Awareness on the Harmful Effects of Junk Food among College Students in Chennai
Joseph George, Kavitha.S, V.Vishnupriya, Gayathri.R Joseph George Kallivayalil
Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha University, Chennai.
Email:[email protected] Kavitha. S
Lecturer
Department of Biochemistry Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals
Saveetha University.
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences.
Email:[email protected] V. Vishnupriya
Professor
Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, SaveethaUniversity,Chennai.
E-mail: [email protected] Gayathri.R
Assistant professor.
Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai.
E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author
Kavitha.S Lecturer
Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental college and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University,
160, Poonamallee High Road , Chennai 600077
Tamilnadu,India
email:[email protected] Telephone:9567263096.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Junk food is the easiest way to gain unhealthy weight .However this not healthy weight.Junk refer to fast food which is easy to make and consume .Junk food also HFSS (high fat sugar or salt).The number of fast food restaurants chain is increasing as people around us in the world like to eat junk food . Eliminating the temptation for junk food and developing awareness for fitness can help us in maintaining a healthy body. Material and methods This cross sectional survey included questions regarding the harmful effects of junk foods. A cross sectional study was conducted in a sample of 100 college students by means of a questionnaire. This study was conducted in the year 2020. Results 70% of the college students do not check the label or quality label on junk food to maintain their health 65% of the college students are aware of the harmful effects of chemicals present in junk food. Out of 70% college students prefer junk food as an alternative for break fast while the remaining 30% prefer more healthy food for breakfast. The statistical analysis showed that males were more aware than the females. Conclusion: The survey showed that the awareness on the harmful effects of junk food is moderately good.
Keywords: junk food; awareness; health effects; risk factors; college students INTRODUCTION
Junk food tastes good, but their effects on health are very determined. Junk foods have a prominent feature of the diet of youngsters and especially among the adulting society, In the developing country Junk food also called fast food as they are very easy to prepare, very cheap and also tasty (Jahan et al., 2020). But all these foods have many harmful effects on health Many young adults have adopted to such changing fast food trend culture .The consumption of fast food is fostered or is in a great manner because of the quick service, good taste and inexpensive prices relative to more traditional home style restaurants, Diets which are high in sugar and fat can suppress the activity of a brain peptide called BDNF that helps in learning and memory function, Moreover, the brain contains synapses which are responsible for learning and memory [(Bhavani and Prabhavathy Devi, 2020)]. Eating too many calories can interfere with the healthy production of these synapses. One of the major problems associated with regular consumption of fast food is obesity [(Singh, Arora and Singh, 2018)]. Excess calories can cause too much fat in the body and can eventually lead to overweight or obesity. Fast foods are also high in sodium. Excessive amounts of sodium or salt in the diet increase the risk for high blood pressure, osteoporosis, heart failure, stroke, cancer of the stomach, and kidney disease [(Harrison, 2007)]. Dense sugar content can cause dental cavities and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A short-term adverse effect as a result of eating junk foods, lack of energy which occurs because junk foods don’t provide essential nutrients, even though they can be very much filling, due to which one feels weakened [(Gupta et al., 2019)]. Previously our team had conducted numerous researches in various fields. Numerous studies have been conducted in cancer biology, thyroid cancer cell lines [(Ma et al., 2019)],
mammary carcinogenesis [(Gan et al., 2019)], biologically synthesised green gold nanoparticle [(Wu et al., 2019)], Photosynthesised gold nanoparticles [(Keet al., 2019)], synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles [(Wang et al., 2019)], effect of pineapple extract on oral cancer cell lines [(Menon, V and Gayathri, 2016)], cytotoxicity of strawberry extract [(G et al., 2018)], antitumor potential of Garcinia mangostana [(Jainu, Priya and Mohan, 2018)], study on 6-shogaol constituent of ginger [(Chen et al., 2019)], cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of myristica fragrans hout [(Rengasamyet al., 2018)], effect of pioglitazone in experimentally induced non alcoholic steatohepatitis [(Mohan, Veeraraghavan and Jainu, 2015)], partial purification of alkaline protease from intestinal waste [(Mala and Srividya, 2010; Jaouadiet al., 2019)], anti metastatic activity of eugenol [(Ma et al., 2019)], antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol [(G et al., 2018; Ponnulakshmiet al., 2019)] awareness on childhood obesity [(Nayak, 2016)]. Now we are focussing on epidemiological surveys.
