Management of Malocclusion in Children Using Myobrace Appliance: A Systematic Review
Harun Achmad1, Nurul Auliya2
1Lecture of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
2Clinical Dental Student of Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia Corresponding author: [email protected]
Background: Bad habits are something that is common in children aged less than six years and can stop on their own (spontaneously). If these bad habits continue after the age of six years, it can cause malocclusion in children. In the world of pediatric dentistry, one of the treatments for malocclusion is Oral Myofunctional Therapy (OMT). One of the myofunctional tools that can be used to correct malocclusion as well as bad habits in children is the Myobrace Appliance. Myobrace is an intraoral device system used in interceptive orthodontics, designed for the treatment of malocclusion in pediatric patients. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review is to find and explore the management of malocclusion in children using the Myobrace Appliance. Methods: The data was collected by searching the literature on an article search site, namely Google Scholar, published from 2016 to 2020. The data search was carried out systematically using the keywords Malocclusion in Children and Myobrace Appliance. After eliminating duplicated articles, the titles and abstracts of each article were analyzed on 108 articles which resulted in the exclusion of 42 articles. The full- text articles in the remaining 9 articles were re-analyzed and excluded 3 articles and produced 6 articles which were then entered into the analysis. Result: There are 6 articles that discuss the management of malocclusion in children using the myobrace appliance.
Conclusion:Myobrace appliance can be used as an alternative treatment for malocclusion in children, especially to correct class II malocclusion and class III malocclusion (mandibular prognathy and maxillary retrognathy). In addition, this tool is also capable of correcting overbite, overjet, crowding of upper and lower anterior teeth, sagittal molar relationships, lip seals, facial asymmetry.
Keywords: Malocclusion, Myobrace, Oral Myofunctional Therapy Introduction
A habit is a pattern of behavior that is repeated and is generally a normal stage of development. Repetitive behavior is common in childhood and most of these behaviors start and can stop spontaneously. The mouth is a general and permanent location for emotional expression and is a source for releasing desire and anxiety in both children and adults, stimulation can be through the tongue, fingers or nails which can be a palliative action (a state that can provide calm). Habits that occur in the oral cavity (Oral Habits) can be classified into two, namely physiological and non-physiological Oral Habits. Physiological oral habits are normal human habits such as nasal breathing, chewing, talking, and swallowing. Non-physiological oral habits are abnormal human habits that cause pressure and tendencies that persist and are repeated continuously so that they affect craniofacial growth and are usually called Bad Habits.1,2,3,4
Bad habits are something that is normal in children aged less than six years and can stop on their own (spontaneously). If these bad habits continue after the age of six years, it can cause malocclusion in children. Malocclusion is defined as an abnormal dentofacial condition which refers to an abnormal occlusion or impaired craniofacial relationship that can affect appearance (aesthetics), function, facial balance, and psychosocial states. Malocclusion is one of the most common dental problems with a prevalence ranging from 20% -80% in different studies and is a common study. Examples of bad habits that can lead to malocclusion include thumb sucking, pacifier sucking, tongue placing pressure on teeth, nail biting, mouth breathing, bruxism and lip biting (lip sucking). A habit that lasts a total of at least 6 hours a day, of sufficiently high frequency with sufficient intensity to cause malocclusion. Of these three factors the most influential is the duration or duration of the habit. Bad habits are often distributed as a cause or risk factor for various types of malocclusion, be it in an open bite, with the maxillary incisor sloping facial (protrusive), mandibular to lingual (retrusive) incisors, and the eruption of several incisors becomes obstructed causing increased overjet and reduction of overbite.1,5,6,7
In the world of pediatric dentistry, one of the treatments for malocclusion is Oral Myofunctional Therapy (OMT). OMT is defined as the treatment of dysfunction of the facial and mouth muscles, with the aim of correcting orofacial functions, such as chewing and swallowing, and improving nasal breathing.8,9 The goal of myofunctional therapy is to strengthen the muscles necessary for normal breathing, chewing, and breathing. and swallowing with a focus on increasing the tone and mobility of the oral and cervical structures.10,11,12One ofmyofunctional tool that can be used to correct malocclusion as well as bad habits in children is the Myobrace Appliance. Myobrace is an intraoral appliance system used in interceptive orthodontics, designed for the treatment of malocclusion in mixed dentition patients (ages 8-12 years). Myobrace can also be used in adult patients but only for non-extractive cases and for mild or moderate malocclusion. This tool works to improve the balance of facial muscles and chewing, and restore tongue posture. Myobrace has the following objectives: 1) to get a myofunctional effect, 2) to restore the position of the
mandible, 3) to stimulate the muscles of the face, masseter and tongue, 4) to move the mandible forward, 5) and to stimulate horizontal growth.13,14
Methods and Materials Data source
The data was collected by searching the literature on an article search site, namely Google Scholar, which was published from 2016 to 2020, the search was carried out until December 2020. The data search was carried out systematically using the keywords Malocclusion in Children, and Myobrace Appliance.
