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Conventions Used in This Book

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Acknowledgments

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Preface | xxi

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CHAPTER 1 Getting Started

1.0 Introduction

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1.1 Installing the Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

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1.1 Installing the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) | 5

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1.3 Using the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) to Prepare an Arduino Sketch

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1.3 Using the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) to Prepare an Arduino Sketch | 9

(34)

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Sketch too big; see http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting#size for tips on reducing it.

,IWKLVKDSSHQV\RXQHHGWRPDNH\RXUVNHWFKVPDOOHUWREHDEOHWRSXWLWRQWKHERDUG RUJHWDERDUGZLWKKLJKHUFDSDFLW\

(35)

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1.4 Uploading and Running the Blink Sketch

Problem

<RXZDQWWRWUDQVIHU\RXUFRPSLOHGVNHWFKWRWKH$UGXLQRERDUGDQGVHHLWZRUNLQJ

Solution

&RQQHFW\RXU$UGXLQRERDUGWR\RXUFRPSXWHUXVLQJWKH86%FDEOH/RDGWKH%OLQN VNHWFKLQWRWKH,'(DVGHVFULEHGLQ5HFLSH

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2Q:LQGRZVWKH\ZLOOEHOLVWHGDVQXPEHUHG&20HQWULHV,IWKHUHLVRQO\RQHHQWU\

VHOHFWLW,IWKHUHDUHPXOWLSOHHQWULHV\RXUERDUGZLOOSUREDEO\EHWKHODVWHQWU\

1.4 Uploading and Running the Blink Sketch | 11

(36)

2QWKH0DF\RXUERDUGZLOOEHOLVWHGWZLFHLILWLVDQ8QRERDUG

/dev/tty.usbmodem-XXXXXXX /dev/cu.usbmodem-XXXXXXX

,I\RXKDYHDQROGHUERDUGLWZLOOEHOLVWHGDVIROORZV

/dev/tty.usbserial-XXXXXXX /dev/cu.usbserial-XXXXXXX

(DFKERDUGZLOOKDYHGLIIHUHQWYDOXHVIRUXXXXXXX6HOHFWHLWKHUHQWU\

&OLFNRQWKHXSORDGEXWWRQLQ)LJXUHLW¦VWKHILIWKEXWWRQIURPWKHOHIWRUFKRRVH )LOH 8SORDGWR,2ERDUG

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Discussion

)RUWKH,'(WRVHQGWKHFRPSLOHGFRGHWRWKHERDUGWKHERDUGQHHGVWREHSOXJJHG LQWRWKHFRPSXWHUDQG\RXQHHGWRWHOOWKH,'(ZKLFKERDUGDQGVHULDOSRUW\RXDUH XVLQJ

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2OGHU$UGXLQRERDUGVDQGVRPHFRPSDWLEOHVGRQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\LQ WHUUXSWWKHUXQQLQJVNHWFKWRLQLWLDWHXSORDG,QWKLVFDVH\RXQHHGWR SUHVVWKH5HVHWEXWWRQRQWKHERDUGMXVWDIWHUWKHVRIWZDUHUHSRUWVWKDW LWLVGRQHFRPSLOLQJZKHQ\RXVHHWKHPHVVDJHDERXWWKHVL]HRIWKH VNHWFK,WPD\WDNHDIHZDWWHPSWVWRJHWWKHWLPLQJULJKWEHWZHHQWKH HQGRIWKHFRPSLODWLRQDQGSUHVVLQJWKH5HVHWEXWWRQ

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(37)

1.5 Creating and Saving a Sketch

Problem

<RXZDQWWRFUHDWHDVNHWFKDQGVDYHLWWR\RXUFRPSXWHU

Solution

7RRSHQDQHGLWRUZLQGRZUHDG\IRUDQHZVNHWFKODXQFKWKH,'(VHH5HFLSHJR WRWKH)LOHPHQXDQGVHOHFW1HZ3DVWHWKHIROORZLQJFRGHLQWRWKH6NHWFK(GLWRUZLQ GRZLW¦VVLPLODUWRWKH%OLQNVNHWFKEXWWKHEOLQNVODVWWZLFHDVORQJ

const int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13 void setup()

{

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

}

void loop() {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on delay(2000); // wait for two seconds digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // set the LED off delay(2000); // wait for two seconds }

