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The Effects of Mindfulness-Positive Psychology Program on the Stress and Well-Being of Call Center workers

Jung-ImKim*1

1 Department of Nursing, Kyungdong University, Wonju-si Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea, ASI KR KS007 WONJU, Republic of Korea

Abstract

Background/Objectives; This study was conducted to relieve stress and promote well-being psychology by applying a mindfulness positive psychology program to call center workers.Methods/Statistical analysis; The study subjects were 54 call center workers, and the duration of the study intervention was from January to February 2014. Mindfulness positive psychology program24 subjects were used as experimental groups and 30 subjects were used as controls for 8 weeks.Analysis was performed using the SAS 9.3 version program and analyzed by χ2-test, t-test, ANCOVA and Fisher's exact test.Findings;In the experimental group to which the program was applied, the level of jop stress was lower than that of the control group(p

<.001).In the experimental group to which the program was applied, negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies decreased and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies increased(p

<.001Subjective well-being, including satisfaction with life and life satisfaction expectancy, increased in the experimental group to which the program was applied(p<.001).The experimental group showed a significant reduction of job stress response such as somatization, depression and anger(p<.001). The Mindfulness-Positive Psychology program was effective in reducing the job stress of call center workers, increasing subjective well-being, and reducing stress responses.Improvements/Applications;Therefore, the program applied in this study is proposed as a good way to relieve the job stress of many call center workers.

Keywords:Mindfulness; Positive psychology; Stress; Well-being; Call center; Workers

*Corresponding Author :Jung-Im Kim Name : Jung-Im Kim

Email : [email protected] Contact :+82-10-30770076 Fax :+82-033-7381449

Date of Submission :05-10-2020

Introduction

The work environment of the call center is to deal with demanding customers by using the phone, and the call center workers complain of physical health discomfort due to work such as tension with the customer(Lin Y H et al., 2009). Workers' physical discomfort is a cause of increasing the risk of various health problems, and it has been reported that workers perceived higher job stress(Lin Y H et al., 2010). In addition, the work factor of the call center increases the risk of psychological health disorders, and 39.4% of call center workers complain of depression and anxiety, and about 24% of them have used psychiatric drugs in the past 12 months(Charbotel Bet al., 2009).These call centers' unique job demands increase job stress and threaten the health of workers, and are sensitively related to high turnover rates(Rameshbabu Aet al., 2013). It is reported that individuals experience stress or well-being according to the

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state of motivation existing in their body and mind during the coping and evaluation process, and that they can maintain their physical and psychological well-being when choosing an adaptive and positive coping strategy(Kim JH., 2006). Mindfulness meditation is a self-healing process in which you learn how to cope well with stress with positive coping strategies, and its methods are based on the ability of relaxation, attention, awareness and insight, breathing meditation, orthodox meditation, Body scan, yoga meditation, walking meditation, etc(Kabat- Zinn J., 2011).Kim proposed a program that combines positive psychological intervention and mindfulness, and said that the purpose is to apply it to the stressful group and the general public, and that the effect can be enhanced when the purpose is to heal diseases, relieve stress, and promote happiness and growth(Kim JH., 2010).Therefore, this study attempted to confirm the effect on their job stress, well-being, and stress response by applying a mindfulness-positive psychology program to relieve stress for those who work in the call center.

Materials and Methods

The purpose of the study is to verify the effectiveness of the mindfulness-positive psychology program on the job stress level, cognitive emotional regulation strategy, subjective well-being and stress response of call center workers. First, the influence of the mindfulness-positive psychology program on the level of job stress of workers is investigated. Second, the influence of the mindfulness-positive psychology program on the cognitive emotional regulation strategies of call center workers is investigated. Third, the influence of the mindfulness-positive psychology program on the subjective well-being (satisfaction with life and life satisfaction expectancy) of call center workers is investigated. Fourth, the effect of the mindfulness positive psychology program on somatization, depression, and anger reflecting the stressful reactions of workers was investigated.

Mindfulness-Positive Psychology Program

The mindfulness-positive psychology program consisted of a total of 8 sessions, 100 minutes per session. Mindfulness meditation training was conducted in the first half of the session, and positive psychological intervention was applied in the second half.