Research Criteria
A. Inclusion Criteria
1. Articles Published between 2016-2020 2. Articles in English
3. Scientific articles that are published and available online 4. Articles which research about children using Myobrace Appliance
B. Exclusion Criteria
1. Articles that cannot be freely accessed
2. Articles which does not talk about maloclusion treatment in children Data collection
The data that will be used in this research are secondary data. The data is obtained from articles that are searched for in the article database which will then be reviewed according to the research criteria set by the researcher.
Research procedure
1. Literature search was conducted on the Google Scholar online database. In addition, a search for the list of references to articles that fall into the inclusion criteria was also carried out to find out whether there were other related studies that were relevant to this research.
2. Keywords were determined in literature searches, namely Malocclusion in Children, and Myobrace Appliance
3. Eliminate duplicated literature
4. Articles are filtered on the basis of title, abstract, and keywords
5. Read complete or partial articles that have not been eliminated to determine whether the articles meet the eligibility criteria.
6. Data collection was done manually by creating a research matrix containing: author's name, year, title, and conclusion.
7. Processing the data that has been obtained
8. Literature search was carried out on an online database, namely Google Scholar using keywords, namely Malocclusion in Children, Myobrace Appliance
9.
Elimination of duplicated literature found 108 articles.10.
Result
After eliminating duplicated articles, the titles and abstracts of each article were analyzed on 108 articles which resulted in the exclusion of 42 articles. The full-text articles in the remaining 9 articles were re-analyzed and excluded 3 articles and produced 6 articles which were then entered into the analysis.
I d e n ti fi c at
i o n
Journal Search on Google Scholar using
keywords ‘Malocclusion in
childrendanMyobrace Appliance’N= 108
F il te ri n g
Journal Search on Google Scholar using keywords ‘Malocclusion in childrendanMyobrace
Appliance’between 2016-2020 and then judging the title and abstract in correspondence with the topic N= 51
Excluded article : N = 42
- Articles not in line with topic (N=36)
- Articles cannot be freely accessed (N=6)
S u it a b li lt y
Complete journal article text with eligibility value n = 9
Excluded Article : N = 3
-Article which does not talk about Malocclusion treatment on children using Myobrace Appliance = 2
-Duplicated Articles n= 1
I n cl u si o n n
Journal articles that match the criteria n = 6
Figure 1. Flowchart Systematic Review
Table 1. The characteristics of each article entered into a systematic review
No Authors Years Titles Conclusion
1
Kee-Sang Hong, Youn- Soo Shim, So- Young Park, Ah-Hyeon Kim, So-Youn An15
2016 Oropharyngeal Airway Dimensional Changes after Treatment with Trainer for Kids (T4K) in Class II Retrognathic Children
In the case of Class II malocclusion where the maxillary anterior teeth were protrusive and the mandible was retrognatized, using Myobrace the position of the mandible could be moved forward using the anterior teeth as support. Thereby obtaining the corrective effect of the excess axial to labial angle of the maxillary anterior teeth to the palatal region, therefore expansion of the airway can be achieved.
