ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Introduction
BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics
Summary
Short questions about AI
History of AI
Applications of AI
Short questions about AI
What AI represents?
Difficult question (AI is very young)
AI is a branch of Science which deals with helping
machines find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion.
On short: machines that make intelligent things
Strong AI
Weak AI
Short questions about AI
Why we need AI?
Web ranking
Short questions about AI
Why we need AI?
Web ranking
Recognition / analyse of
Voice
http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/feed-your-pet-from-your-phone-with-pintofeed
Images
Handwritten
Short questions about AI
Why we need AI?
Recognition / analyse of
Voice
Images
Handwritten
Short questions about AI
Why we need AI?
Recognition / analyse of
Voice –
http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/feed-your-pet-from-your-phone-with-pintofeed
Images
Handwritten
Short questions about AI
Why we need AI?
Automatic translation
Short questions about AI
Why we need AI?
Medical diagnosis
Task planning
Robot manipulation
Spam filtering
Air-craft avoidance
History of AI
Major steps:
Born of AI (1943-1956)
Golden age (1956-1974)
First winter(1974-1980)
Boom (1980-1987)
Second winter (1987-1993)
Meta-modern AI (after 1993)
History of AI – born of AI (1943-1956)
AI’s origin?
Mathematic, logique, computer science, philosophy, cognitive science, biology
First concepts of AI
1943 Walter Pitts & Warren McCulloch proposed artificial neuron
1950 Alan Turing Turing test
Can machines think?
Demo ALICE http://www.alicebot.org
1951 first game programs (chess and checkers)
1955 Allen Newell & Herbert Simon first program for automatically theorem proving
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing
test
History of AI – born of AI (1943-1956)
AI concept
1956 John McCarthy, summer school, Dartmouth, SUA, has proposed the term AI
1956 John McCarthy - first demonstration of running an AI program at CMU (Carnegie Mellon University)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
“AI”
History of AI – golden age (1956-1974)
Computers are able of executing a task X
X = puzzle solving, automatic theorem proving, checkers playing
Toy problems
1958 John McCarthy has proposed LISP language at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
1965 ELIZA
1969 robot Shakey has combined locomotion, perception and problem solving (Stanford Research Institute)
1970 “born” of evolutionary algorithms
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
“AI”
enthusiasm
History of AI – golden age (1956-1974)
1966 – 1973 a dose of realism
Problem specific knowledge is required
Syntactic approach is not sufficient automatic translation Russian - English (US has suspended the funding)
Difficult control exponential complexity
Britannic government has suspended AI funds Lighhill report pessimism about AI research
Theoretical limits perceptron can not solve XOR problem
Neural network research is stopped
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
“AI”
enthusiasm realism
History of AI – golden age (1956-1974)
1969 – 1988 knowledge-based systems
Guided search based on specific knowledge of the problem domain
Cyc a knowledge database http://cyc.com
Numerous companies have developed expert systems
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
“AI”
enthusiasm realism Expert systems
History of AI – first winter (1974 – 1980)
Problems
Limited power of computers
AI techniques require exponential time for problem solving
Knowledge database requirement
Funding is stopped
AI winter
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
“AI”
enthusiasm Expert systems
realism
History of AI – first winter (1974 – 1980)
Expert systems
Massive investments
Extravagant promises
Financial Crah
AI funding is limited
1979 – first autonomic vehicle controlled by computer (the Stanford Cart)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
“AI”
enthusiasm realism Expert systems
History of AI – Boom (1980 – 1987)
Expert systems have exploded
MYCIN – Standford University
Diagnosis of blood infections
XCON (eXpert CONfigurer) - Carnegie Mellon University
Select the components of a computer based on user options
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
enthusiasm realism Expert systems
Boom
History of AI – Boom (1980 – 1987)
1986 – artificial neural network
Multilayer perceptron
Backpropagation learning algorithm
New development
Symbolic models (Newell, Simon)
Logistic models (McMarthy)
Born of statistical automatic learning
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
enthusiasm realism Expert systems
Boom ANN
History of AI – second winter (1987-1993)
Computation power is limited
Companies' suspicions
Money were allocated for other research domains
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
enthusiasm realism Expert systems
Boom ANN
History of AI – modern AI (1993 – present)
1997 – Deep Blue
1998 – genetic programming
2000 – robots as pets
Modern AI AI winter
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
enthusiasm realism Expert systems
Boom ANN
History of AI – modern AI (1993 – present)
Statistical models
Machine learning
Hidden Markov models (HMM)
Support vector machines (SVM)
Gaussien processes
Graphical models (Bayesien networks, conditional random fields)
Nature-inspired models (evolutionary computation, PSO, ACO, quantum computing)
Data mining
Modern AI 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Turing test
enthusiasm realism Expert systems
Boom ANN
Statistical models
AI perception
Artificial Intelligence AI (2001) – Steven
Spielberg
Applications of AI
2005: DARPA grand challenge
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSnw6UHBREA
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency http://www.darpa.mil
2011: Google self-driving cars
View 1 (
http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/thinking-tech/googles-self-driving-car/5445)
View 2 ( http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXeUu_Y6WOw )
Applications of AI
Turing test
ALICE
http://www.pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?botid=f5d922d97e345aa1
Laura: My name is Laura
ALICE: Glad to know you, Laura.
Laura: Which film do you like?
ALICE: My favorite movie is Imagine. Have you seen it?
Laura: No.
ALICE: I would recommend you check it out.
Laura: What is it about?
ALICE: Science fiction.
Laura: Do you remember my name?
ALICE: You said your name is Laura?
Laura: Yes, I said.
ALICE: Give me a break.
Laura: Do you know Turing?
ALICE: A brilliant and tragic figure in the history of computer science.
Laura: Who else do you know?
ALICE: No I don't know. I am chatting with several other people at once.
Laura: But Loebner?
ALICE: The Loebner Prize is an annual Turing Test sponsored by New York
philanthropist Hugh Loebner. Dr. Wallace and ALICE won it in 2000. The ALICE
program was ranked "most human computer" by the panel of judges.
Applications of AI
natural language processing - chatbot
Valerie: CMU Robot Receptionist in Newell- Simon hall.
ALICE: 2004 Loebner Prize winner
ELIZA: psychotherapist
Jeopady (2011)
IBM’s Watson – view
Applications of AI
natural language processing
Tone (spoken or by contact) for card number
A small vocabulary, an increased accuracy requirement
Message sending
A large vocabulary, an increased accuracy requirement
Dictation
Very large vocabulary, an increased accuracy requirement
Eg.
IBM Via Voice
