“IMT Oradea” - 2015
P ROCEEDINGS
OF THE
A NNUAL S ESSION
OF
S CIENTIFIC P APERS
Volume XIV (XXIV)
May 28
th– May 30
th, 2015 Felix SPA, Oradea
ROMÂNIA
ISSN 2285-3278 ISSN-L 2285-3278
ISBN 978-606-10-1537-5
U NIVERSITY OF O RADEA P UBLISHING H OUSE Universitatii street, Nr.1
Oradea, Cod.410087, Jud.Bihor, Romania Tel/Fax.+40 259 408627
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.uoradea.ro
EDITOR’S NOTE
Nowadays technology is evolving at a rate that is hard to quantify, being in permanent change, becoming increasingly efficient and applying its new concepts directly to the field of manufacturing.
Therefore, we truly believe that the Annual Session of Scientific Papers organized by the Faculty of Management and Technological Engineering of the University of Oradea provides a unique opportunity to all researchers in engineering and other related fields to disseminate and publish original, valuable and competitive scientific papers.
The papers written in the five sections featured by the conference –Mechanics, Mechatronics, Technologies and Machine Engineering, Management and Economic Engineering, Road Vehicles and Transportation Engineering – will be included in the volumes of conference.
Yet, there are also highly valuable scientific papers that are difficult to include in one of the above mentioned sections, as their topics belong to related or overlapping fields of study, not necessarily engineering, but having applications that involve engineering principles. Moreover, we particularly appreciate the value of these overlapping fields, given by the elements of novelty, evolution and progress that they involve.
It should also be noted that the editors shall not take any responsibility either for the authenticity of the findings or for the originality of the opinions and conclusions expressed in the papers published by the authors.
We really believe in the idea of progress and evolution upheld by the publication of the scientific papers of all those who can step forward and bring engineering to a higher level, but also by the participation in the debates occasioned by the scientific event organized by the University of Oradea, Faculty of Management and Technological Engineering.
Editorial’s Board Oradea, May 2015
o Alexandru-Viorel PELE, University of Oradea, Romania o Gavril GREBENIȘAN, University of Oradea, Romania
Scientific Committee:
o Ioan ABRUDAN, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania o Catalin ALEXANDRU, Transilvania University Brasov, Romania
o Miguel ANGEL SELLES CANTO - Univeristat Politecnica de Valencia, Campus d´Alcoi - Spania o Mariana ARGHIR, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
o Silvia AVASILCĂI, Technical University Gheorghe Asachi of Iaşi, Romania o Călin BĂBAN, University of Oradea, Romania
o Miroslav BADIDA, Technical University of Košice, Slovakia o Ioan BONDREA, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania o Alexandru BOROIU, University of Pitesti, Romania o Ion BRATU, University of Oradea, Romania
o Dan BRINDASU, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania o Traian BUIDOȘ, University of Oradea, Romania
o Constantin BUNGĂU, University of Oradea, Romania
o Nicolae BURNETE, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania o Marco CECCARELLI, University of Cassino, Italy
o Predrag DASIC, High Technical Mechanical School, Trstenik, Serbia
o Izabela DEMBINSKA, University of Szczecin, Faculty of Management and Economic Services, Poland o Cristian Vasile DOICIN, University Polytechnic of Bucharest, Romania
o George DRAGHICI, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Romania
o Marek DYLEWSKI, University of Szczecin, Faculty of Economics, High School of Banking, Szczecin, Poland o Catalin FETECAU, Dunărea de Jos University, Romania
o Beata FILIPIAK, University of Szczecin, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Szczecin, Poland o Macedon GANEA, University of Oradea, Romania
o Lucian GRAMA, University of Oradea, Romania o Gavril GREBENIȘAN, University of Oradea, Romania o Mikulas HAJDUK, Technical University Kosice, Slovakia o Voichiţa HULE, University of Oradea, Romania
o Geza HUSI, University of Debrecen, Hungary
o Nicolae ISPAS, Transilvania University Brasov, Romania
o Monica IZVERCEANU, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Romania o Sinisa KUZMANOVIC, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