2
Isha Aggarwal, Manu
Wadhawan, Vishesh Dhir16
2016
Myobraces: Say No to Traditional Braces:
Review Article
The Myobrace System ™ caters to increasing public pressure on non-invasive, preventive and more stable care by addressing the causes that impede children's facial development. Myobrace is a three-stage equipment system specially designed to correct poor oral habits while addressing maxillary and mandibular development problems in children.
3 Kizi G, Ventura I, Barata R,
2017 Early treatment of a class III malocclusion with the
In this case, Myobrace
demonstrated its
Riba D,
CastañoSeiquer A17
myobracesystem clinical case
effectiveness when used at an early stage, showed good yield and stability, and was able to correct anterior crossbite.
4
Rohan Wijey18 2017 Treatment for Class III Malocclusion: Surely we can do better? – Case report
In this case, it shows that the use of myobrace interceptive class III appliance series shows a significant change in class III malocclusion cases.
This type of myobrace is able to retrain the posture and function of the tongue, stop the forward progression of the mandible, and increase the sagittal displacement of the maxilla.
5
Hisham Mohammed, EminaČirgić,
Mumen Z.
Rizk, and Vaska
Vandevska- Radunovic19
2019
Effectiveness of
prefabricated myofunctional appliances in the treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion: a systematic review
In this study shows that Prefabricated myofunctional appliances (Myobraces, trainers for kids) are generally effective in treating Class II division 1 malocclusion.
6
M Wishney, MA
Darendeliler, O Dalci20
2019 Myofunctional therapy and prefabricated functionalappliances: an overview of the history and evidence
Prefabricated functional appliances (Myobraces appliance) are able to repair Class II Division 1
malocclusion in a relatively cost-effective manner
Discussion
The results of this systematic review show that Myobrace appliance can be used as an alternative treatment for malocclusion in children, especially to correct class II malocclusion and class III malocclusion (mandibular prognathy and maxillary retrognathy). In addition, this tool is also capable of correcting overbite, overjet, crowding of upper and lower anterior teeth, sagittal molar relationships, lip seals, facial assymmetry.20,21,22,23
Myobrace appliance is a prefabricated functional appliance with myofunctional training characteristics, which is used. to correct malocclusion in children who are in the development stage.24
Malocclusion is a form of maxillary and mandibular connection which deviates from the standard form which is accepted as the normal form, malocclusion can be caused by the absence of dentofacial balance. Malocclusion is a fairly large dental and oral health problem in Indonesia and its prevalence is still very high, around 80% of the population and is in the third place after dental caries and periodontal disease.25,26,27 One of the causes of malocclusion is bad habits). Bad habits that are done repeatedly and continuously during the development of the jaw will result in malocclusion. Bad habits such as finger / nipple sucking, nail biting, lip biting, mouth breath, and tongue sticking have an impact on the prevalence of malocclusion, especially in children.28,29,30Examples of bad habits such as finger sucking are likely to interfere with the position of the teeth, disturbing Bone growth patterns that can alter craniofacial growth are known to cause malocclusions, this habit can result in malocclusion in the open anterior bite. There is a significant relationship between the development and prevalence of malocclusion and the prevalence of bad habits.31,32,33,34
The results of the study on children aged 7-15 years who have bad oral habits show that around 80% of children suffer from malocclusion, such as class II and class III malocclusion.
