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Behavioral Features based Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection using Decision Trees

M.Jagadeesan

1

,P.A.Selvaraj

2

,M.Harikrishnan

3

,T.Kamalavalli

4

,V.Jayakumar

5

1

Associate Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Kongu Engineering college,Perundurai, Tamilnadu,India. Email: [email protected]

2

Associate Professor,Department of Computer Applications, Kongu Engineering college,Perundurai, Tamilnadu, India.Email: [email protected]

3

Assistant Professor(Sr.Grade),Department of Mathematics, Kongu Engineering college,Perundurai,Tamilnadu,India.Email: [email protected]

4

Assistant Professor,Department of Computer Applications, PSNA College of Engineering college and Technology,Dindigul,Tamilnadu,India. Email: [email protected]

5

Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering,Karur,Tamilnadu,India.Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) could also be a neuro biological process condition affects a person’s noesis and behavior. the current diagnostic models area unit subjective and behavior dependent.

The delay in identification at associate early age and makes it more durable to differentiate syndrome from alternative biological process disorders. the data mining ways area unit applied to urge the ASD with activity and neuro image parameters. The classification techniques area unit applied on the identification knowledge values.

Early identification and follow-up treatments makes a significant impact on unfit folks. The electrodes connected with the scalp area unit used to capture the graph signals. Abnormalities in encephalogram (EEG) area unit typically used as reliable biomarkers to diagnose ASD. The ASD classification is run with graph signal process and learning models. The graph channel frequency minimisation is combined inside the prediction mechanism. applied mathematics options area unit extracted from noise filtered graph knowledge before and once separate riffle remodel. Relevant options and graph channels were selected mistreatment correlation-based feature choice. the coaching models and have vectors area unit used to minimize the graph channels. The Naïve Bayes classifier is used inside the ASD prediction method.

The adult syndrome discovery model is supposed to analysis the activity options of the patients on top of eighteen years. The activity options area unit collected with the support of a verbaliser. the selection tree classifier is employed to urge the illness levels. The syndrome discovery method is compared with the Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification techniques

.

Index Terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Machine learning, Naïve Bayes Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier and Electroencephalogram (EEG).

1. Introduction

The classic options of syndrome of utmost social isolation, pathological want for sameness and condition or noncommunicative speech were delineated as syndrome. The diagnostic language wont to label kids with this advanced disorder area unit typically confusing. The terms pervasive organic process disorder (PDD) or unfit spectrum disorder (ASD) is currently wont to describe 5 distinct disorders (DSMIV- TR) unfit disorder, asperger’s disorder, kid decompositional disorder, rett’s syndrome and pervasive organic process disorder, not otherwise classified (NOS) – atypical syndrome. The DSM-IV 20002 criteria for the designation of unfit disorder area unit supported a core triad of symptoms

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qualitative impairment of social interaction, qualitative impairments in communication skills and restricted repetitive and stereotypical behaviour pattern, interests and activities. the kid UN agency presents with Asperger’s disorder clinically has no important general delay in adjustive skills, language and psychological feature development. The hallmark of Rett’s syndrome and kid decompositional disorder is marked neuro-regression and loss of antecedently noninheritable language, social and motor skills.

PDD can even be classified in keeping with probable cause. Syndromic syndrome options a defined cause, like stalk pathology and fragile X syndrome. The MePCP sequence mutations area unit known on the X chromosome in regarding eightieth of women with Rett’s syndrome. This has LED to the talk over whether or not the DSM-IV criteria for unfit disorder apply to Rett’s syndrome. disorder syndrome does not have Associate in Nursing classifiable cause, however genetic factors area unit concerned. In most cases of syndrome there's no familiar cause, however the second-hit hypothesis proposes that Associate in Nursing environmental issue triggers syndrome throughout a genetically susceptible individual.

throughout this issue, Moolman-Smook et al.

