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A Review Of Energy Efficiency In Wireless Communication Network

Chenna Kesava Reddy G1, Dr. A A Ansari2, Dr.S.China Venkateswarlu3

1Research Scholar, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology &

Medical Sciences, Sehore, Bhopal-Indore Road, MadhyaPradesh, India

2Research Guide, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology &

Medical Sciences, Sehore, Bhopal-Indore Road, MadhyaPradesh, India

3Research Co- Guide, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Satya Sai University of Technology &

Medical Sciences, Sehore, Bhopal-Indore Road, MadhyaPradesh, India

1.ABSTRACT

Smart and green climate addresses the following transformative advancement steps in a disaster management, mechanical computerization, home modernization, natural and wellbeing observing. Continuous prerequisites relying upon the application, it could be important for sensor hubs inside the sensor organization to react rapidly to identified occasions. Energy efficient (EE) correspondence has acquired huge premium lately because of truly expanding number of remote devices working in contracting cells, while requesting high information rates with superior grade of Services and Quality of Expectation. These sensor networks present various sorts of mistakes, which are because of the eccentric idea of the remote channel delays. The start to finish delay is perhaps the most basic and major issues for remote sensor organizations. Energy efficiency in cell networks is a developing worry for cell administrators to look after profitability, yet in addition to lessen the general climate impacts. Conventional plan of portable remote organizations essentially centers around universal access and huge limit. Nonetheless, as energy saving and natural assurance become a worldwide interest and unavoidable pattern, remote scientists and architects need to move their concentration to energy-efficiency arranged plan, that is, green radio.

Keywords:Energy efficiency, Quality of Services, Quality of Expectation, cellular operators

2. INTRODUCTION

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) generally considered as perhaps the main innovations for the 21st century. Empowered by ongoing advances in microelectronic mechanical frameworks and wireless correspondence advances, little size, moderate expense and wireless sensors conveyed actual climate to checking the progressions of occasion and wireless networks through wireless connections without actual associations and the web give phenomenal freedoms to an assortment of utilizations. Wireless Sensor Networks essentially contains an enormous number of moderate force and multifunctional sensor hubs that are conveyed in an occasion of revenue utilizing actual climate like earthbound and submerged level. Sensor hubs little in size, microchips and radio handsets and in this way have not just detecting capacity and furthermore information preparing, conveying abilities. It has conveyed over a foreordained distance through the wireless channel. For instance, cellular systems and mobile adhoc network (MANET), Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) have extraordinary attributes, high thickness level of sensor hub sending, inconsistency of wireless sensor hubs, energy calculation, and quality of administration, low equipment profiles and erratic ecological conditions. In the previous decade, WSNs have gotten gigantic consideration from both scholarly community and industry everywhere on the world. A great deal of examination exercises did to investigate and furthermore tackled different execution attributes like force utilization, parcel conveyance time and critical advances made in the turn of events and organization of WSNs. It has imagined that in the WSNs broadly utilized in different regular citizen and military fields and changes the method of living, work, and interfaces with the actual world.

2.1 Green Evolution

The next generation wireless networks are relied upon to give high speed web access anyplace and whenever. The prominence of iPhone and different kinds of cell phones certainly quickens the interaction and encourages new traffic interest, like versatile video and gaming. The dramatically developing information traffic and the prerequisite of pervasive access have set off sensational extension of organization frameworks and quick acceleration of energy interest. Consequently, it turns into a dire requirement for portable administrators to keep up maintainable limit development

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17604 and, simultaneously, limit the power bill. The acceleration of energy utilization in wireless networks straightforwardly brings about the increment of ozone depleting substance discharge, which has been perceived as a significant danger for ecological insurance and supportable turn of events.

European Union has gone about as a main lead in energy saving over the world and focused to have a 20% ozone depleting substance decrease. China government has likewise vowed to diminish the energy per unit GDP by 20% and the significant contamination by 10% continuously of 2020. The pressing factor from social duties fills in as another solid main impetus for wireless administrators to significantly diminish energy utilization and carbon impression. Overall moves have been made.

For example, Vodafone Group has declared to decrease its CO2 emanations by half against its 2006/7 gauge of 1.23 million tons, continuously of 2020.