According to Singh, children who have bad mouth habits, especially finger sucking, tend to experience class II malocclusion. This proves a correlation that bad oral habits lead to malocclusion. Previous studies involving children aged 8 to 10 years revealed that children with malocclusion were more likely to have a negative impact on their quality of life than individuals who were malocclusion free. Some types of malocclusion also have a higher impact on quality of life.35,36,37
Myobrace appliance was introduced by the same company in 2004. It also contains various tools for different age groups and is available in various sizes. The Myobrace appliance is available for four stages of treatment, including habit correction, arch extension,
tooth alignment and retention. The Myobrace System Kit has a structural element similar to that of a trainer system, consisting of a tough nylon element, called the Inner-Core or Dynamicore. The manufacturer states that dynamicore helps withstand the forces developed on the teeth by the buccinator and orbicularis muscles allowing correction of misaligned teeth by providing better arch shape. The presence of additional channels in the area of the anterior teeth on the Myobrace System device is claimed to increase its ability to align teeth because it can exert direct force on the teeth. They are available in a variety of sizes for primary, mixed and permanent teeth and for different treatment purposes.38,39,40
The goals of treatment using the myobrace appliance are: 1) Restoring nasal breathing from mouth breathing, 2) correcting correct tongue posture, 3) correcting correct swallowing, 4) Correcting alignment of teeth and jaw to the correct position, 5 ) there is no retention or retention, 6) minimal or no use of braces, 7) achieve optimal health, 8) unhindered craniofacial development.41,42,43Use of Myobrace at least two hours every day and a maximum of overnight, this aims to provide adequate expansion and arch strength of the jaws to align the anterior teeth.44,45,46
The parts of the myobrace appliance consist of:47
a. Guides For Teeth: as a guide to aligning the teeth in the correct position.
b. Labial and buccal shields: To prevent interposition of lips and cheeks, as well as to provide some strength to misaligned anterior teeth.
c. Tongue tag: Positioned on the retro-incisive papilla, acts as a proprioceptive stimulus to the tip of the tongue, and as a myofunctional trainer to improve tongue posture d. Tongue Guard: To prevent tongue jostling and interposition, forcing the tongue in its original position, stimulating nasal breathing and preventing bad habits.
e. Lip Bumper: Prevents mentalist muscle hyperactivity.
Figure 2. Components ofMyobrace Appliance47,48
Things that need to be considered when using myobrace appliance, namely: 1) The patient must wear the appliance for 1 to 2 hours every day and overnight while sleeping, 2) It is necessary to use routine every day. If it is not used every day, then the treatment will not be successful, 3) At least one myofunctional function exercise must be completed every day, 4) The patient must learn how to swallow correctly and position the tongue in the correct place in the mouth, 5)The patient must guard their mouth closed when not talking or eating.16Based on the age group, myobrace appliance is classified into four, namely:
a. Myobrace for Juniors (Age 3-6 years)
Myobrace for Juniors is a three-stage equipment system specially designed to correct bad oral habits while addressing developmental problems of the upper and lower jaw. Myobrace for Juniors is most effective on primary teeth from three to six years of age. This device is specially designed to correct mouth breathing problems, improve tongue position and swallowing pattern, train jaw muscles, change pacifiers, improve natural curve development, early treatment for open bites and cross bites.49,50 b. Myobrace for Kids (Age 6-10 years)
Myobrace® for Kids is a three-stage equipment system specially designed to correct bad mouth breathing and oral habits, which helps to solve problems with the development of the upper and lower jaw. This allows the permanent teeth to adjust to their original position. Most effective in the early stages until the teeth are mixed, ages 6-10 years. It is specially designed to correct class II division 1 and 2 malocclusion, crowding of upper and lower anterior teeth, deep bite, and open bite.49,50
c. Myobrace for teens (10-15 years)
Myobrace for Teens is a four-stage Myofunctional Orthodontic system designed to replace complex orthodontics with braces and extractions. Its main purpose is to correct oral breathing and poor myofunctional habits that can lead to malocclusion, while the stage 3 (T3) apparatus guides permanent teeth to grow in parallel positions that are in the developmental stage of the tooth. It is specially designed to treat class II malocclusion in the final stages of mixed teeth, class II division 1 and 2, crowding of upper and lower anterior teeth, deep bite, and open bite.49,50
d. Myobrace for adults (> 15 years)
Myobrace for Adults is a three-stage equipment system for permanent teeth.