The idea of this survey stemmed from the current interest in our community. The aim and objective of the study is to create awareness on the harmful effects of junk food among college students and also made an effort to reduce the consumption of junk food among the college students. Our team has rich experience in research and we have collaborated with numerous authors over various topics in the past decade (Arigaet al., 2018; Basha, Ganapathy and Venugopalan, 2018; Hannah et al., 2018; Hussainyet al., 2018; Jeevanandan and Govindaraju, 2018; Kannan and Venugopalan, 2018; Kumar and Antony, 2018; Manohar and Sharma, 2018; Menon et al., 2018;
Nandakumar and Nasim, 2018; Nandhini, Babu and Mohanraj, 2018; Ravinthar and Jayalakshmi, 2018; Seppanet al., 2018; Teja, Ramesh and Priya, 2018; Duraisamyet al., 2019; Gheena and Ezhilarasan, 2019; Hema Shree et al., 2019; Rajakeerthi and Ms, 2019; Rajendran et al., 2019;
Sekaret al., 2019; Sharma et al., 2019; Siddique et al., 2019; Janani, Palanivelu and Sandhya, 2020;
Johnson et al., 2020; Jose, Ajitha and Subbaiyan, 2020).Our team has rich experience in research and we have collaborated with numerous authors over various topics in the past decade (Arigaet al., 2018;
Basha, Ganapathy and Venugopalan, 2018; Hannah et al., 2018; Hussainyet al., 2018; Jeevanandan and Govindaraju, 2018; Kannan and Venugopalan, 2018; Kumar and Antony, 2018; Manohar and Sharma, 2018; Menon et al., 2018; Nandakumar and Nasim, 2018; Nandhini, Babu and Mohanraj, 2018; Ravinthar and Jayalakshmi, 2018; Seppanet al., 2018; Teja, Ramesh and Priya, 2018;
Duraisamyet al., 2019; Gheena and Ezhilarasan, 2019; Hema Shree et al., 2019; Rajakeerthi and Ms, 2019; Rajendran et al., 2019; Sekaret al., 2019; Sharma et al., 2019; Siddique et al., 2019; Janani, Palanivelu and Sandhya, 2020; Johnson et al., 2020; Jose, Ajitha and Subbaiyan, 2020).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A descriptive study was done among college students. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the institution. The sample size of the survey was 100 and obtained all from college students. The questionnaire was distributed to each college student through an online survey planet link. The study was conducted in the year 2020. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions with each multiple choice question which were relating to general aspects of fast food and also the health effects of fast food. The data collected from the respondents were analysed using SPSS software. The random sampling was used and socio demographic data were analysed using descriptive statistics and association between variables were also analysed using chi square test by using SPSS software.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Our institution is passionate about high quality evidence based research and has excelled in various fields ( (Pc, Marimuthu and Devadoss, 2018; Ramesh et al., 2018;
VijayashreePriyadharsini, SmilineGirija and Paramasivam, 2018; Ezhilarasan, Apoorva and Ashok Vardhan, 2019;Ramaduraiet al., 2019; Sridharan et al., 2019;VijayashreePriyadharsini, 2019; Chandrasekar et al., 2020; Mathew et al., 2020; R et al., 2020; Samuel, 2021)
In the study 75% of the respondents belonged to male, while 25% belonged to females (Figure 1). 50.83% were aware of the nutrition factor labelling, 35.83% were not aware and 13.33% responded as may be (Figure 2), where males were more aware of the nutrition factor labelling on junk food than females (p value is 0.013)(Figure 10). 50.83% of the respondents were aware of the chemicals present in junk food, 35.83% were not aware and 13.33%
responded as maybe. (Figure 3),Pearson chi square test showed that the majority of males were more aware about the chemicals present in junk foods than females (p value is 0.001) (Figure 11). 61.67% were aware of the harmful effects of junk food, 30.83% were not aware and 7.5% responded as maybe (Figure 4). 54.17% have junk food on a daily basis, 36.67%
don't have junk food on a daily basis and 9.17% responded as maybe (Figure 5). 80.1%
were aware junk food leads to loss of your appetite and 19.82% were not aware (Figure 6), in which males were more aware than females (p value is 0.004) (Figure 12). 51.67%
preferred junk food healthy, 40.83% didn't prefer junk food as healthy and 7.5% responded as maybe.(Figure 7) . Majority of the respondents (73.33%) were not aware of the quality of junk food and 26.67% were aware(Figure 8). Pearson chi square test showed that males were more aware than females about the quality of junk foods (p value is 0.043) (Figure 13).
53.85% prefer taking junk food as an alternative for breakfast and 46.15% don't prefer.