o Tiberiu MACARIE, University of Pitesti, Romania
o Aleksandar MAKEDONSKI, Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria o Juan Lopez MARTINEZ, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain o Sergiu MAZURU, Technical University of Moldova, R. Moldova o Ioan MIHAI, Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania o Ioan MIHĂILĂ, University of Oradea, Romania
o Ioan MOGA, University of Oradea, Romania
o Doina MORTOIU, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania
o Viorel PAUNOIU, Dunărea de Jos University, Romania o Alexandru-Viorel PELE, University of Oradea, Romania o Mircea Teodor POP, University of Oradea, Romania o Ioan Eugen RADU, University of Oradea, Romania o Egidio RANGONE, Rangone Consulting Alexandria, Italy o Liviu ROŞCA, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania o Sergio ROSSETTO, Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy
o Samuel SÁNCHEZ CABALLERO - Univeristat Politecnica de Valencia, Campus d´Alcoi - Spania o George SAVII, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Romania
o Laurentiu SLATINEANU, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania o Radu STANCIU, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
o Edit SZUCS, University of Debrecen, Hungary
o Ioan Constantin ȚARCĂ, University of Oradea, Romania o Imre TIMAR, University of Pannonia, Hungary
o Marian TOLNAY, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia o Stefan VALCUHA, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia o Tiberiu VESSELENYI, University of Oradea, Romania o Agostino VILLA, Polytechnic University of Torino, Italy o Aron Vidican TRIPE, University of Oradea, Romania o Sahin YILDIRIM, Erciyes University, Turkey
Steering Committee:
o Florin Sandu BLAGA, University of Oradea, Romania – vicechairman o Alexandru-Viorel PELE, University of Oradea, Romania
o Mircea Teodor POP, University of Oradea, Romania - vicechairman o Alexandru RUS, University of Oradea, Romania - vicechairman o Radu Cătălin ȚARCĂ, University of Oradea, Romania - vicechairman o Georgeta CHINDLEA, University of Oradea, Romania – member o Dan CHIRA, University of Oradea, Romania - member
o Nicolae CRECAN, University of Oradea, Romania - member
o Lehel Szabolcs CSOKMAI, University of Oradea, Romania - member o Anamaria MADURA, University of Oradea, Romania – member o Ioan MOGA, University of Oradea, Romania
o Ovidiu MOLDOVAN, University of Oradea, Romania - member o Georgeta NICHITA, University of Oradea, Romania - member o Alin POP, University of Oradea, Romania – member
o Ioan Constantin ŢARCĂ, University of Oradea, Romania - member o Pavel Dan TOCUȚ, University of Oradea, Romania - member
o Gavril GREBENIȘAN, University of Oradea, Romania o Alexandru-Viorel PELE, University of Oradea, Romania o Mircea Teodor POP, University of Oradea, Romania o Alexandru RUS, University of Oradea, Romania o Radu Cătălin ȚARCĂ, University of Oradea, Romania
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH:
o EMSIL GROUP
o COMAU ROMANIA -ORADEA
o RESEARCH CENTER "PRODUCTICA IMT"– ORADEA
o RESEARCH CENTER IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND AUTOMOTIVE-"IMA"- ORADEA o GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF ROMANIAN ENGINEERS -BRANCH BIHOR
o SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS OF ROMANIA
o ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION FOR NONCONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES -BRANCH BIHOR o ASSOCIATION OF MANAGERS AND ECONOMIC
o ASSOCIATION FOR INTEGRATED ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT o ROBOTICS SOCIETY OF ROMANIA
o ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
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Copyright 2015
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL SESSION OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS is printed edition of on-line Journal “ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY
OFORADEA. FASCICLE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL ENGINEERING”, ISSN 1583 - 0691, CNCSIS "Clasa B+", Issue
#1. The responsibility for the content of each paper is solely upon the authors. Accordingly, neither the University of Oradea, nor their officers, members of the editorial board, are responsible for the accuracy or authenticity of any published paper.