To address the difficulties raised by the popularity of wireless traffic and energy utilization, green advancement has become an earnest requirement for wireless networks today. As it been called attention to, the radio access a piece of the phone network is a significant energy executioner, which represents up to over 70% of the complete energy bill for various portable administrators. In this way, expanding the energy efficiency of radio networks overall can be a compelling methodology.

Vodafone, for instance, has predicted energy efficiency improvement as quite possibly the main regions that request advancement for wireless guidelines past LTE. Green Radio (GR), an exploration heading for the development of future wireless designs and strategies towards high energy efficiency, has become a significant pattern in both scholastic and modern universes. Prior to GR, there have been endeavors committed to energy saving in wireless networks, like planning super-efficient force speaker, lessening feeder misfortunes, and presenting aloof cooling.

Nonetheless, these endeavors are segregated and subsequently can't create a worldwide vision of what we can accomplish in five or ten years for energy saving. GR, then again, focuses at inventive arrangements dependent on top-down engineering and joint plan across all framework levels and convention stacks, which can't be accomplished through detached endeavors.

2.2 Wireless Networks

Consider a heterogeneous wireless climate as demonstrated in Figure 2.1. The organization is made out of various sorts of cells changes with inclusion territories, power, range utilization, upheld services and so forth For cell advancements, as GSM, LTE, WiMax, Wireless in neighborhood circle, the cell measurement is moving from macro-cell to microcell to pico-cell and to femto-cell, to oblige bigger number of supporters with improved exhibitions with diminishing versatility. These innovations are ordinarily offering types of assistance under authorized range and by and large constrained by specialist co-op. Not just that, the hand-off station is additionally positioned between the BS and supporters to improve quality of service exhibitions. Aside from these authorized range situation, there are other wireless advancements, which depend on unlicensed range, similar to WLAN, UWB, Bluetooth, RFID, and so on, utilized by endorsers inside a little inclusion territory with static or restricted portability. A commonplace HetNet situation comprises of a few cell advances (for example GSM, LTE, WiMax, WLL and so forth) working in authorized range and other short-range wireless frameworks inside unlicensed range.

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Figure 2.1. Heterogeneous wireless network (Hetnet)

These innovations are worked on many cover areas. UEs in HetNet can interface with any accessible adjoining AP/BS dependent on its Quality of Services necessity and can likewise work with various Radio Access Technologies at a given purpose of time. In this manner the determination of Energy efficient working point is a non-unimportant errand in such an organization situation. Notwithstanding this utilization of optional BS for intellectual radio application expands the intricacy to choose the Energy efficient working point.

2.3 Energy Efficiency Metrics

Energy efficiency measurements give data that can be utilized to evaluate and think about the energy utilization of different parts of a cell organization and of the organization in general. These measurements additionally assist us with defining long haul research objectives for lessening energy utilization. With the increment in research exercises relating to green correspondence and because of the inborn contrasts and significance of different correspondence frameworks and execution measures, it is hard for one single measurement to do the trick. Henceforth, a few normalization bodies and gatherings have considered energy efficiency in their organization usage procedures. In any case, energy efficiency measurements have been arranged in three primary classifications. That is, (i) facility-level, (ii) gear level, and (iii) network-level measurements. Then again, featured another kind of metric, called the entrance hub level. The office level measurement alludes to significant level frameworks, (for example, server farms). The Green Grid relationship of IT professionals proposed the measurements of power usage efficiency(PUE) and server farm efficiency to assess energy efficiency in server farms. Notwithstanding being a decent measurement for rapidly evaluating the exhibition of server farms at a large scale level, power use efficiency, which is characterized as the proportion of absolute office power utilization to add up to gear power utilization, neglects to represent the energy efficiency of individual bits of hardware. Hence, to evaluate efficiency at the gear level, a proportion of the proportion of the energy utilization to the presentation of a correspondence framework would be more proper. Office level measurements evaluate introductory force utilization yet don't mirror the energy efficiency of individual bits of hardware. Subsequently, hardware level measurement, for example, power enhancer efficiency metric, which evaluate the presentation of individual bits of gear, are required. The ATIS has presented the telecommunications energy efficiency ratio (TEER), which is the proportion of

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17606 valuable work to control utilization and is estimated in units of Gbps/Watt. Another gear level measurement, the media communications hardware energy efficiency rating.