(Figure 9) It is also appreciable that 70% compared to 30% college students have very poor knowledge on the harmful effects of junk food on their body. Various studies have shown that the general awareness of teenagers, regarding healthy eating habits is relatively average or good, but the problem lies in the fact that they do not translate this knowledge into good food behaviors [(Tiwari et al., 2018)] a study was conducted on eating habits of teenagers.
The results revealed that the majority of the students agreed to the fact that they are not eating right but they felt that diet is not “too big a bother” [(Nayak, 2016)]. In the study 65%
respondents considered junk food as unhealthy compared to 35% who considered junk food a healthy component in life. 39% were ignorant about the nutrient factors labels,about chemicals used in junk food and their safety level information [(. and ., 2018)] 70% were aware of the chemicals and their safety levels present in junk food and their safety level information 42% of the students had specified that they had some idea about the chemicals and their harmful effects, 49% of the students said that they were not aware of the consequences [(Calderón, 2019)].
Some studies prove that teenagers have very poor knowledge regarding ill effects of junk foods. A study was conducted in 3 selected schools at District Jalandhar (2013) among 60 students regarding knowledge of teenagers regarding harmful effects of junk food.[(Wiles et
al., 2009)] The result revealed that 81.67% had below average knowledge regarding harmful effects junk food followed by 18.33% adolescents who had average knowledge about the harmful effects of junk food .The present study results depicts that 35% prefer taste as the major factor for consumption of junk food while the rest 40% think that influence of advertisements is the major factor for consumption of junk food. It is consistent that with the findings conducted by health organisation India 70% of college students prefer junk food as an alternative for breakfast while 30% prefer much healthier food. It is really evident that television is one such medium for promoting many food items [(Johnson and Kenny, 2010)].
The sample size was unequal distributed and the ways to rectify the unequal distribution also not mentioned in the present study. Methods for controlling the spread are also not mentioned in the study.
CONCLUSION
Majority of the respondents are aware of the harmful effects of junk food .Commonest source of information was advertisements. Childrens and students are taking more calories in fast food and other restaurants than at home. When fast food frequently replaces nutritious food in the diet , it can lead to poor nutrition and poor health. The statistical analysis also revealed that males were more aware than the females among the college students. Hence it is necessary to improve the adolescent and students' knowledge on the health hazards of junk food inorder to save them from its ill effects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The team extends our sincere gratitude to the Saveetha Dental College and hospitals for their constant support and successful completion of this work.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Joseph George, carried out the study, collected data and drafted the manuscript. Dr Kavitha S designed the study and supervised in preparation of the manuscript. Dr Kavitha .S, Dr Vishnu priya and Dr Gayathri have coordinated in developing and final approval of the manuscript.
REFERENCES
1. (Website, no date a) 2. 2(Website, no date b) 3. 3.(Kapil et al., 2018)
4. 4.(Harrison, 2007) 5. 5..(Gupta et al., 2019)
6. 6.(Ma et al., 2019) 7. 7.(Gan et al., 2019) 8. 8.(Wu et al., 2019) 9. 9.(Keet al., 2019) 10. 10.(Website, no date c)
11. (Website, no date d)(Menon, V and Gayathri, 2016) 12. 12.(G et al., 2018)
13. 13(Jainu, Priya and Mohan, 2018) 14. 14 (Chen et al., 2019)
15. 15.(Rengasamyet al., 2018)
16. 16(Mohan, Veeraraghavan and Jainu, 2015) 17. 17.(Jaouadiet al., 2019)
18. 18.(Ma et al., 2019) 19. 19.(Li et al., 2020)
20. 20.(Ponnulakshmiet al., 2019)
21. (G et al., 2018)21(Jaouadiet al., 2019)(Tiwari et al., 2018) 22. (Nayak, 2016)
23. Ariga, P. et al. (2018) ‘Determination of correlation of width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Extraoral and Intraoral Factors in Indian Population: A systematic review’, World journal of dentistry, 9(1), pp. 68–75. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1509.
24. Basha, F. Y. S., Ganapathy, D. and Venugopalan, S. (2018) ‘Oral hygiene status among pregnant women’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(7), p.
3099. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00569.3.
25. Bhavani, V. and Prabhavathy Devi, N. (2020) ‘Junk and Sink: A Comparative Study on Junk Food Intake among Students of India’, Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, pp. 13–18. doi: 10.34293/sijash.v7i4.1335.
26. Calderón, C. G. (2019) ‘The Consumption Of Junk Food And Advertising In Mexican Youth’. doi: 10.15405/epsbs.2019.04.02.44.