Florina Carmen CIORNEI1, Stelian ALACI2;
1,2 Ștefan cel Mare University, Suceava;
A CONSEQUENCE OF POST-IMPACT RADIAL PROFILE SHAPE OF INDENTATION. PART I:
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCES... 1 Mihai-Tiberiu LATEȘ1, Cătălin GAVRILĂ2;
1,2“Transilvania” University of Brașov;
TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF THE PA46 POLYAMIDE –
STEEL TYPE CONTACTS... 5 Silvia AVASILCĂI1, Elena GĂLĂȚEANU (AVRAM)2;
1,2 „Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași;
PRO – ACTIVE CONSUMERS’ ENGAGEMENT AS DRIVER OF CO–INNOVATION –
THE CASE OF ELECTROLUX (B)... 9 Răzvan CAZACU1, Lucian GRAMA2, Mihai Dan GROZA3;
1,2Petru Maior University of Târgu Mureș, 3 University of Oradea,;
SHAPE AND SIZE OPTIMIZATION OF A GEARBOX BRACKET USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS... 13 Éva ZENTAY DIÓSZEGINÉ;
University of Debrecen;
REPORTING SYSTEM AS THE TOOL OF MANAGEMENT DECISION ... 17 Oana Victoria OTAT1, Victor OTAT2, Gabriel Catalin MARINESCU3;
1,2,3University of Craiova;
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF KNEE -DASHBOARD IMPACT IN FRONTAL COLLISION ... 23 Liliana Georgeta POPESCU;
“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu;
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR THE TRAFFIC IN A URBAN INTERSECTION...29 Radu ȚÂRULESCU1, Liviu COSTIUC2, Victor BENCHE3;
1,2,3 TRANSILVANIA University of Brasov;
HEAT EXCHANGER BETWEEN NEWTONIAN VISCOUS FLUIDS, WITH FLAT SURFACES, WITHOUT
PHASE CHANGE, IN LAMINAR FLOW REGIME... 33 Daniela Mariana BARBU;
Transilvania University of Brasov;
SENSORS USED FOR BIOMECHANICAL REHABILITATION OF THE PARAPLEGIC LEG ...37 Ioana Raluca CRĂCIUN;
University of Oradea;
KEY ELEMENTS IN TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONS... 41 Ernesto Juliá SANCHIS1, Jorge Segura ALCARAZ1, José María GADEA BORRELL1, VictoriaSanz BUADES2,
Antonio PACETTI2;
1Universitat Politècnica de València, 2Department of I+D+i, Pavigym;
ANALYSIS OF IMPACT SOUNDINSULATION PROPERTIES OF RECYCLEDRUBBERS FOR TECHNICAL
FLOORING INFITNESS FACILITIES... 45 Cristina Petronela SIMION1, Olga Maria Cristina BUCOVEŢCHI2, Andreea DUMITRESCU3;
1,2,3University “Politehnica” of Bucharest;
SOCIAL MARKETING CAMPAIGN - A NEW CHALLENGE FOR COMPANIES... 49
Radu VELICU1, Mihai LATEȘ2;
1,2 Transilvania University of Brașov;
ON THE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE FOR TESTING FRICTION IN BEARING BOXES... 59 Marius ROMOCEA;
University of Oradea;
USING THE FMEA METHOD FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE OF THE MAINTENANCE WORKS... 65 Dan SĂVESCU1 , Adrian BUDALA2;
1,2 Transilvania University of Brașov;
SOME ASPECTS REGARDING METHODS UTILIZED IN PATENT VALORISATION ... 69 Cornel Cătălin GAVRILĂ1, Radu VELICU2;
1,2 Transilvania University of Brașov;
ON VIRTUAL MODELLING OF A TRANSVERSAL COUPLING WITH LINKAGES ... 73 Daniela Mariana BARBU;
Transilvania University of Brașov;
THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON THE EYE IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS………...…… 77 Tünde JENEI;
University of Debrecen;
REVIEW OF THE HUNGARIAN ENERGY POLICY BETWEEN 1990 AND TODAY... 83 Anca BUTNARIU1, Silvia AVASILCĂI2;