&RPSLOHWKHFRGHE\FOLFNLQJWKHFRPSLOHEXWWRQWKHWRSOHIWEXWWRQZLWKDWULDQJOH LQVLGHRUVHOHFW6NHWFK 9HULI\&RPSLOHVHH5HFLSH

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GLDORJER[ZLOORSHQZKHUH\RXFDQHQWHUWKHILOHQDPH

Discussion

:KHQ\RXVDYHDILOHLQWKH,'(DVWDQGDUGGLDORJER[IRUWKHRSHUDWLQJV\VWHPZLOO RSHQ,WVXJJHVWVWKDW\RXVDYHWKHVNHWFKWRDIROGHUFDOOHG$UGXLQRLQ\RXU0\'RFX PHQWVIROGHURU\RXU'RFXPHQWVIROGHURQD0DF<RXFDQUHSODFHWKHGHIDXOWVNHWFK

1.5 Creating and Saving a Sketch | 13

(38)

QDPHZLWKDPHDQLQJIXOQDPHWKDWUHIOHFWVWKHSXUSRVHRI\RXUVNHWFK&OLFN6DYHWR VDYHWKHILOH

7KHGHIDXOWQDPHLVWKHZRUGVNHWFKIROORZHGE\WKHFXUUHQWGDWH6H TXHQWLDOOHWWHUVVWDUWLQJIURPDDUHXVHGWRGLVWLQJXLVKVNHWFKHVFUHDWHG RQWKHVDPHGD\5HSODFLQJWKHGHIDXOWQDPHZLWKVRPHWKLQJPHDQLQJ IXOKHOSV\RXWRLGHQWLI\WKHSXUSRVHRIDVNHWFKZKHQ\RXFRPHEDFN WRLWODWHU

,I\RXXVHFKDUDFWHUVWKDWWKH,'(GRHVQRWDOORZHJWKHVSDFHFKDUDFWHUWKH,'(

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(39)

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1.6 Using Arduino

Problem

<RXZDQWWRJHWVWDUWHGZLWKDSURMHFWWKDWLVHDV\WREXLOGDQGIXQWRXVH

Solution

7KLVUHFLSHSURYLGHVDWDVWHRIVRPHRIWKHWHFKQLTXHVWKDWDUHFRYHUHGLQGHWDLOLQODWHU FKDSWHUV

7KHVNHWFKLVEDVHGRQWKH/('EOLQNLQJFRGHIURPWKHSUHYLRXVUHFLSHEXWLQVWHDGRI XVLQJDIL[HGGHOD\WKHUDWHLVGHWHUPLQHGE\DOLJKWVHQVLWLYHVHQVRUFDOOHGDOLJKWGH SHQGHQWUHVLVWRURU/'5VHH5HFLSH:LUHWKH/'5DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

)LJXUH$UGXLQRZLWKOLJKWGHSHQGHQWUHVLVWRU

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1.6 Using Arduino | 15

(40)

const int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13 const int sensorPin = 0; // connect sensor to analog input 0 void setup()

{

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // enable output on the led pin }

void loop() {

int rate = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the analog input Serial.println(rate);

rate = map(rate, 200,800,minDuration, maxDuration); // convert to blink rate digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on

delay(rate); // wait duration dependent on light level digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // set the LED off

delay(rate);

}

Discussion

7KHYDOXHRIWKH.UHVLVWRULVQRWFULWLFDO$Q\WKLQJIURP.WR.FDQEHXVHG7KH OLJKWOHYHORQWKH/'5ZLOOFKDQJHWKHYROWDJHOHYHORQDQDORJSLQ7KHanalogRead FRPPDQGVHH&KDSWHUSURYLGHVDYDOXHWKDWUDQJHVIURPDURXQGZKHQWKH/'5 LVGDUNWRRUVRZKHQLWLVYHU\EULJKW7KLVYDOXHGHWHUPLQHVWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKH /('RQDQGRIIWLPHVVRWKHEOLQNUDWHLQFUHDVHVZLWKOLJKWLQWHQVLW\

<RXFDQVFDOHWKHEOLQNUDWHE\XVLQJWKH$UGXLQRmapIXQFWLRQDVIROORZV

const int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13 const int sensorPin = 0; // connect sensor to analog input 0 // the next two lines set the min and max delay between blinks const int minDuration = 100; // minimum wait between blinks const int maxDuration = 1000; // maximum wait between blinks

void setup() {

void loop() {

int rate = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the analog input // the next line scales the blink rate between the min and max values rate = map(rate, 200,800,minDuration, maxDuration); // convert to blink rate digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on

delay(rate);

}

5HFLSHSURYLGHVPRUHGHWDLOVRQXVLQJWKHmapIXQFWLRQWRVFDOHYDOXHV

(41)