2.4 Trade-offs between delay and efficiency

Like the area standard, WSNs have depend too huge degree on misusing different characteristic compromises between commonly opposing objectives, both during framework/convention plan at runtime. Energy utilization licenses higher outcomes exactness or a more extended lifetime of the whole sensor organization. Subsequently, the compromise between energy efficiency of individual sensor hub and postponing of information conveyance. Another significant compromise is hub thickness, contingent upon an application, arrangement, and hub disappointments at runtime. The thickness of the organization have evolving significantly, the conventions need to actualizing various areas and in this manner potentially present at different territory of an individual organization. Turning into the compromise in wireless sensor networks, energy utilization and ideal conveyance way and henceforth tackling these instruments with the end goal that they are not difficult to utilize, yet adequately broad, for an application program is the significant test.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

GürkanGür et al (2020):This paper clarifies about the Green Wireless Communications through Cognitive Dimension. Intellectual capacities in wireless organization hubs are gainful for utilizing perplexing compromises among energy efficiency, execution and common sense. There are two basic however entrapped parts of intellectual radios in the green interchanges setting: utilizing CRs for energy efficiency and activity of Cognitive radio with energy efficiency. By and by, these two destinations cover since the improvement of energy efficiency with CRs require efficient CRs, though efficient wireless interchanges require psychological capacities at various organization segments and conventions. In any case, there are characteristic difficulties like equipment intricacy, algorithmic issues, and configuration compromises. In this article we introduce and examine these issues to feature the instance of Cognitive radio for green wireless correspondence frameworks.

Furthermore, some crucial compromises that rise up out of these difficulties and their effect on greening interchanges by means of psychological capacities are illustrated. Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising worldview proposed to adapt to the range shortage issue that has arisen because of expanded requirement for whenever anyplace availability. Momentarily, Cognitive radio (likewise called shrewd radio) is characterized as a wireless radio gadget that can adjust to its working climate by means of detecting to encourage efficient interchanges. A CR, with its implicit insight and intellectual capacities, can detect the radio range, find range openings, and artfully access them as long as the authorized clients (additionally called essential clients, ECs) don't utilize the band.

Besides, it can encourage multimode radio interfaces that can work in different norms with its variation property. Notwithstanding, there are numerous difficulties in understanding the Cognitive radio idea. Momentarily, distinguishing range openings dependably and emptying the range groups promptly as an essential clients shows up in the Cognitive radio band are troublesome issues that are yet to be tackled perfectly. Intellectual radio open up new control measurements for green wireless interchanges with their spryness and transformation properties.

X. Zhang et al (2020):This paper clarifies about the central trade-offs among QoE and energy efficiency in wireless networks. During ongoing years, for the steadily developing number of clients with the outstanding development of high-information rate traffic interest, quality of experience (QoE) has arisen as a significant issue, giving significant measures and appraisal measurements for clients, specialist co-ops and administrators. Then, fast advancement of data and correspondences innovation essentially adds to the expanding pattern of energy utilization and a worldwide temperature alteration. Therefore, green correspondences that principally examines energy efficiency (EE) has become an unavoidable technique to diminish energy utilization, which draws in

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the consideration of both the scholarly community and ventures. Notwithstanding, right now, not very many exploration works have been completed to address the connection among quality of experience and EE, which is a significant issue for planning a framework with quality of involvement and EE compromises. In this paper, we show that there exist central compromises among EE and quality of experience for clients with various deals, that is, voice, best exertion and quality-of-administration traffic, considering different force utilizations including transmission power, circuit force, impedance and organization transfer speed all together. Another measurement of quality of experience per watt is presented, and the key EE quality of involvement relationship is tended to for various extents of client bunches in an impedance restricted cell organization.

In synopsis, the significant commitments of this paper is summed up as follows: They exhibit that transmission power, circuit force, data transfer capacity and obstruction factor˛ are crucial to make the framework model all the more near the viable organization. EE and QoE ought to be characterized from a general framework's perspective. Crucial energy efficient –quality of experience trade-off is outlined that EE is carefully a curved capacity of quality of experience for every one of the three sorts of clients. Another measurement of quality of experience per watt is presented. Mathematical recreation results exhibit that the quality of experience energy efficient trade-off exists under various extents of client bunches in the blended rush hour gridlock situation.