The immune pathology rumored in kids with ASD does not appear to be of major significance in clinical follow. there's no rumored enlarged rate of hospital admissions of youngsters with PPD stricken by expedient infections. This additionally highlights the particular indisputable fact that at this , there's no biological check to verify the designation of syndrome. oldsters usually enforce knowing the probably outcome of PDD in their kids. Health care employees ought to be ready to interrupt the unpalatable news on the results of PDD. The organic process mechanical phenomenon of youngsters with PPD is varied.

Early language regression between eighteen and twenty four months tends to herald the onset of PDD.

conventional behaviours tend to bolster with age, whereas social isolation and language defects tend to persist into adulthood. of youngsters with PDD, hr are becoming to be utterly dependent for care and solely five - 15 August 1945 can acquire social and activity adjustive skills. Lack of speech at five years previous Associate in Nursingd an intelligence quotient however sixty with associated encephalopathy indicate a poor prognosis for adult socialindependence.there's no evidenced scientific cure for syndrome.

Anecdotal reports by oldsters of youngsters UN agency have apparently been cured catch the headlines on the net . this state of information domain on the biology of syndrome implies that a cure would be a miracle and spontaneous remission unlikely. behavioral intervention is that the foremost mode of medical aid in kids with syndrome. Interventions like applied behavior analysis (ABA) and TEACCH (Treatment and Education of unfit and connected Communication unfit Children) need specialist workforce and infrastructure. The few special faculties in African nation that cater for youths with syndrome area unit overstretched and have a bent to be inaccessible to the bulk of the youngsters UN agency want then.

2. Related Works

Anibal Slon Heinsfeld [2017] represented a mechanism for Identification of syndrome Spectrum Disorder victimization Deep Learning and so the ABIDE Dataset. Deep learning algorithms square measure applied to spot syndrome spectrum disorder (ASD) patients from massive brain imaging dataset with brain activation patterns. The ASD patients brain imaging knowledge from a world-wide multi-site information mentioned as ABIDE (Autism Brain Imaging knowledge Exchange) is employed . ASD might even be a brain-based disorder characterised by social deficits and repetitive behaviors. ASD affects one in sixty eight youngsters at intervals the US . The patterns of practical property objectively determine ASD participants from practical brain imaging knowledge. The neural patterns emerged from the classification. The deep learning moel is applied to urge the ASD indications.

Lucia Billeci [2017] designed Associate in Nursing integrated graphical record and eyetracking approach for the study of responding and initiating joint attention in syndrome Spectrum Disorders. syndrome Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is characterised by impairment in joint attention (JA). The joint attention has 2 elements the response to joint attention and so the initiation of joint attention. The correlation between joint attention and neural circuitries link remains mostly undiscovered in ASD. The neural correlates of responding and initiating joint attention in high-functioning youngsters with ASD square measure analyzed. The changes in brain operate Associate in Nursingd

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visual pattern once six months of rehabilitative treatment victimization an integrated EEG/eye-tracking system is evaluated. The initiating and responding joint attention be each overlapping and specialised neural circuitries. The trends of changes in each brain activity and property once rehabilitative treatment in each the 2 tasks square measure determined. The tasks square measure correlate with modifications in gaze measures. The feasibleness of victimization the planned multimodal approach is best to characterize joint attention connected brain circuitries and visual pattern in ASD people and to look at longitudinal changes in response to rehabilitative intervention.

Wenbo Liu [2016][18] made a machine learning framework for distinguishing youngsters with syndrome Spectrum Disorder supported Their Face process Abnormality. The atypical face scanning patterns in people with syndrome Spectrum Disorder (ASD) square measure applied for the prediction method. The face scanning patterns might be doubtless helpful to spot youngsters with ASD by adopting the machine learning algorithmic program for the classification purpose. The machine learning methodology is applied to analysis mounted|a watch} mounted fixed movement dataset from a face recognition task to classify youngsters with and while not ASD. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of classifying ASD is evaluated. The machine learning algorithmic program supported the face scanning patterns to spot youngsters with ASD achieves most classification accuracy.