27. Chandrasekar, R. et al. (2020) ‘Development and validation of a formula for objective assessment of cervical vertebral bone age’, Progress in orthodontics, 21(1), p. 38. doi:
10.1186/s40510-020-00338-0.
28. Chen, F. et al. (2019) ‘6-shogaol, a active constiuents of ginger prevents UVB radiation mediated inflammation and oxidative stress through modulating NrF2 signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells)’, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B:
Biology, p. 111518. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111518.
29. Duraisamy, R. et al. (2019) ‘Compatibility of Nonoriginal Abutments With Implants:
Evaluation of Microgap at the Implant-Abutment Interface, With Original and Nonoriginal Abutments’, Implant dentistry, 28(3), pp. 289–295. doi: 10.1097/ID.0000000000000885.
30. Ezhilarasan, D., Apoorva, V. S. and Ashok Vardhan, N. (2019) ‘Syzygiumcumini extract induced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(2), pp.
115–121. doi: 10.1111/jop.12806.
31. Gan, H. et al. (2019) ‘Zingerone induced caspase‐dependent apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells and prevents 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene‐induced mammary carcinogenesis in experimental rats’, Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22387.
32. Gheena, S. and Ezhilarasan, D. (2019) ‘Syringic acid triggers reactive oxygen species- mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells’, Human & experimental toxicology, 38(6), pp. 694–
702. doi: 10.1177/0960327119839173.
33. G, R. et al. (2018) ‘CYTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY EXTRACT ON ORAL CANCER CELL LINE’, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, p. 353. doi:
10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.25955.
34. Gupta, P. et al. (2019) ‘Indian Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines on the Fast and Junk Foods, Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Energy Drinks’, Indian Pediatrics, pp. 849–
863. doi: 10.1007/s13312-019-1612-5.
35. Hannah, R. et al. (2018) ‘Awareness about the use, ethics and scope of dental photography among undergraduate dental students dentist behind the lens’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(3), p. 1012. doi: 10.5958/0974- 360x.2018.00189.0.
36. Harrison, D. (2007) ‘Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food2007142Andrew F. Smith.
Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press 2006. xli 321 pp., ISBN: 978 0 313 33527 3 £48.99/$85’, Reference Reviews, pp. 36–36. doi:
10.1108/09504120710738265.
37. Hema Shree, K. et al. (2019) ‘Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - a Systematic Review with Meta Analysis’, Pathology oncology research: POR, 25(2), pp.
447–453. doi: 10.1007/s12253-019-00588-2.
38. Hussainy, S. N. et al. (2018) ‘Clinical performance of resin-modified glass ionomer cement, flowable composite, and polyacid-modified resin composite in noncarious cervical lesions:
One-year follow-up’, Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 21(5), pp. 510–515. doi:
10.4103/JCD.JCD_51_18.
39. Jahan, A. et al. (2020) ‘Junk Food Addiction Across Generations in Urban Karnataka, India’, Journal of Communicable Diseases, pp. 65–71. doi: 10.24321/0019.5138.202008.
40. Jainu, M., Priya, V. and Mohan, S. (2018) ‘Biochemical evidence for the antitumor potential of Garcinia mangostana Linn. On diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic carcinoma’, Pharmacognosy Magazine, p. 186. doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_213_17.
41. Janani, K., Palanivelu, A. and Sandhya, R. (2020) ‘Diagnostic accuracy of dental pulse oximeter with customized sensor holder, thermal test and electric pulp test for the evaluation of pulp vitality: an in vivo study’, Brazilian dental science, 23(1). doi:
10.14295/bds.2020.v23i1.1805.
42. Jaouadi, B. et al. (2019) ‘Production, partial purification, characterization, and application as laundry detergent additive of an alkalophilic protease from Bacillus velezensis strain F35’, Proceedings of MOL2NET 2018, International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences, 4th
edition. doi: 10.3390/mol2net-04-06114.
43. Jeevanandan, G. and Govindaraju, L. (2018) ‘Clinical comparison of Kedo-S paediatric rotary files vs manual instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary molars: a double blinded randomised clinical trial’, European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 19(4), pp. 273–278. doi: 10.1007/s40368-018- 0356-6.
44. Nag, T., Ghosh, A. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Asian Indian population: A systematic review(2013) Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 4 (4), pp. 222-228.
45. DOI:10.1016/j.jcdr.2014.01.004
46. Johnson, P. M. and Kenny, P. J. (2010) ‘Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats’, Nature Neuroscience, pp. 635–641. doi:
10.1038/nn.2519.