HosseinShokri et al (2020): The author explains about the limited range assets and the emotional development of high information rate applications have propelled crafty range access misusing the promising idea of psychological networks. Albeit this idea has arisen principally to upgrade range use and to permit the conjunction of heterogeneous organization innovations, the significance of energy utilization forces extra difficulties, since energy utilization and correspondence execution can be in conflict. In this article the methodologies for energy efficient range detecting and range handoff, key structure squares of psychological networks, are explored. The trade-offs between energy utilization and throughput, under neighborhood just as under agreeable detecting, are described. They likewise examine the extra factors that should be explored to accomplish energy efficient intellectual activity under different application prerequisites. The examination of energy efficient intellectual radio innovation as a way to build the otherworldly efficiency of future wireless networks requires the comprehension of the energy cost forced by the functionalities identified with the psychological activity. Contrasted with conventional wireless networks, artful range access in an intellectual organization requires fitting range detecting and range handoff systems, which might be a generous wellspring of energy utilization in an organization with an enormous number of psychological gadgets. As a rule, more precise detecting and handoff control requests higher energy utilization, which can be legitimate in the event that it prompts a huge addition in range usage. In this manner, it presents a trade-off between energy utilization and throughput upgrade.

KEVIN CHANG et al (2019): In this paper, the AUTHOR clarifies about the Performance assessment of Tradeoffs for wireless Network on chip Architecture. Monstrous degrees of combination are making current multicore chips all inescapable in a few areas. Superior, strength, and energy-efficiency are urgent for the inescapable selection of such stages. Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) have arisen as correspondence spines to empower a serious level of incorporation in multicore Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). In spite of their benefits, a significant presentation restriction in customary NoCs emerges from planar metal interconnect-based multihop joins with high idleness and force utilization. This constraint can be tended to by drawing motivation from the development of normal complex networks, which offer incredible execution cost trade-offs. Undifferentiated from with numerous regular complex frameworks, future multicore chips are required to be various leveled and heterogeneous in nature too. In this article we attempt a point by point execution assessment for progressive little world Networks-on-Chip designs where the long-range interchanges joins are set up through the millimeter-wave wireless correspondence channels.

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17608 Through engineering space investigation related to novel force efficient on-chip wireless connection plan, we exhibit that it is conceivable to improve execution of regular Networks-on-Chip structures fundamentally without bringing about high territory overhead. With expanding number of centers, superior, strength, and low force are vital for the far and wide appropriation of such stages.

Accomplishing these objectives can't just be achieved by conventional ideal models and we are compelled to reconsider the premise of planning such frameworks, specifically the in general interconnect engineering. Network on-Chip is acknowledged as the ideal correspondence spine for multicore Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). The attainable exhibition gain of a conventional NoCis restricted by planar metal interconnect-based multihop joins, where the information move between two far separated squares causes high idleness and force utilization. With a further expansion in the quantity of centers on a chip, this issue will be fundamentally disturbed. Then again, characteristic complex networks are known to give amazing trade-offs among inactivity and force with restricted assets.

Matthew N. O. Sadiku et al (2020): This paper clarifies about the green correspondences. As the volume of data conveyed by correspondence networks develops, the force utilization and ecological effect has been become an issue. Green Communications targets lessening the energy utilization and natural effect on a base without bargaining the quality of administration for clients. Over the previous decade, Green Communications has gotten a lot of consideration from government, the scholarly world, and industry. Two main considerations that sway correspondences framework plan and execution are: (1) restricted energy assets, and (2) haphazardly changing channel conditions. As energy saving natural security become worldwide requests, engineers should zero in on energy- efficient plan, that is, green radio. There has been a developing interest in creating energy efficient versatile interchanges frameworks because of natural and monetary contemplations. We need energy-efficient frameworks to ensure our current circumstance, adapt to an unnatural weather change, and encourage reasonable turn of events. The created arrangements in such manner are known as Green Communications, to mirror the significance of their ecological measurements. The point of Green Communications is to make creative methods of lessening the absolute force expected to work the future portable correspondences systems.

PimmyGandotra et al (2019): This paper clarifies about the Green Communication in Next Generation Cellular Networks. To fulfill the extraordinary client needs, the 5G networks are advancing, and will be accessible by 2020. The unfurling cell innovation has brought the energy utilization up in portable networks with the carbon impression flooding to disturbing rates. This is causing an unfriendly impact on the climate and human wellbeing. Tending to these perspectives, this paper presents a review on procedures for making the cutting edge cell networks GREEN.