Data Analysis

For ethical consideration, the research was conducted after obtaining approval from the Research Ethics Committee of University C (MC13FAS10135).The G*Power 3.12 program was calculate the number of subjects. The data collection period was from January 2014 to February 2014. The study subjects were 54 call center counseling workers belonging to company K located in Y and D districts of Seoul, and 24 call center workers in Y district were used as the experimental group and 30 call center workers in D district were used as the control group. Analysis was performed using the SAS 9.3 version program and analyzed by χ2-test, t- test, ANCOVA and Fisher's exact test.Age, a variable having a difference between the two groups, was treated as a covariate.

Questionnaire

Korean job stress measurement tool was used(Chang S J et al., 2005). Job demand Cronbach's ⍺ is .81, job autonomy Cronbach's ⍺ is .67, relationship conflict Cronbach's ⍺ is .71, job instability Cronbach's ⍺ is .70, organizational system Cronbach's ⍺ is .74, inadequate Cronbach's ⍺ is .71, organizational culture Cronbach's ⍺ is .73. Cognitive emotion regulation strategy used the CERQ-short(Granefski N et al., 2001). Cronbach's ⍺ is .70 - .84.As the well- being measurement tool, subjects' subjective well-being tool was used(Diener E et al., 1985;

Kim J H., 2007). Cronbach's ⍺ is .81 - .95.A modified version of the shortened version of

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Choi's(Choi S M et al., 2007) 22 questions was developed based on 39 items of Stress Response Inventory (SRI) developed by GO(Goo G B et al., 2000). In this study, physical symptoms were Cronbach's ⍺ is .86, depression Cronbach's ⍺ is .91 and anger Cronbach's ⍺ is .88.

Results and Discussion

The characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. Age, the variable difference between the two groups, was treated as a covariate(p= .035). The job stress between the two groups is shown in Table 2. In the group to which the program was applied, the total job stress score decreased after the experiment(p<.001). The differences in cognitive emotional regulation strategies between the two groups are shown in Table 3.Compared to the control group, the score of the positive cognitiveemotional control strategy was higher in the experimental group, and the score of the negative cognitiveemotional control strategy was lower(p<.001).Subjective well-being and stress responseare shown in Table 4.Compared to the control group, the subjective well-being score was higher in the group to which the program was applied, and the score for stress responses was lower(p<.001).

Table 1: General characteristics of subjects

Variables Categories

Experimental(24) Control(30)

χ2or t(p) M±SD/N (%)

Age(year) 36.37±7.37 32.56±4.80 -2.19(.035)

Gender Female 24(100.0) 30(100.0)

Marital status Married 8(33.3) 9(30.0)

.068(.798)

Single 16(66.7) 21(70.0)

Education

High school 9(37.5) 10(33.3)

.256(.879)

College 8(33.3) 12(40.0)

University 7(29.2) 8(26.7)

Religion

Protestant 7(29.2) 12(40.0)

(.594)*

Catholic 3(12.5) 3(10.0)

Buddhism 2(8.3) 5(16.7)

Others 12(50.0) 10(33.3)

Empolyment Regular 13(54.2) 19(63.3)

.464

Irregular 11(45.8) 11(36.7)

Shift work Day work 24(100.0) 30(100.0)

Work duration(month) 82.75±46.60 59.53± 49.41 -1.76(.84)

Total work duration(month) 102.8±55.08 87.60 ±58.93 -.97(.337)

Department

Inbound 17(70.8) 20(66.7)

(.534)*

Outbound 1(4.2) 5(16.7)

blending 5(20.8) 4(13.3)

Others 1(4.2) 1(3.3)

Monthly income (10,000 won)

≤150 2(8.3) 3(10.0)

(.310)*

≤200 9(37.5) 17(56.7)

≤300 13(54.2) 10(33.3)

* : Fisher’s exact test

Table 2: Job stress

Variables Group Pre-test Post-test

F(p)

M±SD M±SD

Job demand Experimental 65.62±19.08 53.47±17.19 15.82(<.001)

