, Revealing Legal Theory (Lagal Theory) and Judicial Theory (JudicialPrudence), Including the Interpretation of Law (Legispridence), Volume 1, Kencana, Jakarta.
4. Alfitra, 2011, Law of Evidence in Criminal, Civil and Corruption Procedures in Indonesia, Achieve Success, Jakarta.
5. Andi Hamzah, 1994, Principles of Criminal Law, PT. RinekaCipta, Jakarta.
6. ---, 2001, Interest of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure , Gramedia, Jakarta.
7. Andi Sofyan and Abd.Asis 2014, An Introduction to Criminal Procedure Law, Kencana, Jakarta.
8. AnsorieSabuan, 1990, Criminal Procedure Law, Angkasa, Bandung.
9. Bagir Manan, 2009, Enforcing the Law of a Search,Jakarta, Indonesian Advocates Association.
10. Donald Albert Rumokoy and fransMaramis, 2016, Introduction to Legal Studies, 3rd Edition, PT RajaGrafindoPersada, Jakarta.
11. Farid Wajdi, Imran and Muhammad Ilham Hasanudin, 2020, Supervision of Judges and Code of Conduct enforcement, SinarGrafika, Jakarta
12. Fence M. Wantu, 2011, The Role of Judges in Realizing Legal Certainty, Justice and Benefit in Civil Justice.Dissertation Summary, FH UGM Postgraduate Program, Yogyakarta
13. Frans H. Winarta and Luhut MP Pangaribuan, 2017, Principles and Practices of Legal Aid in Indonesia, Pt. FajarInterpratamaMandiri, Depok.
14. Gustaf Radbrud, 1961, Einfuehrung In Die Rechtswissenschaft, Koehler Verlag, Stuttgart in Fence. M. Wantu, 2011, Idee Des Recht, Legal Certainty, Justice, and Benefit (Implementation in Civil Justice Processes), Student Library, Yogyakarta.
15. Hari Sasangka and Lily Rosita, 2003, Law of Evidence in Criminal Cases, Mandar Maju, Bandung.
16. CharulArrasyid, 2004, Basics of Law, SinarGrafika, Jakarta.
17. CSTKansil and Christine STKANSIL, 2003, Criminal Procedure Code, Jakarta. PT.
Pradnya Paramita ,.
18. H. Juhaya S. Praja, 2011, Legal Theory and Its Application, CV.Pustaka Setia, Bandung.
19. I Dewa GedeAtmadja, "Benefits of Legal Philosophy in Legal Studies," 1993, in KertaPatrika, Number 62-63 of XIX March-June, Faculty of Law, University of Udayana, Denpasar.
20. Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 2005, A Popular Introduction to Philosophy of Science, Pustaka Sinar Harapan, Eighteenth Printing, Jakarta.
21. JimlyAsshiddiqie, 2005, Concerning Law, Constitution Press, Jakarta.
22. JJJ M. Wuismen, 1996, Social Science Research, Volume I, M.Hisman Editor, Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia, Jakarta.
23. Laden Marpaung, 1992, Criminal Case Handling Process, SinarGrafika, Jakarta.
24. Lili Rasjidi, and Ira Rasjidi, 2001, Basics of Legal Philosophy and Legal Teotiation, PT. Citra AdtyaBakti, Bandung.
25. H. Subandi Al Marsudi, 2001, Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution in PradikmaReformasi,RajaPT.GrafindoPersada, Jakarta.
26. Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law, State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia. 1981 Number 76 and Supplement to the State Gazette Number 3209 dated December 31, 1981.
27. Law No. 2 of 2002 concerning the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia, State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2002 Number 2, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4168.
28. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2004 concerning the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia, State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2004 Number 67, Supplementary State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4401.
29. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2009 Number 143, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2009 Number 5062.
30. Decree of the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia Number: M.01.PW.
07.03 of 1982 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of KUHAP, in the Complete KUHAP Book, BumiAksara, Jakarta, 2004.
31. Husein, Ismail H Mawengkang, S Suwilo "Modeling the Transmission of Infectious Disease in a Dynamic Network" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1255 (1), 012052, 2019.
32. Husein, Ismail, Herman Mawengkang, SaibSuwilo, and Mardiningsih. "Modelling Infectious Disease in Dynamic Networks Considering Vaccine." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.2, pp. 261-266, 2020.