For adult patients, all growth has occurred and the tooth is in the most stable position.
Improper mouth breathing and swallowing habits have developed over the years and are more difficult to correct. For this reason, outcomes in adults are not as predictable as in children. It is specially designed to treat most malocclusions in adult patients, crowding of upper and lower anterior teeth in mild to moderate cases, treatment of relapsed anterior teeth after fixed orthodontics, moderate cases of Class II division 1 and 2 malocclusion.49,50,51,52,53,54,55
Figure 3. (a) overview before treatment using myobrace appliance, (b) overview after treatment using myobrace appliance
Figure 4. (a,b,c)overview before treatment using myobrace appliance, (d,e,f) overview after treatment using myobrace appliance
Figure 5.(a) Overview before treatment using myobrace appliance, (b) Overview after treatment using myobrace appliance
Figure 6.(a) Overview before treatment using myobrace appliance, (b) Overview after treatment using myobrace appliance
Figure 7.(a) Overview before treatment using myobrace appliance, (b) Overview after treatment using myobrace appliance
Figure 8.(a) Overview before treatment using myobrace appliance,(b) Overview after treatment using myobrace appliance
Figure 9.(a) Overview before treatment using myobrace appliance, (b) Overview after treatment using myobrace appliance
Conclusion
Myobrace appliance can be used as an alternative treatment for malocclusion in children, especially to correct class II malocclusion and class III malocclusion (mandibular prognathy and maxillary retrognathy). In addition, this tool is also capable of correcting overbite, overjet, crowding of upper and lower anterior teeth, sagittal molar relationships, lip seals, facial asymmetry.
References
1. Kolawole KA, Folayan MO, Agbaje HO, OyedeleTA, et al. Oral habits and malocclusion in children resident in Ile-Ife Nigeria. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 2018: 1-2
2. Paolantonio EG, Ludovici N, Saccomanno S, Latorre G. Association between oral habits, mouth breathing and malocclusion in Italian preschoolers.European Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 2019;20(3):204
3. Grippaudo C, Paolantonio EG, Antonini G, Saulle R, Latorre G. Association between oral habits, mouth breathing and malocclusion. Oral Phatology2016;36:386.
4. Shah AF, Batra M, Sudeep CB, Gupta M. Oral habits andtheir implications-revie article. Annals Medicus 2014;4(1):180
5. Zou J, Meng M, Law CS, Rao Y, Zhou X. Common dental diseases in children and malocclusion-review article. International Journal of Oral Science 2018;10(7):1 6. Aloufi SA, Jan HE, Abuhamda IS, Assiri AT, et al. Meta-Analysis of Prevalence of
Bad Oral Habits and Relationship with Prevalence of Malocclusion. EC Dental Science 2017:112-3
7. Priede D, Roze B, Parshutin S, Arklina D, Pircher J, et al. Association between malocclusion and orofacial myofunctional disorders of pre‐school children in Latvia.
Orthodontic and craniofacial research 2020.
8. Kayamori F. Effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy on the symptoms and physiological parameters of sleep breathing disorders in adults: a systematic review.
Rev. CEFAC 2017;19(6): 870
9. Moller JL, Paskay LC, Gelb ML. MyofunctionalTherapyA Novel Treatment of PediatricSleep-Disordered Breathing. Slip Med Clin 2014:235
10. Dibiase AT, Cobourne MT, Lee RT. The use of functional appliances in contemporary orthodontic practice. Br Dent J. 2015;218(3):123-5.