47. Jose, J., Ajitha and Subbaiyan, H. (2020) ‘Different treatment modalities followed by dental practitioners for Ellis class 2 fracture – A questionnaire-based survey’, The open dentistry journal, 14(1), pp. 59–65. doi: 10.2174/1874210602014010059.
48. Kannan, A. and Venugopalan, S. (2018) ‘A systematic review on the effect of use of impregnated retraction cords on gingiva’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology &
research, 11(5), p. 2121. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00393.1.
49. Kapil, U. et al. (2018) ‘Prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors among school-age children of 10–16 Years living in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India’, Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, p. 373. doi:
10.4103/ijem.ijem_251_17.
50. Ke, Y. et al. (2019) ‘Photosynthesized gold nanoparticles from Catharanthus roseus induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cervical cancer cells (HeLa)’, Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, pp. 1938–1946. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1614017.
51. Kumar, D. and Antony, S. D. P. (2018) ‘Calcified canal and negotiation-A review’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(8), p. 3727. doi: 10.5958/0974- 360x.2018.00683.2.
52. Li, Z. et al. (2020) ‘Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway’, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, p. 111773. doi:
10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773.
53. Mala, M. and Srividya, S. (2010) ‘Partial purification and properties of a laundry detergent compatible alkaline protease from a newly isolated Bacillus species Y’, Indian Journal of Microbiology, pp. 309–317. doi: 10.1007/s12088-010-0024-y.
54. Manohar, M. P. and Sharma, S. (2018) ‘A survey of the knowledge, attitude, and awareness about the principal choice of intracanal medicaments among the general dental practitioners and nonendodontic specialists’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 29(6), pp. 716–720. doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_716_16.
55. Mathew, M. G. et al. (2020) ‘Evaluation of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, plaque accumulation on zirconia and stainless steel crowns, and surrounding gingival inflammation in primary molars: Randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, pp. 1–6.
Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-020-03204-9.
56. Ma, Y. et al. (2019) ‘Sesame Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis through Inhibition of STAT-3 Translocation in Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines (FTC-133)’, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, pp. 646–652. doi: 10.1007/s12257-019-0151-1.
57. Menon, A., V, V. P. and Gayathri, R. (2016) ‘PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND CYTOTOXICITY POTENTIAL OF PINEAPPLE EXTRACT ON ORAL
CANCER CELL LINES’, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, p. 140.
doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13313.
58. Menon, S. et al. (2018) ‘Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism’, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 170, pp. 280–292. doi:
10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.006.
59. Mohan, S. K., Veeraraghavan, V. P. and Jainu, M. (2015) ‘Effect of pioglitazone, quercetin, and hydroxy citric acid on vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA (VEGF mRNA) expression in experimentally induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)’, TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, pp. 542–546. doi: 10.3906/sag-1404-136.
60. Nandakumar, M. and Nasim, I. (2018) ‘Comparative evaluation of grape seed and cranberry extracts in preventing enamel erosion: An optical emission spectrometric analysis’, Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 21(5), pp. 516–520. doi: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_110_18.
61. Nandhini, J. S. T., Babu, K. Y. and Mohanraj, K. G. (2018) ‘Size, shape, prominence and localization of gerdy’s tubercle in dry human tibial bones’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(8), p. 3604. doi: 10.5958/0974- 360x.2018.00663.7.
62. Nayak, B. S. (2016) ‘School Based Multicomponent Intervention for Obese Children in Udupi District, South India – A Randomized Controlled Trial’, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/23766.9116.
63. . N. F. and . C. M. (2018) ‘FAST FOOD IS NOT THE ONLY JUNK FOOD:
CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF JUNK FOOD IN ADOLESCENTS OF ALIGARH’, Indian Journal of Child Health, pp. 659–662. doi:
10.32677/ijch.2018.v05.i11.002.
64. Pc, J., Marimuthu, T. and Devadoss, P. (2018) ‘Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study’, Clinical implant dentistry and related research. Available at: https://europepmc.org/article/med/29624863.
65. Ponnulakshmi, R. et al. (2019) ‘In silicoandinvivoanalysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats’, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, pp. 276–290. doi:
10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815.
66. Rajakeerthi and Ms, N. (2019) ‘Natural Product as the Storage medium for an avulsed tooth – A Systematic Review’, Cumhuriyet ÜniversitesiDişHekimliğiFakültesidergisi, 22(2), pp.
249–256. doi: 10.7126/cumudj.525182.