33. MuqdadIrhaeemKadhim, Ismail Husein. "Pharmaceutical and Biological Application of New Synthetic Compounds of Pyranone, Pyridine, Pyrmidine, Pyrazole and Isoxazole Incorporating on 2-Flouroquinoline Moieties." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 679-684. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.2.98.
34. HamidahNasution, Herlina Jusuf, EviRamadhani, Ismail Husein. "Model of Spread of Infectious Diseases." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 685-689.
doi:10.5530/srp.2020.2.99.
35. Husein, Ismail, DwiNoerjoedianto, Muhammad Sakti, AbeerHamoodi Jabbar.
"Modeling of Epidemic Transmission and Predicting the Spread of Infectious Disease." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.6 (2020), 188-195. Print.
doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.30
36. Husein, Ismail, YD Prasetyo, S Suwilo "Upper generalized exponents of two-colored primitive extremal ministrongdigraphs"AIP Conference Proceedings 1635 (1), 430- 439, 2014
37. S Sitepu, H Mawengkang, I Husein “Optimization model for capacity management and bed scheduling for hospital” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 300 (1), 01,2016.
38. SyahRahmad, M K M Nasution, Ismail Husein, MarischaElveny, “Optimization Tree Based Inference to Customer Behaviors in Dynamic Control System”, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, pp. 1102 – 1109,2020.
39. Husein Ismail, RahmadSyah, “Model of Increasing Experiences Mathematics Learning with Group Method Project”, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, pp. 1133-1138, 2020.
40. SyahRahmad, Mahyuddin K.M Nasution, Ismail Husein, “Dynamic Control Financial Supervision (OJK) for Growth Customer Behavior using KYC System”, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, pp. 1110 – 1119, 2020.
41.
42. Regulation of the Head of the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2010 concerning Organizational Structure and Work Procedures at the Resort Police and Sector Police Levels.
43. Regulation of the Head of the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 2014 concerning Amendments to the Regulation of the Head of the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2010 concerning Procedures for Managing Evidence within the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia
44. Regulation of the Head of the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2017 concerning the Organizational Structure and Working Procedures of Organizational Units at the Headquarters Level of the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia.
45. Regulation of the Head of the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2018 concerning the Organizational Structure and Working Procedures of the Regional Police.
46. Marwan Effendi, 2014, Theory of Law from a Policy Perspective, Comparison and Harmonization of Criminal Law, Reference Echoes Persada Press Group, Ciputat.
47. MochtarKusumaatmadja, 1976, Law, Society and National Law Development, An Overview of the Foundation of Mind, Patterns and Mechanisms for Legal Reform in Indonesia, Bina Cipta, Bandung.
48. Muchsin, 2006, Overview of Legal Studies, Pustaka Sinar Harapan, Jakarta.
49. Muhammad Erwin and Amrullah Arpan, 2008, Philosophy of Law, Searching for the Nature of Law, Palembang: Sriwijaya University.
50. Muladi and BardaNawawi.A, 1992,,, Criminal Theory and Policy, Alumni, Bandung, 51. Munir Fuady, 2004Dirty Business Anatomy of White Collar Crime, PT Citra Aditya
Bakti, Bandung.
52. Muchsin, 2006, Overview of Legal Studies, Jakarta.
53. M.SollyLubis, 1994, Philosophy of Science and Research, Mandar Maju, Bandung.
54. M. Yahya Harahap, 2004, Discussion of Problems and Application of the Criminal Procedure Code, Investigation and Prosecution, Jakarta, SinarGrafika.
55. Otje Salman and Anton Susanto, 2004, Theori Hukum, Remember, collect and reopen, RefikaAditama, Bandung.
56. Center for Constitutional Law Studies, Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia, 2003, Some Issues in Contemporary Law, National Library, Jakarta.
57. Guidelines for the Implementation of Duties and Court Administration Book II, 2003, Project for Technical Functional Education and Training for Judges and Non-Judges, Jakarta Supreme Court.
58. Peter Mahmud Marzuki, 2008, Introduction to Legal Studies, KencanaPranada Media Group, Jakarta.
59. Rahman Amin, 2020, Law of Evidence in Criminal and Civil Cases, CV. Budi Utama, Yogyakarta,
60. Roberts K, 2017, Return of Proceeds of Crime, PT. Raja GrafindoPersada, Depok.
61. RomliAtmasasmita, 1996, Criminal Justice System Perspective of Existentialism and Abolitionism, Bina Cipta, Bandung.
62. Suhron, M, A Yusuf, R Subarniati. Assessment of Stress Reactions and Identification of Family Experiences in Primary Care Post Restrain Schizophrenia in East Java Indonesia. Mix Method: Sequential Explanatory. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2018;10(12):1849-1854.