Various innovations structure a piece of the 5G networks, to help the uncommon client requests, and are getting considerable consideration from the viewpoint of green correspondence. These incorporate device to device (D2D) correspondence, range sharing, ultra dense networks (UDNs), huge MIMO and the Internet of Things (IoT). Likewise, an excellent worry in the current situation is the battery life of the versatile terminals. For upgrading the battery life of the client terminals, a proposition is given in this paper, with range sharing as its premise, to beat the energy crunch.

Significant exploration challenges have been talked about, and the progressing ventures and normalization exercises additionally expressed in the paper. Aside from the CO2 emanations into the climate and cost factor, different purposes behind heading towards green correspondence incorporate rising wellbeing concerns and the battery life of gadgets. Human wellbeing and the climate has been unfavorably influenced because of the expanded radiations. The radiations are consumed by human body, explicitly human head, which are demonstrated by the specific aspect ratio (SAR). A higher SAR is more hurtful to human wellbeing. The particular viewpoint proportion from various producers changes. The estimations of explicit viewpoint proportion are directed by different natural specialists around the globe.

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AnjaFeldmann et al (2020):It is envogue to consider how to consolidate different home gadgets, for example, set-top boxes into content conveyance designs utilizing the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) worldview. The expectation is to upgrade the efficiency of substance conveyance, e.g., as far as unwavering quality, accessibility, throughput, or to lessen the expense of the substance conveyance stage or to improve the end client experience. While it is not difficult to call attention to the advantage of such proposition they generally don't consider the ramifications with respect to the energy costs. In this paper we investigate the energy trade-offs of such P2P structures, server farm designs, and content distribution networks (CDNs) by expanding upon an energy utilization model of the vehicle organization and datacenters created with regards to Internet TV (IPTV). Our outcomes show that a CDN inside an ISP can limit the general force utilization. While a P2P design may decrease the force utilization of the specialist organization it expands the general energy utilization.

S.No Title Year Author

Technology

Used Advantage Disadvantage

1

Large Intelligent Surfaces for Energy

Efficiency in Wireless

Communication 2020

Chongwe n Huang, AlessioZa ppone

The adoption of Large

Intelligent Surfaces (LIS) in assisting downlink multi- user

communication from a multi- antenna base station is investigated in this paper.

In the

adoption of intelligent metasurfaces for actively reprogramming communication environments is envisioned, and advantages of LIS is coverage, energy saving, and security.

Although LIS operation resembles that of a multi- antenna relay, it is fundamentally different from relaying

communication. An intelligent surface is intended to perform as a scatterer with reconfigurable characteristics, and require dedicated energy source for either decoding, channel estimation, and/or transmission.

2

Energy

efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down

survey 2019

TifennRa ult, Abdelmad jidBouabd allah, YacineCh allal

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

The advantage is to enhance the lifetime of WSNs through a variety of energy-

efficient

mechanisms. It also appears that energy efficiency and other

applications requirements are strongly dependent, so that various performance

In WSNs, sensors are expected to operate

autonomously for a long period of time, ranging from weeks

to months.

However, every application is constrained in terms of energy due to the scarce battery resources of the sensors, which limits the network lifetime.

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17610 metrics have to

be optimised jointly.

3 Enhancing Energy

Efficiency of Wireless

Sensor Network

through the

Design of

Energy Efficient Routing

Protocol 2018

Noor Zaman, Low Tang Jung, and Muhamm ad Mehboob Yasin

“Position Responsive Routing Protocol”

(PRRP) is

designed to minimize energy

consumed in each node by (1) reducing the amount of time in which a sensor node is in an idle listening state

and (2)

reducing the average

communication distance over the network.

PRRP is aimed to minimize the distance between the nodes and the gateway to save energy during data transmission.

That is, the majority of nodes will remain in sleep mode to save energy.