William J. Bosl, [2018] [16][17]initiated a information driven approach to graphical record Analytics for Early Detection of syndrome Spectrum Disorder. syndrome spectrum disorder (ASD) might even be a fancy and heterogeneous disorder. The ASD is diagnosed on the thought of activity symptoms throughout the second year of life or later. Finding ascendible biomarkers for early detection is difficult because of the variability in presentation of the disorder and so the requirement for simple measurements. it would be enforced habitually throughout well-baby checkups. graphical record might even be a relatively easy-to- use, low value brain activity tool. it's explored as a attainable clinical tool for observance atypical brain development. graphical record measurements were collected from ninety nine infants with Associate in Nursing older relation diagnosed with ASD. eighty nine low risk controls, starting at three months aged and continued till thirty six months aged . nonlinear options were computed from graphical record signals and used as input to applied math learning strategies. Prediction of the clinical diagnostic outcome of ASD or not ASD was extremely correct once victimization graphical record measurements from as early as three months aged . Sensitivity and PPV were high. Prediction of ADOS tag severity scores for all infants at intervals the analysis victimization solely graphical record knowledge taken as early as three months aged is powerfully correlate with the particular measured scores. The helpful digital biomarkers can be extracted from graphical record measurements.

Daniel Bone [2014] [14][15]recommended Machine Learning strategies to Facilitate syndrome medicine.

Machine learning has large potential to strengthen diagnostic and intervention analytics at intervals the activity sciences. it's very helpful in investigations involving the extremely rife and heterogeneous syndrome of syndrome spectrum disorder. the employment of machine learning at intervals the absence of clinical domain experience square measure typically tenuous and cause misinformed conclusions. The machine learning strategies square measure applied to diagnose syndrome with minimum time levels. The machine learning models square measure typically integrated with activity analysis operations. The classification algorithmic programs like K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Naive mathematician algorithm square measure used for the ASD detection method.

3.ASD Prediction with Electroencephalogram (EEG)

The first intervention of ASD and therapies may increase the response rate of unfit folks, the diagnostic approach ought to be straightforward, low-cost, and easy to implement. The methodology may even be a three-phase method pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification. at intervals the pre-processing stage, the noise from eye-blink is filtered. The feature extraction part includes of 2 parts. One element extracts applied mathematics options from the noise-removed graph signals and so the opposite extracts the applied mathematics options when DWT. The mean and variance of each channel and so the feature

vectors area unit calculated.

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The beta frequency band options a substantial influence on classifying ASD. The separate signals area unit divide into frequency bands. The decomposition of the DWT is computed by filtering the separate signal. This filtering uses a low pass filter to urge the approximation constant (CA) and a high pass filter to urge the elaborate constant (CD). The frequency vary of the beta band is from 16Hz to 32Hz. The frequency of the primary graph signal was 250Hz. DWT had to be performed up to four levels. The applied mathematics options of the beta frequency band were extracted. The extracted applied mathematics options area unit the mean and variance of the channels.

CFS algorithmic program selects helpful options supported a sturdy correlation to the classification.The channels T3, T4, T5, and T6 weren't obtainable. The tests area unit administered victimisation the remaining fifteen channels. The ASD prediction method is run on the options victimisation the Naïve

Thomas Bayes classification algorithmic program.

4.ProblemStatement

Early identification and follow-up treatments have a major impact on unfit folks. The electrodes hooked up with the scalp area unit accustomed capture the electroencephalogram signals. Abnormalities in encephalogram (EEG) area unit usually used as reliable biomarkers to diagnose ASD. The ASD classification is run with electroencephalogram signal process and learning models. prospects to use a minimum variety of electroencephalogram channels area unit explored. applied math options area unit extracted from noise filtered electroencephalogram information before and once separate riffle remodel.