,I\RXZDQWWRYLHZWKHYDOXHRIWKHUDWHYDULDEOHRQ\RXUFRPSXWHU\RXFDQSULQWWKLV WRWKH$UGXLQR6HULDO0RQLWRUDVVKRZQLQWKHUHYLVHGORRSFRGHWKDWIROORZV7KH VNHWFKZLOOGLVSOD\WKHEOLQNUDWHLQWKH6HULDO0RQLWRU<RXRSHQWKH6HULDO0RQLWRU ZLQGRZLQWKH$UGXLQR,'(VHH&KDSWHUIRUPRUHRQXVLQJWKH6HULDO0RQLWRU

const int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13 const int sensorPin = 0; // connect sensor to analog input 0 // the next two lines set the min and max delay between blinks const int minDuration = 100; // minimum wait between blinks const int maxDuration = 1000; // maximum wait between blinks

void setup() {

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // enable output on the led pin Serial.begin(9600); // initialize Serial

}

void loop() {

int rate = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the analog input // the next line scales the blink rate between the min and max values rate = map(rate, 200,800,minDuration, maxDuration); // convert to blink rate Serial.println(rate); // print rate to serial monitor

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on

delay(rate);

}

<RXFDQXVHWKH/'5WRFRQWUROWKHSLWFKRIDVRXQGE\FRQQHFWLQJDVPDOOVSHDNHUWR WKHSLQDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

)LJXUH&RQQHFWLRQVIRUDVSHDNHUZLWKWKH/'5FLUFXLW

1.6 Using Arduino | 17

(42)

<RXZLOOQHHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHRQRIIUDWHRQWKHSLQWRDIUHTXHQF\LQWKHDXGLRVSHFWUXP 7KLVLVDFKLHYHGDVVKRZQLQWKHIROORZLQJFRGHE\GLYLGLQJWKHUDWHE\LQWKHOLQH DIWHUWKHmapIXQFWLRQ

const int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13 const int sensorPin = 0; // connect sensor to analog input 0 const int minDuration = 100; // minimum wait between blinks const int maxDuration = 1000; // maximum wait between blinks void setup()

{

void loop() {

int sensorReading = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the analog input int rate = map(sensorReading, 200,800,minDuration, maxDuration);

rate = rate / 100; // add this line for audio frequency digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on

delay(rate);

}

CHAPTER 2 Making the Sketch Do Your Bidding

2.0 Introduction

7KRXJKPXFKRIDQ$UGXLQRSURMHFWZLOOLQYROYHLQWHJUDWLQJWKH$UGXLQRERDUGZLWK VXSSRUWLQJKDUGZDUH\RXQHHGWREHDEOHWRWHOOWKHERDUGZKDWWRGRZLWKWKHUHVWRI

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Serial.println(value);

3ULQWVWKHYDOXHWRWKH6HULDO0RQLWRURQ\RXUFRPSXWHUVHH5HFLSH pinMode(pin, mode);

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digitalRead(pin);

5HDGVDGLJLWDOYDOXHHIGHRULOWRQDSLQVHWIRULQSXWVHH5HFLSH digitalWrite(pin, value);

:ULWHVWKHGLJLWDOYDOXHHIGHRULOWWRDSLQVHWIRURXWSXWVHH5HFLSH

19

Download from Wow! eBook <www.wowebook.com>

(44)

2.1 Structuring an Arduino Program

Problem

<RXDUHQHZWRSURJUDPPLQJDQGZDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHEXLOGLQJEORFNVRIDQ$UGXLQR SURJUDP

Solution

3URJUDPVIRU$UGXLQRDUHXVXDOO\UHIHUUHGWRDVVNHWFKHVWRHPSKDVL]HWKHDJLOHQDWXUH RIGHYHORSPHQW7KHWHUPVVNHWFKDQGSURJUDPDUHLQWHUFKDQJHDEOH6NHWFKHVFRQWDLQ FRGH¢WKHLQVWUXFWLRQVWKHERDUGZLOOFDUU\RXW&RGHWKDWQHHGVWRUXQRQO\RQFHVXFK DVWRVHWXSWKHERDUGIRU\RXUDSSOLFDWLRQVKRXOGEHSODFHGLQWKHsetupIXQFWLRQ

&RGHWREHUXQFRQWLQXRXVO\DIWHUWKHLQLWLDOVHWXSKDVILQLVKHGJRHVLQWRWKHloopIXQF WLRQ+HUHLVDW\SLFDOVNHWFK

const int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13 // The setup() method runs once, when the sketch starts void setup()