11. Liem E. Sleep Disorders in Pediatric Dentistry.; 2019.doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13269- 9
12. Homem MA, AndrageV,Falci SGM, Ramos JML, Marques LS. Effectiveness of orofacial myofunctional therapy in orthodontic patients: A systematic review. Dental press j orthod 2014;19(4):95
13. Yanez GR, Farrell C. Guiding Craniofacial growth and development with the myobrace system. 1st Ed. Australian dental practice 2020. P.40
14. Anastasi G, Dinnella A. Myobrace System: A no-braces approach tomalocclusion and a myofunctional therapy device- review article. Web med central 2014: 2
15. Hong KS, Shim YS, Park SY, Kim AH, An SY. Oropharyngeal Airway Dimensional Changes after Treatment with Trainer for Kids (T4K) in Class II Retrognathic Children. Iran J Public Health 2016;45(10):1373
16. Aggarwal I, Wadhawan M, Dhir V. Myobraces: Say No to Traditional Braces:
Review Article. . Int J Oral Care Res 2016;4(1):82-85
17. Kizi G, Ventura I, Barata R, Riba D, CastañoSeiquer A. Early treatment of a class III malocclusion with the myobracesystem clinical case. Translational Research and Innovation in Human in health Sciences 2017:1-2
18. Wijey R. Treatment for Class III Malocclusion: Surely we can do better? – Case report. Australian Dental Practice 2017:83-4
19. Mohammed H, Cirgic E, Rizk M, and VaskaVR. Effectiveness of prefabricated myofunctional appliances in the treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion: a systematic review. European Journal Orthodontic 2019:1-8
20. Wishney M, Darendeliler MA, Dalci O. Myofunctional therapy and prefabricated functionalappliances: an overview of the history and evidence. Australian Dental Journal 2019;64:135, 137
21. Yanez GO, Flutter J. Facial Symmetry Improves After Treating Malocclusions with the Myobrace™ System. Ec Dental Science 2016:712
22. Satygo EA., et al. Electromyographic muscular activity improvement in Class II patients treated with the pre-orthodontic trainer.Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 2014:381
23. Dinkova M. Management of Deep Bite in Adults–A Combination of Myofunctional Appliances and Fixed Technique. IJSR 2015;6(5):258
24. Chrysopoulos KN. Interception of malocclusion in the mixed dentition with prefabricated appliances and orofacial myofunctional therapy.J Dent Health Oral DisordTher. 2017;7(5):343
25. Slaghour MA, Bakhsh AK, Hadi IH, Jably RM, et al. Dental Occlusion and Malocclusion: Prevalence, Types and Treatment. EC Dental Science 2019:1777 26. Ranggang BM, Armedina R. Comparison of parents knowledge of bad habits and the
severity maloclusion of children in schools with different social levels.JDMFS 2020;5(1):48
27. Hedge C, Das D, Mitta P, Sharmada. The Myobrace Appliance Therapy: Modus Operandi And Beyond: A Case Report. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 2016;15(3):42-3
28. Dhul K, Verma T, Dutta B. Prevalence of Deleterious Oral Habits among 3- to 5- year-old Preschool Children in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. IJCPD 2014:210
29. Kamdar RJ, Alshahrani I. Damaging Oral Habits. J Int oral health 2015;7(4):85-6 30. Tanaka O, oliveira W, Galarza M, Aoki V, Bertaiolli B. Breaking the Thumb
Sucking Habit: When ComplianceIs Essential. Hindawi 2016:1-2
31. Shouq AA. Meta-analysis of prevalence of bad habits and relationship with prevalence of malocclusion. EC Dent Sci 2017;11: 4.
32. Channel N, Rana M, Dharwan A, etal. Assessment of frequency of occurrence of malocclusion among known paediatric population: a clinical study. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res 2018;6: 37-39.
33. Ibraheemjaafa M. Kadoum N. Bad Oral Habits and Associated Malocclusion among 8-9 Years Old Children. IJSR 2017;6(6):84
34. Zakirulla M, Alshehri AD, Hudaybi AH, Fageeh SN, Alghothimi AA. Ali MG, et al.
Oral habits: prevalence and effects on occlusion among 7 to 13 years old school children in Aseer, Saudi ArabiaPesqui Bras OdontopediatriaClínIntegr.