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Control 60.56±21.77 68.06±19.09

Job control Experimental 52.08±11.59 39.58±11.33

48.41(<.001) Control 49.44±15.46 59.17±13.90

Interpersonal conflict Experimental 33.33±14.65 22.22±14.67

27.45(<.001) Control 26.30±17.14 39.63±21.97

Job insecurity Experimental 34.72±18.33 23.61±14.68

22.80(<.001) Control 41.11±21.32 52.22±22.20

Organization system Experimental 43.06±15.86 33.68±11.12

15.65(<.001) Control 46.11±17.74 56.67±15.70

Lack of reward Experimental 47.22±12.37 45.37±20.18

0.07(.759) Control 48.52±16.11 46.27±20.86

Occupational environment Experimental 33.68± 20.34 37.15± 19.81

1.80(.156) Control 36.94± 13.43 32.50± 20.57

Total score Experimental 44.25±9.12 36.44±8.26

39.68(<.001) Control 44.14±10.39 50.65±10.85

Table 3: Comparison of changes in Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies

Variables Group Pre-test Post-test

F(p)

M±SD M±SD

Positive Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies

Experimental 31.92±5.90 37.54±5.28

89.68(<.001) Control 33.17±5.52 29.13±5.59

Negative Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies

Experimental 21.58±7.92 16.00±3.37

64.09(<.001) Control 24.43±5.75 23.67±8.20

Table 4: Subjective well-being and stress response

Variables Group

Pre-test Post-test

F p

M±SD M±SD

Satisfaction with Life Experimental 17.29±4.35 21.63±4.16

51.89 <.001 Control 17.03±3.82 15.47±3.92

Life Satisfaction Expectancy

Experimental 23.54±6.74 27.79±5.34

31.23 <.001 Control 22.67±5.13 19.93±5.04

Subjective well-being Experimental 40.83±9.76 49.42±8.00

81.68 <.001 Control 39.70±8.18 35.40±7.40

Somatization Experimental 21.58±7.92 16.54±6.35

7.17 .01

Control 24.43±5.75 23.67±8.19 Depression Experimental 20.03±5.10 14.08±6.11

12.27 <.001 Control 20.03±5.40 18.71±6.88

Anger Experimental 15.77±4.63 8.75±3.69

43.83 <.001 Control 13.46±4.13 13.25±4.39

Stress Response Experimental 59.47±15.36 39.38±14.72

23.26 <.001 Control 57.93±12.34 53.54±18.09

As a result of the application of the positive mindfulness program in this study, the job stress score decreased after applying the program.This was the same result as the result of a metastudy applying the mindfulness stress relief program to the general public, relieving stress, depression and anxiety and Improving the quality of life even better(Khoury B et al., 2015). In the experimental group, subjective well-being, consisting of sub-factors of satisfaction with life and life satisfaction expectancy, was significantly increased. As a result of applying the 8-week

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mindfulness meditation program to employees of large corporations, it was the same result as reducing stress and increasing well-being(Bodstock S et al., 2019). In a study that applied the well-being cognitive cataloging technique to female college students five times, it was consistent with the results that the applied group improved subjective well-being, including satisfaction with life and life satisfaction expectancy, and relieved stress(Shin A et al., 2010).

As a result of applying a mindfulness-based program to nurses and service workers, the effect of improving emotional burnout, promoting relaxation, and enhancing life satisfaction was confirmed(Poulin P A et al., 2008). In the experimental group, the positive cognitive-emotional regulation strategy was significantly increased, but the negative cognitive-emotional regulation strategy was significantly decreased. This is the same as the result of a study that reduces negative emotions because subjects clearly see their emotional content due to mindfulness training, observe and re-evaluate their experiences constantly changing(Kober H et al., 2019).

These results are interpreted as the effect of the cognitive coping method of the mindfulness model, as a stress relief effect that increases positive emotions and decreases negative emotions through positive re-evaluation of stress stimuli(Garland E l et al., 2011).