1,2 “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași;
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITIES ON THE COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGE... 87 Marinela INTA1, Achim MUNTEAN2;
1,2 Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu;
RESEARCHS ON RELIABILITY OF URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT IN SIBIU... 91 Enikő KOVÁCS1, Andrea MATKÓ2;
1,2 University of Debrecen;
COMPETENCY MEASUREMENTS AMONG ATHLETES... 95 Călin DRAGEANU1, Laura BACALI2, Ștefan BODI3;
1,2 ,3 Technical University of Cluj-Napoca;
RESEARCH CONCERNING THE IDENTIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR TOURIST DESTINATIONS ON THE INTERNET... 99 Ionuț Daniel GEONEA1, Nicolae DUMITRU2, Alexandru MARGINE3;
1,2,3 University of Craiova;
MOTION STUDY OF A WHEELCHAIR PROTOTYPE FOR DISABLED PEOPLE ... 103 Judit T. KISS;
University of Debrecen;
ANALYSIS OF EARNINGS SURPLUS BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL IN HUNGARY, BETWEEN 2004 AND 2013 ... 109 Andrea MATKÓ1, Krisztina DAJNOKI2, Zsolt BAKSI3, Tímea TAKÁCS4;
1,2,3,4 University of Debrecen;
FRAMEWORK OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT ……….. 113
Monica NITA1, Radu D. STANCIU2;
1,2 University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest;
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND CLIMATE...…123 Marius ROMOCEA;
University of Oradea;
FACTORS DETERMINING MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY DEVELOPMENT ... 127 Imre TIMÁR1, Pál HORVÁTH2;
1,2 University of Pannonia, Veszprém;
OPTIMAL DESIGN OF TRUSS GIRDER ………...… 131 Ionut Daniel GEONEA1, Nicolae DUMITRU2, Alexandru MARGINE3;
1,2,3 University of Craiova;
DESIGN, KINEMATIC AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A WHEELCHAIR TRANSMISSION ... 135 Stelian ALACI1, Florina Carmen CIORNEI2;
1,2 Ștefan cel Mare University, Suceava;
EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN BALL-ROTATING DISC IMPACT AND BALL-INCLINED PLANE IMPACT, PART I:
EQUIVALENCE CONSTRAINTS, PLASTIC IMPRINTS COMPARISON ... 141 Florina Carmen CIORNEI1, Stelian ALACI2;
1,2 Ștefan cel Mare University, Suceava;
EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN BALL-ROTATING DISC IMPACT AND BALL-INCLINED PLANE IMPACT, PART II:
ANGULAR VELOCITY COMPARISON ... 147 Silviu POPA1, Elena EFTIMIE2, Gheorghe MOLDOVEAN3;
1,2,3 Transilvania University of Braşov;
TORQUE TRANSMITTED IN THE DISENGAGING PROCESS BY SAFETY CLUTCHES WITH BALLS AND
SPHERICAL RABBETS ... 151 Stelian ALACI1, Florina Carmen CIORNEI2;
1,2 Ștefan cel Mare University, Suceava;
A CONSEQUENCE OF POST-IMPACT RADIAL PROFILE SHAPE OF INDENTATION. PART II:
A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION ………...…… 157 Róbert SZTÁNYI1;
1 University of Debrecen;
CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS IN THE SUBSEQUENT INSULATION OF PANELBUILDINGS... 161 Ioan Constantin RADA1 , Liliana Doina MĂGDOIU2, Nicolina Florina MAGHIAR3;
1,2,3 University of Oradea;
MANAGERS AND ENGINEER ECONOMISTS USERS OF THE LEAN SYSTEM FOR THE CONTINUOUS
IMPROVEMENT OF PERFORMANCES ... 165 Andrea MATKÓ1, Tímea TAKÁCS2, Zsolt BAKSI3;
1,2,3 University of Debrecen;