{

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin as an output }

// the loop() method runs over and over again, void loop()

{

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the LED on delay(1000); // wait a second digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the LED off delay(1000); // wait a second }

:KHQWKHERDUGILQLVKHVXSORDGLQJWKHFRGHRULVWXUQHGRQRQFHLWFRQWDLQVWKLVFRGH LWVWDUWVDWWKHWRSRIWKHVNHWFKDQGFDUULHVRXWWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVVHTXHQWLDOO\,WUXQVWKH FRGHLQsetupRQFHDQGWKHQJRHVWKURXJKWKHFRGHLQloop:KHQLWJHWVWRWKHHQGRI loopPDUNHGE\WKHFORVLQJEUDFNHW}LWJRHVEDFNWRWKHEHJLQQLQJRIloop

Discussion

7KLVH[DPSOHFRQWLQXRXVO\IODVKHVDQ/('E\ZULWLQJHIGHDQGLOWRXWSXWVWRDSLQ 6HH&KDSWHUWROHDUQPRUHDERXWXVLQJ$UGXLQRSLQV:KHQWKHVNHWFKEHJLQVWKH FRGHLQsetupVHWVWKHSLQPRGHVRLW¦VFDSDEOHRIOLJKWLQJDQ/('$IWHUWKHFRGHLQ setupLVFRPSOHWHGWKHFRGHLQloopLVUHSHDWHGO\FDOOHGWRIODVKWKH/('IRUDVORQJ DVWKH$UGXLQRERDUGLVSRZHUHGRQ

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(45)

SURFHVVFUHDWHVDQLQWHUPHGLDWHILOHWKDWLQFOXGHVWKHVNHWFKFRGHDQGWKHIROORZLQJ DGGLWLRQDOVWDWHPHQWV

int main(void) {

init();

setup();

for (;;) loop();

return 0;

}

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2.2 Using Simple Primitive Types (Variables)

Problem

$UGXLQRKDVGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIYDULDEOHVWRHIILFLHQWO\UHSUHVHQWYDOXHV<RXZDQWWR NQRZKRZWRVHOHFWDQGXVHWKHVH$UGXLQRGDWDW\SHV

Solution

$OWKRXJKWKHintVKRUWIRULQWHJHUDELWYDOXHLQ$UGXLQRGDWDW\SHLVWKHPRVW FRPPRQFKRLFHIRUWKHQXPHULFYDOXHVHQFRXQWHUHGLQ$UGXLQRDSSOLFDWLRQV\RXFDQ XVH7DEOHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHGDWDW\SHWKDWILWVWKHUDQJHRIYDOXHV\RXUDSSOLFDWLRQ H[SHFWV

7DEOH$UGXLQRGDWDW\SHV

Numeric types Bytes Range Use

int 2 -32768 to 32767 Represents positive and negative integer values.

unsigned int 2 0 to 65535 Represents only positive values; otherwise, similar to int.

long 4 -2147483648 to

2147483647 Represents a very large range of positive and negative values.

unsigned long

4 4294967295 Represents a very large range of positive values.

2.2 Using Simple Primitive Types (Variables) | 21

(46)

Numeric types Bytes Range Use

float 4 3.4028235E+38 to

-3.4028235E+38 Represents numbers with fractions; use to approximate real- world measurements.

double 4 Same as float In Arduino, double is just another name for float. boolean 1 false (0) or true (1) Represents true and false values.

char 1 -128 to 127 Represents a single character. Can also represent a signed value between -128 and 127.

byte 1 0 to 255 Similar to char, but for unsigned values.

Other types

string Represents arrays of chars (characters) typically used to contain text.

void Used only in function declarations where no value is returned.

Discussion

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2.3 Using Floating-Point Numbers

Problem

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Solution

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/*

* Floating-point example

* This sketch initialized a float value to 1.1

* It repeatedly reduces the value by 0.1 until the value is 0 */

float value = 1.1;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

value = value - 0.1; // reduce value by 0.1 each time through the loop if( value == 0)

Serial.println("The value is exactly zero");

else if(fabs(value) < .0001) // function to take the absolute value of a float Serial.println("The value is close enough to zero");

else

Serial.println(value);

delay(100);

}

Discussion

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1.00 0.90

2.3 Using Floating-Point Numbers | 23

(48)

0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10

The value is close enough to zero -0.10

-0.20

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else if(fabs(value) < .0001) // function to take absolute value of a float Serial.println("The value is close enough to zero");

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Arduino Cookbook

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