67. Rajendran, R. et al. (2019) ‘Comparative evaluation of remineralizing potential of a paste containing bioactive glass and a topical cream containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate: An in vitro study’, Pesquisabrasileiraemodontopediatria e clinicaintegrada, 19(1), pp. 1–10. doi: 10.4034/pboci.2019.191.61.
68. Ramadurai, N. et al. (2019) ‘Effectiveness of 2% Articaine as an anesthetic agent in children:
randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, 23(9), pp. 3543–3550. doi:
10.1007/s00784-018-2775-5.
69. Ramesh, A. et al. (2018) ‘Comparative estimation of sulfiredoxin levels between chronic periodontitis and healthy patients - A case-control study’, Journal of periodontology, 89(10), pp. 1241–1248. doi: 10.1002/JPER.17-0445.
70. Ravinthar, K. and Jayalakshmi (2018) ‘Recent advancements in laminates and veneers in dentistry’, Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 11(2), p. 785. doi:
10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00148.8.
71. Rengasamy, G. et al. (2018) ‘Cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Myristica fragrans Houtt.
(mace) extract on human oral epidermal carcinoma KB cell lines’, Brazilian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences. doi: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000318028.
72. R, H. et al. (2020) ‘CYP2 C9 polymorphism among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its role in altering the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene’, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, pp. 306–312. doi:
10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.021.
73. Samuel, S. R. (2021) ‘Can 5-year-olds sensibly self-report the impact of developmental enamel defects on their quality of life?’, International journal of paediatric dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children, 31(2), pp. 285–286. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12662.
74. Sekar, D. et al. (2019) ‘Methylation-dependent circulating microRNA 510 in preeclampsia patients’, Hypertension research: official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 42(10), pp. 1647–1648. doi: 10.1038/s41440-019-0269-8.
75. Seppan, P. et al. (2018) ‘Therapeutic potential of Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) on ageing induced damage in dorsal nerve of the penis and its implication on erectile function: an experimental study using albino rats’, The aging male: the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male, pp. 1–14. doi: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1439005.
76. Sharma, P. et al. (2019) ‘Emerging trends in the novel drug delivery approaches for the treatment of lung cancer’, Chemico-biological interactions, 309, p. 108720. doi:
10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.033.
77. Siddique, R. et al. (2019) ‘Qualitative and quantitative analysis of precipitate formation following interaction of chlorhexidine with sodium hypochlorite, neem, and tulsi’, Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 22(1), pp. 40–47. doi: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_284_18.
78. Singh, S., Arora, I. and Singh, S. (2018) ‘Prevalence of anemia in blood donors: a retrospective study in rural tertiary care centre (Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India)’, International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, p. 2572. doi:
10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182196.
79. Sridharan, G. et al. (2019) ‘Evaluation of salivary metabolomics in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(4), pp. 299–306. doi: 10.1111/jop.12835.
80. Teja, K. V., Ramesh, S. and Priya, V. (2018) ‘Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene expression in inflammation: A molecular study’, Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 21(6), pp. 592–596. doi: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_154_18.
81. Tiwari, P. et al. (2018) ‘Process standardization and storability of calcium fortified potato chips through vacuum impregnation’, Journal of food science and technology, 55(8), pp.
3221–3231. doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3254-3.
82. VijayashreePriyadharsini, J. (2019) ‘In silico validation of the non-antibiotic drugs acetaminophen and ibuprofen as antibacterial agents against red complex pathogens’, Journal of periodontology, 90(12), pp. 1441–1448. doi: 10.1002/JPER.18-0673.
83. VijayashreePriyadharsini, J., SmilineGirija, A. S. and Paramasivam, A. (2018) ‘In silico analysis of virulence genes in an emerging dental pathogen A. baumannii and related species’, Archives of oral biology, 94, pp. 93–98. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.001.
84. Wang, Y. et al. (2019) ‘Synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles from Marsdeniatenacissima inhibits the cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in laryngeal cancer cells (Hep-2)’, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, p. 111624.doi:
10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111624.
85. Website (no date a). Available at: 1.Jahan, Afraz, Tutor Cum Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Banashankari I. I. Stage,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, and India. 2020. ‘Junk Food Addiction Across Generations in Urban
Karnataka, India.’ Journal of Communicable Diseases.
https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202008. (Accessed: 12 June 2020).
86. Website (no date b). Available at: 2.Bhavani, V., and N. Prabhavathi Devi. 2020. ‘Junk and Sink: A Comparative Study on Junk Food Intake among Students of India.’ Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities.
https://doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i4.1335. (Accessed: 12 June 2020).