INNOVATION OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS REGION... 169 Veronika FENYVES1, Krisztina DAJNOKI2;
1,2 University of Debrecen;
CONTROLLING OPPORTUNITIES IN AREA OF THE HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT... 173 Sanda BOGDAN1, Dan Alexandru ULICA2;
1 University of Oradea,2 S.C. Das Traffic System S.R.L;
ROAD TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM VIA INDUCTIVE LOOPS IN ORDER TO PRIORITIZE TRAMS
IN A ROUNDABOUT... 179
STUDY OF THE NOISE GENERATED BY A MAJOR ROAD IN A CITY... 183 Bogdan TOLEA1, Csaba ANTONYA2, Horia BELEȘ3;
1,2 Transilvania University of Brașov, 3 University of Oradea;
ASSESMENT OF THE INJURY SEVERITY OF THE PEDESTRIAN LOWER LIMBS AT THE COLLISION WITH A VEHICLE.... 189 Maria FĂGĂRĂŞAN1, Ciprian CRISTEA2;
1,2 Technical University of Cluj-Napoca;
LOGISTICS CENTER LOCATION: SELECTION USING MULTICRITERIA DECISION MAKING... 193 Adriana BUJOR1, Silvia AVASILCAI2;
1,2 “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași;
CO-CREATION INNOVATION IN CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF BARILLA GROUP (B)... 199 Liliana Georgeta POPESCU1;
1 “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu;
MODEL OF A VIRTUAL RESEARCH CENTE... 205 Marinela INTA1, Achim MUNTEAN2;
1,2 Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu;
MODELING AND SIMULATION WITH DISCRETE EVENTS OF THE ASSEMBLY PROCESS USING ARENA SOFTWARE... 209 Radu PAPUC1, Radu VELICU2, Mihai – Tiberiu LATEȘ3;
1,2,3 Transilvania University of Brașov;
GUIDE-CHAIN CONTACT PRESSURE TRIBOLOGICAL ANALYSIS... 213 Cristian-Ioan LEAHU1, Anghel CHIRU2;
1,2 Transilvania University of Brașov;
RESEARCH ON SEQUENTIAL SPEED DRIVING OF THE PRESSURE WAVE COMPRESSORS... 219 János TÓTH1, Xénia Erzsébet TÓTH2;
1,2 University of Debrecen;
HOW TO CONTROL A PNEUMATICAL AND AN ELECTRICAL DRIVEN LINEAR AXIS... 223 Ioan STROE;
”Transilvania” University of Brașov;
ELASTIC AND SAFETY CLUTCH WITH RADIALLY DISTRIBUTED ELASTIC DOWELS... 227 Dragoș Sorin DIMA1, Dinu COVACIU2;
1,2 Transilvania University of Braşov;
SIMULATION METHOD IN PC CRASH USING POINT CLOUD FILES... 231 Gina-Maria MORARU1, Valentin GRECU2;
1,2 Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Romania;
REALITIES AND FORECASTS IN BENCHMARKING... 235 Gabor JAKABOCZKI1, Eva ADAMKO2;
University of Debrecen;
VULNERABILITIES OF MODBUS RTU PROTOCOL – A CASE STUDY... 241 Stelian ŢÂRULESCU2, Adrian ŞOICA2, Radu ŢÂRULESCU3;
1,2,3 Transilvania University of Brasov;
LPG, A SOLUTION FOR OLD VEHICLES POLLUTION REDUCTION... 245 Vasile BLAGA1, Tudor MITRAN2,Nicolae CHIOREANU3,Alexandru RUS4, George DRAGOMIR5;
1,2,3,4,5 University of Oradea;
THE CALCULUS OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION AND OF THE INJECTION DURATION FOR A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE.... 249
Radu TARULESCU1, Stelian TARULESCU2,Victor BENCHE3;
1,2,3 TRANSILVANIA University of Brasov;
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRANSLATIONAL MOBILE AGGREGATE... 257 Gina-Maria MORARU;
“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu;
CREATIVITY MANAGEMENT IN FORECASTING AND ORGANIZING... 261 Michal BACHRATÝ1, Michal JEDINÁK2, Marián TOLNAY1, Ľubomír JAVOREK3,