Conclusion

This study proved its effectiveness by applying a mindfulness-positive psychology program as a strategy for stress relief of call center workers, and it is said that the basis for applying a stress relief program for workplace workers was established. Therefore, it is expected to contribute to the vitalization of related research by expanding it to workers in various fields in the future.

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by Kyungdong University Research Fund, 2020

References

1. Bostock S., Crosswell A.D., Prather A.A.and Steptoe A., 2019. Mindfulness on-the-go: effect s of a mindfulness meditation app on work stress and well-being, J Occup Health Psychol, 24 (1),pp.127-138. Doi: 10.1037/ocp0000118

2. Chang S. J., Koh S. B., Kang D. M., Kim S. A., Kang M. G. and Lee C. G., et al., 2005. Deve loping an occupational stress scale for Korean employees. Korean Journal of Environmental Medicine, 17(4),pp.297-317.

3. Charbotel B., Croidieu S., Vohito M., Guerin A. C., Renaud L. andJaussaud J et al., 2009.

Working conditions in call-centers, the impact on employee health : transversal study. Part Ⅱ.

Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 82(6),pp.747-56.

4. Choi S. M., Gang T. Y. and Woo J. M., 2007. "Development and validation of a modified for m of the stress response inventory for workers", Journal of the Korean. Neuropsychiatric Ass ociation, 45(6),pp.541-553.

5. Diener E., Emmons R.A., Larsen R.J. and Griffin S., 1985. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess, 49(1),pp.71-75.

6. Garland E.L., Gaylord S.A. and Fredrickson B.L., 2011. Positive reappraisal mediates the stressreductive effects of mindfulness : an upward spiral process. Mindfulness,2(1). pp.59-67.

7. Goo G. B., Bak J. G. and Kim C. H., 2000. "Development of the stress response inventory",Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 39(4),pp.707-719.

8. Garnefski N., Kraaij V. and Spinhoven P., 2001.Negative life event, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Difference, 30,pp.1311-1327.

9. Kabat-Zinn J., 2011. Some reflections on the origins of MBSR, skillful means, and the trouble with maps. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1),pp.281-306. DOI:

10.1080/14639947.2011.564844

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10. Khoury B., Sharma M., Rush S.E. and Fournier C., 2015. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis.J PsychosomRes,78(6),pp.519-28. Doi: 10.1016/j.jps ychores.2015.03.009

11. Kim J. H., 2006.From the perspective of motivational states theory (MST) integrative understanding of stress and well-being. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 11(2),pp.453- 484.

12. Kim J. H., 2007. Relationship between life satisfaction, life satisfaction expectancy and stress, well-being: An application of motivational states theory. Korean Journal Health Psychology, 12(2),pp.325-345.

13. Kim J. H., 2010. Suggestions for integrative program of mindfulness and positive psychology interventions. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 15(3),pp.369-387.

14. Kober H., Buhle J., Weber J., Ochsner K.N. and Wager T.D., 2019. Let it be: mindful acceptancedown-regulates pain and negative emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 14(11),pp.1147-1158. Doi:10.1093/scan/nez104

15. Lin Y. H., Chen C.Y., Hong W. H. and Lin Y. C., 2009. Physical discomfort and psychosocia l job stress amongmale and female operators at telecommunication call centers in Taiwan. Ap pl Ergon, 40(4),pp.561-568.

16. Lin Y. H., Chen C.Y., Hong W. H. and Lin Y. C., 2010. Perceived job stress and health complaints at a bankcall center: comparison between inbound and outbound services. Ind Health, 48(3),pp.349-356.

17. Poulin P. A., Mackenzie C.S., Soloway G. andKarayolas E., 2008. Mindfulness training as an evidenced-based approach to reducing stress and promoting well-being among human services professionals. Int J Health Promot Educ, 46(2),pp.72-80.

18. Rameshbabu A., Reddy D.M. and Fleming R., 2013. Correlates of negative physical health in call center shiftworkers. Appl Ergon, 44(3), pp.350-354.

19. Shin A. Y., Kim J. H. and Kim M., 2010. Effectiveness of emotion-mindfulness on emotional clarity, regulation of emotion, stress and well-being of female college students. Korean Journ al of Health Psychology, 15(4),pp.635-652.

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