Relevant options and electroencephalogram channels were hand-picked mistreatment correlation-based feature choice. the coaching models and have vectors area unit accustomed minimize the electroencephalogram channels. The Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM) primarily based classifiers area unit utilised inside the ASD prediction method. future issues area unit known from this syndrome prediction strategies.

• The electroencephalogram information assortment is device dependant model for the ASD analysis

• the information assortment and analysis operations will increase the price parameters

• behavioural parameters are not centered inside the identification method

• The prediction accuracy is low inside the electroencephalogram signal primarily based mechanism 5. Behavioral Features based ASD Detection usingDecisionTrees The adult syndrome discovery model is supposed to analysis the activity options of the patients on top of eighteen years. The activity options area unit collected with the support of a utterer. The Adult utterer (AQ10) information set is collected from the University of American state, Irwin machine learning repository. everyone seems to be diagnosed with ten queries. The syndrome Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is discovered exploitation the answers given by the person. the selection tree classifier is employed to induce the unwellness levels.

a selection tree could also be a call support tool that uses a tree-like model of their attainable consequences, as well as accident outcomes, resource prices and utility. it is a technique to show associate formula that solely contains conditional management statements. call trees area unit usually used operational analysis, specifically in call analysis, to help determine a method presumptively to achieve goal, however are a popular tool in machine learning. a selection tree consists of 3 varieties of nodes. they are call nodes, probability nodes and finish nodes. the selection nodes area unit usually painted by squares. the prospect nodes area unit usually painted by circles. the highest nodes area unit usually painted by triangles. The syndrome discovery method is compared with the Naive mathematician technique.

6. Performance Analysis

The syndrome Spectrum Disorder (ASD) discovery method is applied to find the syndrome levels for the adults. The AG10 dataset is collected from the University of Calif. machine learning repository.

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The machine learning primarily based ASD prediction method is performed mistreatment the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and call Tree Classifier (DTC) techniques. The syndrome prediction models ar enforced and tested mistreatment the R language. The prediction operations ar verified with 2 performance parameters. they're False Positive Rate (FPR) and False Negative Rate (FNR) measures. The false positive rate and false negative rate parameters ar applied to estimate the accuracy level of the syndrome Spectrum Disorder discovery method. The false positive rate and also the false negative rate ar the detection error criteria’s. The error level ought to be reduced to extend the detection accuracy levels.

6.1. False Positive Rate Analysis

The false positive rate is estimated to fetch the ratio of falsely assigned positive ASD results. The false positive rate analysis between the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) techniques are shown in figure 6.1 and table 6.1. The DTC reduces the false positive rate 30% than the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) technique.

Records NBC DTC 100 15.84 9.48 200 15.28 8.88 300 14.28 8.36 400 13.12 7.64 500 12.56 6.92

Table No: 6.1. False Positive Rate Analysis Between Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) Techniques

Figure No: 6.1. False Positive Rate Analysis Between Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) Techniques

6.2. False Negative Rate Analysis

The false negative rate is estimated to fetch the ratio of falsely assigned negative ASD results.

The false negative rate analysis between Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) techniques are shown in figure 6.2 and table 6.2. The Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) reduces the false negative rate 25% than the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) technique.

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Records NBC DTC

100 15.12 10.04

200 14.68 9.32

300 14.08 8.60

400 13.44 7.96

500 12.76 7.00

Table No: 6.2. False Negative Rate Analysis Between Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) Techniques

Figure No: 6.2. False Negative Rate Analysis Between Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) Techniques

7. Conclusion and Future Work

The behavioral features are analyzed to predict the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) levels. The adult data set collected from the UCI machine learning repository is used in the ASD prediction process.

The behavioral feature based diagnosis data capturing is achieved with low cost levels. The accuracy level is increased in the decision tree based mechanism. Data collection delay and processing time are minimized. The ASD prediction process can be enhanced with random forest based prediction models.

The hybrid feature analysis model can be formed with behavioral and neuro image based feature analysis mechanism.