63. Yusuf, Ah., Rika, S., Suhron, M., "Assessment of the Kempe Family Stress Inventory in self-care post-restrain schizophrenia," International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 55-59, 2019
64. Suhron M, A Yusuf, R Subarniati, F Amir, Z Zainiyah. How does forgiveness therapy versus emotion-focused therapy reduce violent behavior schizophrenia post restrain at East Java, Indonesia? 2020. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 9 (4), 214-219
65. Suhron, F Amir. Reduce violent behavior schizophrenia: A new approach using LT (Laughing therapy) and DRT (Deep relaxation therapy). Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2018:9(8):1518-1523
66. Suhron, M. Model of Potential Strengthening and Family Roles in Improving Family
Members for ODGJ Adaptability
http://conference.unair.ac.id/index.php/isoph/isoph/paper/view/1147. Publication Name : proceeding of The 2nd International Symposium of Public Health.
2018;1(1):344-354
67. Yusuf Ah, S Sulaihah, HE Nihayati, M Suhron. The Role Of Families Caring For People With Mental Disorders Through Family Resilience At East Java, Indonesia:
Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020.11 (9), 52-59
68. Suhron M, Zainiyah Z., How Were Stress Family and INSR (Insulin Receptor) Expression in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Insulin Resistant in Madurese Tribe?: Indonesia. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. Vol 12(1), pp. 170-175. 2020 69. Marasabessy NB, Suhron M. Stress Family Experience And Profiles Of Tumor
Necrosis Factor Alpha And Interleukin-10 Of Nuaulu Tribe Community With Hunting Activity In Mesoendemic Area Of Malaria. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. SRP. 2020; 11(11): 1886-1891.
70. Zainiyah Z, Suhron M, Psychological Detection Of Stress And Shbg (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin) In Insulin Resistant Of Polycystic Ovarium Syndrome (Pcos) In Women, Indonesia. SRP. 2020; 11(11): 1875-1880.
71. Suhron, M. “Asuhankeperawatanjiwakonsepself esteem/Care of Mental Nursing The concept of self-esteem”. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media; 2017
72. Suhron M., Asuhankeperawatankonsepdiri: Self esteem/ Self-concept nursing care:
Self esteem (Self-esteem nursing care), ”Publisher, Ponorogo: UnmuhPonorogo Press.
2016
73. Burhan Ashshofa, 1998, Legal Research Methods, RinekaCipta, Jakarta.
74. B. AriefSidarta, 3rd edition 2010, Introduction to Logic A First Step Introduction to Medan Telaah, PT, RefikaAditama, Bandung.
75. HAMansyhur Effendi, 1993, Human Rights, Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta.
76. RMSudiknoMertokusumo and A.Pitlo, 1993, Chapters on Legal Inventions, Yogyakarta, PT Citra Aditya Bakti.
77. SatjiptoRahardjo, 2003, Other Facets of Law in Indonesia, Kompas, Jakarta.
78. Salim, 2010, Development of Theory in Law, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta.
79. Salim.HS and ErliesSeptianaNurbani, 2014, Application of Legal Theory in Dissertation and Thesis Research, Depok, PT Raja GrafindoPersada.
80. SulistyowatiIrianto and Shidarta, 2017, Constellation and Reflection Law Research Methods, Jakarta, Pustaka Obor Indonesia Foundation.
81. Tb. Ronny Rahman Nitibaskara, 2006, Law Enforcement Use the Law, Kompas, Jakarta.
82. TPM. The Technical Function of Intelligence, 2005, Basic Theory of Intelligence, SecapaPolri, Sukabumi.
83. TPM. Reskrim Technical Function, 2005, Criminal Investigation Process, Sukabumi, SecapaPolri.
84. Vredenberg, 1980, Community research methods and techniques, PT. Gramedia, Jakarta.
85. Yuliandri, 2009, Principles for the Formation of Good Legislation, Ideas for the Formation of Sustainable Laws, Radja GrafindoPersada, Jakarta.
86. ZaeniAsyhadie and Arief Rahman, 2013, Introduction to Legal Studies, PT Raja GrafindoPersada, Jakarta.