87. Website (no date c). Available at: Wang, Y.a, Zhang, Y.a, Guo, Y.a, Lu, J.a, Veeraraghavan, V.P.b, Mohan, S.K.c, Wang, C.aEmail Author, Yu, X.Synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles from Marsdenia tenacissima inhibits the cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in laryngeal cancer cells(Hep-2)https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Jphotobiol.2019.111624 (Accessed: 13 June 2020).
88. Website (no date d). Available at: .Huang, Donna, Amanda Brien, Lima Omari, Angela Culpin, Melody Smith, and Victoria Egli. 2020. ‘Bus Stops Near Schools Advertising Junk Food and Sugary Drinks.’ Nutrients 12 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041192. (Accessed:
13 June 2020).
89. Website (no date e). Available at: 8.Nafis Faizi, and . Charul Mittal. 2018. ‘FAST FOOD IS NOT THE ONLY JUNK FOOD: CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF JUNK FOOD IN ADOLESCENTS OF ALIGARH.’ Indian Journal of Child Health.
https://doi.org/10.32677/ijch.2018.v05.i11.002. (Accessed: 12 June 2020).
90. Website (no date f).
91. Wiles, N. J. et al. (2009) ‘“Junk food” diet and childhood behavioural problems: results from the ALSPAC cohort’, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, pp. 491–498. doi:
10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602967.
92. Wu, F. et al. (2019) ‘Biologically synthesized green gold nanoparticles from Siberian ginseng induce growth-inhibitory effect on melanoma cells (B16)’, Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, pp. 3297–3305. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1647224.
93. 24.(Website, no date e) 94. 25. (Website, no date f)
95. 26 (Johnson and Kenny, 2010) FIGURES:
Figure 1: This pie chart shows the percentage distribution of gender of the respondents. Blue color indicates males and red color indicates females. 75% of the respondents were male 25%
were female
Figure 2: This pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness on the nutrition factor labelling in junk food. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no,and green color indicates may be. Majority of the respondents (50.83%) were aware of the nutrition factor labelling, (35.83%) were not aware and 13.33% responded as may be.
Figure 3: The pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness of chemicals present in junk food. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no,andgreen color indicates may be.
Majority of the respondents (50.83%) were aware of the chemicals present in junk food, 35.83% were not aware and 13.33% responded as maybe.
Figure 4: The Pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness on the harmful effects of junk food. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no,and green color indicates may be. Majority of the respondents (61.67%) were aware of the harmful effects of junk food, 30.83% were not aware and 7.5% responded as maybe.
Figure 5: This Pie chart shows the percentage distribution of having junk food on a daily basis. Blue colour indicates yes, red colour indicates no and green indicates maybe. Majority of the respondents (54.17%) have junk food on a daily basis, 36.67% don't have junk food on a daily basis and 9.17% responded as maybe.
Figure 6 :This pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness on junk food leads to loss of appetite. Blue color indicates yes and red color indicates no. Majority of the respondents (80.1%) were aware junk food leads to loose of your appetite and 19.82% were not aware.
Figure 7: This pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness on junk food is healthy. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no,and green color indicates may be.
Majority of the respondents(51.67%) preferred junk food healthy, 40.83% didn't prefer junk food as healthy and 7.5% responded as maybe.
Figure 8: The pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness of quality of junk food. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no. Majority of the respondents (73.33%) were not aware of the quality of junk food and 26.67% were aware.
Figure 9: This pie chart shows the percentage distribution on the awareness of junk food can be taken as an alternative for breakfast. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no.
Majority of the respondents (53.85%) prefer taking junk food as an alternative for breakfast and 46.15% don't prefer.
Figure 10: The bar graph represents the association between gender and knowledge of the respondents about the nutrition factor labeling on junk food. X axis represents the gender and Y axis represents the number of responses. Blue denotes yes, red denotes no and green denotes maybe they were aware. Majority of the males (57 participants) were aware about the nutrition factor labelling . Pearson chi square test shows p value is 0.002 (>0.05). Hence it is statistically significant, males are more aware than females about the nutrition factor labelling on junk food.
Figure 11: The bar graph represents the association between gender and knowledge of the respondents of chemicals present in junk food. X axis represents the gender and Y axis represents the number of responses. Blue denotes yes, red denotes no and green denotes maybe they were aware. Majority of males (57 participants ) were aware of the chemicals present in junk food. Pearson chi square test shows p value is 0.001 (>0.05). Hence it is statistically significant, males are more aware than females about the chemicals present in junk food.