REFERENCES

[1] Dilantha Haputhanthri, Gunavaran Brihadiswaran, Sahan Gunathilaka, Dulani Meedeniya, Yasith Jayawardena and Sampath Jayarathna, “An EEG based Channel Optimized Classification Approach for Autism Spectrum Disorder”, Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon), 2019.

[2] J. Baio et al., “Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014,” MMWR.

Surveillance Summaries, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 1-23, Apr. 2018.

[3] P. Mundy, “A review of joint attention and social-cognitive brain systems in typical development and

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autism spectrum disorder,” European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 497-514, Sep.

2018.

[4] L. Billeci et al., “An integrated EEG and eye-tracking approach for the study of responding and initiating joint attention in Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, pp. 1-13, Oct.

2017.

[5] W. J. Bosl, H. Tager-Flusberg and C. A. Nelson, “EEG Analytics for Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A data-driven approach,” Scientific Reports, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-20, May. 2018.

[6] E. Abdulhay, M. Alafeef, H. Hadoush, N. Alomari and M. Bashayreh, “Frequency 3D mapping and inter-channel stability of EEG intrinsic function pulsation: Indicators towards autism spectrum diagnosis,” in 10th Jordanian International Electrical and Electronics Engineering Conference, 2017.

[7] S. Thapaliya, S. Jayarathna and M. Jaime, “Evaluating the EEG and Eye Movements for Autism Spectrum Disorder,” in IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2018, pp. 2328- 2336.

[8] E. Grossi, C. Olivieri and M. Buscema, “Diagnosis of autism through EEG processed by advanced computational algorithms: A pilot study,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 142, Apr. 2017.

[9] N. Harun, N. Hamzah, N. Zaini, M. Sani, H. Norhazman and I. Yassin, “EEG Classification Analysis for Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder based on Emotions,” Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1-2, pp. 87-93, 2018.

[10] S. Jayarathna, Y. Jayawardana, M. Jaime and S. Thapaliya, “Electroencephalogram (EEG) for Delineating Objective Measure of Autism Spectrum Disorder,” in Computational Models for Biomedical Reasoning and Problem Solving, IGI Global, 2019, pp. 34-65.

[11] Anibal S´olon Heinsfeld, Alexandre Rosa Franco, R. Cameron Craddock, Augusto Buchweitz and Felipe Meneguzzi, “Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder using Deep Learning and the ABIDE Dataset”, Neuroimage Clienical, 2017.

[12] Wenbo Liu, Ming Li and Li Yi, “Identifying Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on Their Face Processing Abnormality: A Machine Learning Framework”, Autism Research, 2016.

[13] Zhong Zhao, Xiaobin Zhang, Wenzhou Li, Xinyao Hu, Xingda Qu, Yanru Liu and Jianping Lu,

“Applying Machine Learning to Identify Autism With Restricted Kinematic Features”, IEEE Access, October2019.

[14]Ponmagal, R.S., Karthick, S., Dhiyanesh, B. et al. Optimized virtual network function provisioning technique for mobile edge cloud computing. J Ambient Intell Human Comput (2020).

[15]Ramamoorthy, S., Ravikumar, G., Saravana Balaji, B. et al. MCAMO: multi constraint aware multi- objective resource scheduling optimization technique for cloud infrastructure services. J Ambient Intell Human Comput (2020).

[16] Basha, A.J., Balaji, B.S., Poornima, S. et al. Support vector machine and simple recurrent network based automatic sleep stage classification of fuzzy kernel. J Ambient Intell Human Comput (2020) [17]Balaji, B.S., Balakrishnan, S., Venkatachalam, K. et al. Automated query classification-based web

service similarity technique using machine learning. J Ambient Intell Human Comput (2020) [18] Viji, C., Rajkumar, N., Suganthi, S.T. et al. An improved approach for automatic spine canal

segmentation using probabilistic boosting tree (PBT) with fuzzy support vector machine. J Ambient Intell Human Comput (2020).

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