The major

disadvantage of PRRP is that nodes spread out in a flat manner and all

nodes are

attempting to participate equally thus causing the nodes closer to the sink to deplete their power sooner than those located further away from the sink

4

Neural

Network Based Energy

Efficiency in Wireless

Sensor

Networks 2018

NedaEna mi, Reza AskariMo ghadam, KouroshD adashtaba r

A strong

interest to use intelligent tools especially Neural

Networks in energy efficient approaches of Wireless Sensor Networks, due to their simple parallel

distributed computation, distributed storage

In a Wireless Sensor

Network platform which has a fuzzy nature and different

parameters are involved in it'sbehaviour, Neural

Networks can help through dimensionality reduction, obtained simply from

The disadvantage of neural networks in Detection Statistics based on training algorithms of Artificial Neural Networks with actual or simulated values are trained to Neural Network.

Neural Network can eliminate

environmental or intentional jamming on sensory data according to training that they

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the outputs of the neural- networks clustering algorithms, leads to lower communication costs and energy savings.

receive.

5

Energy

Efficiency in Wireless

Networks via Fractional Programming

Theory 2019

AlessioZa ppone, Eduard Jorswieck

Fractional Programming Theory.

Fractional programming is the branch of optimization theory that studies the optimization of fractional functions

The next

generation of wireless

cellular

networks will have to cope

with an

unprecedented number of connected devices, so that a natural approach is to increase the amount of deployed resources, in

terms of

infrastructure nodes and/or of equipped antennas

In order to define the energy-efficient benefit-cost ratio of the network, it is necessary to develop new models which are able to statistically

characterize the interference in the network which increases the cost for developing the model.

4. CONCLUSION

This paper presents an outline of the energy utilization issues of wireless correspondence networks and depicts the methods that have been utilized to improve the energy efficiency of these networks.

In addition, the majority of the current writing predominantly centers around the highlight point single-cell case. Hence, the trade-off relations under more reasonable and complex organization situations merit further examination. The experiences, for example, how to improve the trade-off bends in general and how to tune the activity point on the bend to adjust the particular framework necessities, are relied upon to control pragmatic framework plans toward green advancement, which will be our subsequent stages following this piece of work. Improving the energy-throughput trade- offs in range detecting and access requires legitimate plans of the greatest number and the request for the essential channels detected by a SU, the recurrence of range detecting, and the choice of the per-channel detecting time, to try not to squander energy assets for a barely higher throughput.

REFERENCES

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17612 1. Gür, G., &Alagöz, F. (2020). Green wireless communications via cognitive dimension: an

overview. IEEE Network, 25(2), 50–56. doi:10.1109/mnet.2020.5730528

2. Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Huang, Y., & Wang, W. (2020). On the study of fundamental trade- offs between QoE and energy efficiency in wireless networks. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 24(3), 259–265. doi:10.1002/ett.2640

3. Shokri-Ghadikolaei, H., Glaropoulos, I., Fodor, V., Fischione, C., &Ephremides, A.

(2020). Green sensing and access: energy-throughput trade-offs in cognitive networking.

IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(11), 199–207. doi:10.1109/mcom.2020.7321991 4. Chang, K., Deb, S., Ganguly, A., Yu, X., Sah, S. P., Pande, P. Heo, D. (2019). Performance

evaluation and design trade-offs for wireless network-on-chip architectures. ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 8(3), 1–

25. doi:10.1145/2287696.2287706

5. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, MahamadouTembely, Sarhan M. Musa (2020), “Green Communications: An Introduction”. ” Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Green Optimized Wireless Networks, 2020, pp. 22-27.

6. Gandotra, P., Jha, R. K., & Jain, S. (2019). Green Communication in Next Generation

Cellular Networks: A Survey. IEEE Access, 5, 11727–

11758. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2711784

7. Feldmann, A., Gladisch, A., Kind, M., Lange, C., Smaragdakis, G., &Westphal, F.-J.

(2020). Energy trade-offs among content delivery architectures. 2010 9th Conference of Telecommunication, Media and Internet. doi:10.1109/ctte.2010.5557700

8. Y. Song and J. Xie, “Prospect: A Proactive Spectrum Handoff Framework for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks Without Common Control Channel,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 11, no. 7, Jul. 2020, pp. 1127–39.

9. J. Wigard, T. Kolding, L. Dalsgaard and C. Coletti, “On the user performance of LTE UE power savings schemes with discontinuous reception in LTE,” IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC09,) 14-18 June 2019, Dresden, Germany

10. A. Khodaian, B.H. Khalaj and H.S. Mansouri, “Optimal utility-energy tradeoff in delay constrained random access networks” IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC09),, 14-18 June 2019

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