Figure 12: The bar graph represents the association between gender and knowledge of the respondents of junk food makes you lose your appetite . X axis represents the gender and Y axis represents the number of responses. Blue denotes yes, red denotes no they were not aware. Majority of the males ( 57 participants ) were aware that junk food loses the appetite of an individual. Pearson chi square test shows p value is 0.004 (>0.05). Hence it is statistically significant, males are more aware than females that junk food can cause loss of appetite of an individual.
Figure 13: The bar graph represents the association between gender and knowledge of the respondents of quality of junk food. X axis represents the gender and Y axis represents the number of responses. Blue denotes yes, red denotes no they were not aware. Majority of males (57 participants ) were aware of the quality of junk food. Pearson chi square test shows p value is 0.013 (>0.05). Hence it is statistically significant, males were more aware of the quality of junk food.
FIGURE LEGENDS:
Figure 1: This pie chart shows the percentage distribution of gender of the respondents. Blue color indicates males and red color indicates females. 75% of the respondents were male 25%
were female
Figure 2: This pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness on the nutrition factor labelling in junk food. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no,and green color indicates may be. Majority of the respondents (50.83%) were aware of the nutrition factor labelling, (35.83%) were not aware and 13.33% responded as may be.
Figure 3: The pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness of chemicals present in junk food. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no,and green color indicates may be. Majority of the respondents (50.83%) were aware of the chemicals present in junk food, 35.83% were not aware and 13.33% responded as maybe.
Figure 4: The Pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness on the harmful effects of junk food. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no,and green color indicates may be. Majority of the respondents (61.67%) were aware of the harmful effects of junk food, 30.83% were not aware and 7.5% responded as maybe.
Figure 5: This Pie chart shows the percentage distribution of having junk food on a daily basis. Blue colour indicates yes, red colour indicates no and green indicates maybe. Majority of the respondents (54.17%) have junk food on a daily basis, 36.67% don't have junk food on a daily basis and 9.17% responded as maybe.
Figure 6 :This pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness on junk food leads to loss of appetite. Blue color indicates yes and red color indicates no. Majority of the respondents (80.1%) were aware junk food leads to loss of appetite and 19.82% were not aware.
Figure 7: This pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness on junk food is healthy. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no,and green color indicates may be.
Majority of the respondents(51.67%) preferred junk food healthy, 40.83% didn't prefer junk food as healthy and 7.5% responded as maybe.
Figure 8: The pie chart shows the percentage distribution of awareness of quality of junk food. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no. Majority of the respondents (73.33%) were not aware of the quality of junk food and 26.67% were aware.
Figure 9: This pie chart shows the percentage distribution on the awareness of junk food can be taken as an alternative for breakfast. Blue color indicates yes, red color indicates no.
Majority of the respondents (53.85%) prefer taking junk food as an alternative for breakfast and 46.15% don't prefer.
Figure 10: The bar graph represents the association between gender and knowledge of the respondents about the nutritional factor labelling of junk food. X axis represents the gender and Y axis represents the number of responses. Blue denotes yes, red denotes no and green denotes maybe they were aware. Majority of the males (57 participants) were aware about the nutritional factor labeling on junk food . Pearson chi square test shows p value is 0.013 (>0.05). Hence it is statistically significant, males are more aware than females about the nutritional factor labeling on junk food.
Figure 11: The bar graph represents the association between gender and knowledge of the respondents of chemicals present in junk food. X axis represents the gender and Y axis represents the number of responses. Blue denotes yes, red denotes no and green denotes maybe they were aware. Majority of males (57 participants ) were aware of the chemicals present in junk food. Pearson chi square test shows p value is 0.001 (>0.05). Hence it is statistically significant, males are more aware than females about the chemicals present in junk food.
Figure 12: The bar graph represents the association between gender and knowledge of the respondents of junk food makes you lose your appetite . X axis represents the gender and Y axis represents the number of responses. Blue denotes yes, red denotes no they were not aware. Majority of the males ( 57 participants ) were aware that junk food loses the appetite of an individual. Pearson chi square test shows p value is 0.004 (>0.05). Hence it is statistically significant, males are more aware than females that junk food can cause loss of appetite of an individual.
Figure 13: The bar graph represents the association between gender and knowledge of the respondents of quality of junk food. X axis represents the gender and Y axis represents the number of responses. Blue denotes yes, red denotes no they were not aware. Majority of males (57 participants ) were aware of the quality of junk food. Pearson chi square test shows p value is 0.043 (>0.05). Hence it is statistically significant, males are more aware of the quality of junk food.