2020; 2
35. Nabila CR. Relationship of parents’ knowledge with the condition of malocclusion in children who have oral bad habits. J Syiah Kuala Dent Soc 2017;2: 12-4
36. Sharaf RM, Jaha HS. Etiology and treatment of malocclusion:Overview. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 2017;8(12):102
37. Dutra SR, Pretti H, Martins MT, etal. Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of children aged 8 to 10 years. Dental Press J Orthod 2018;23: 46
38. Nagda SC, Dixit UB. Current Evidence on the Effect of Pre-orthodontic Trainer in the Early Treatment of Malocclusion.IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 2019;18(4):23-6
39. Farrell C. Achieving lifelong results with myofunctional treatment –Benefitting patient and dentist. Australasian Dent Prac 2016:72
40. Gokce B, Kaya B. Current Approaches in Myofunctional Orthodontics. J MusculoskeletDisord Treat 2016;2(3):2-3.
41. Farrel C. The Myobrace® System: Biologically focused treatment innovation-special reports. Australian dental practice 2016:75
42. Čirgić E, Kjellberg H, Hansen K, Lepp M. Adolescents’ experiences of using removable functional appliances. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 2015; 18:
166
43. Cirgic E, Kjellberg H, Petzold M, Hansen K. A cost-minimization analysis of large overjet reduction with two removable functional appliances based on a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Orthodontics 2018;40:439
44. Cirgic E, Kjellberg H, Hansen K. Treatment of large overjet inAngle Class II: division 1 malocclusion with Andresen activators versus prefabricated functional appliances—
a multicenter,randomized, controlled trial. Eur J Orthod 2015;38:2.
45. Dinkova M. Vertical control of overbite in mixeddentition by trainer system.
Journal of IMAB 2014;20(5):648
46. Oscar QA, JelsykaQC, Oscar QC.The Secrets of the Trainer and Myobrace Appliances and the Biofunctional System. Amolca. 2016. Pp.35-6
47. Das UM, Reddy D. Treatment effects produced by preortho-dontic trainer appliance in patients with class II division I malocclusion. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 2010:32
48. Myobrace™ Procedures Manual. Myofunctionalresearch.co 2017. Available from:https://magnum.hambaarst.ee/share/file/MBS_Manual.pdf
49. ‘Myobrace’Myofunctional Orthodontic Appliance. www.Myosearch.com. 2017.
Availablefrom:http://www.oneorthodontics.com/catalogos2018/myobrace/MYO_PR O_ENG_WEB.pdf
50. The Myobrace for Teens™. http://myoresearch.com/appliances/appli-ances/t1 51. Achmad H, Djais AJ, Petrenko EG, Larisa V, Putra AP. 3-d printing as a tool for applying
biotechnologies in modern medicine. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2020. 12(4), pp. 3454-3463.
52. Achmad H, Djais AI, Jannah M, Huldani, Putra AP. Antibacterial chitosan of milkfish scales
(Chanoschanos) on bacteria porphyromonasgingivalis and
agregatibacteractinomycetescommitans. Systematic Reviewa In Pharmacy, 2020. 11(6), pp.
836-841.
53. Achmad H, Djais AI, Syahrir S, Fitri A, Ramadhany YF. A literature us regarding the use of herbal medicines in pediatric dentistry. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.
2020. 12,PP. 881-897.
54. Achmad H, Djais AI, Syahrir S, Fitria A, Ramadhany YF. Impact Covid-19 in pediatric dentistry:
A literature review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2020. 12,p.830-840.
55. Djais AI, Achmad H, Dewiayu D, Sukmana BI, Huldani. Effect of Combination of Demineralization Freeze Dentin Matrix (DFDDM/0 and Moringaoleifera lam osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa Bligand (RANKL) as a marker of bone remodeling. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020. 11(6), pp.771-779.