Daniela RICHTÁRIKOVÁ1,Marian KRÁLIK1
1Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2Porsche Engineering, Praha, Czech rep.,
3Technical University in Zvolen Slovakia
THE INFLUENCE OF COOLING FLUIDS TO ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING TRANSVERSAL TURNING... 265 Constanta RADULESCU;
University,,Constantin Brâncuşi” of Târgu-Jiu;
DETERMINATION THE CHAINS OF SIZES COMPOSED OUT OF VECTOR AND SCALAR SIZES... 269 Mircea Bogdan TATARU1, Alexandru RUS2;
University of Oradea;
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON A SEPARATING MACHINE... 273 Constanta RADULESCU;
University,,Constantin Brâncuşi” of Târgu-Jiu;
ASPECTS REGARDING THE STUDIES THE CHAINS OF SIZES THAT THEMSELVES FORMED IN THE CASE
OF DEVICES OF ASSEMBLY... 279 Titus DELIMAN;
University of Oradea;
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOTION OF ELEMENTS PROPPELING THE ELECTROSTATIC ENGINE... 283 Liliana Doina MĂGDOIU1, Ioan Constantin RADA2, Nicolina Florina Maghiar3;
1,2,3 University of Oradea;
THE ACTIVITIES OF ENGINEER ECONOMISTS IN THE HUMAN RESOURCES SYSTEM... 287 Daniel TRUSCA1, Bogdan TOLEA,Ionut RADU3;
1,2,3 University Transilvania of Brasov;
RESEARCH REGARDING THE SEVERITY OF THE INJURY OF THE PEDESTRIAN’S HEAD
WITH THE VEHICLE’S BONNE... 291 Jorge G. SEGURA 1, Ernesto JULIA2, Jose M. GADEA3;
1,2,3 Universitat Politècnica de Valencià;
IMPACT ACOUSTIC ISOLATION OF ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE PANELS... 295 Jaime MASIA1, Juan R. RUFINO2, Miguel GILABERT3, Adrian BENAVENT4, Misael SANDOVAL5;
1,2,3,4,5 Universitat Politècnica de Valencià;
PREPARE A BIOLOID HUMANOID ROBOT TO COMPLETE THE TASKS OF THE CEABOT COMPETITION... 299 Bogdan Ovidiu VARGA1, Calin ICLODEAN2;
1,2 Technical University of Cluj-Napoca;
ELECTRIC BUSES FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION: ASSESSMENTS ON COST,
INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXPLOITATION... 303 Mircea BURCA1, Ion LUCACIU2;
1"POLITEHNICA" University of Timisoara, 2 University of Oradea;
RESEARCH ON MAKING OF A WIG WELDING TORCH WITH WELDING WIRE MECHANISED FEEDING... 309
Abstract—The remnant imprint from the surface of a rotating disc collided by a dropping steel ball is experimentally analysed. The study of post-impact indentation performed via laser scanning technique revealed a systematic aspect concerning the radial profile of the imprint, namely a deviation from the slope predicted by theory of elasticity in the region between imprint and the periphery of the disc.
Keywords—Plastic impact, rotating disc, scanned indentation
I. INTRODUCTION
ECHANICAL systems from engineering applications are assemblies of simpler elements that, in order to fulfil the running task, interact with each other. The interaction between the parts of a system can be accomplished in two ways: by direct contact or by means of a field. The handiest example illustrating the two modalities of interaction is the shaft and bore assembly.
The requirement of diminished friction between the two parts conducted to the introduction of a third element, the ball bearing (mechanical contact) or the magnetic bearing (the non-contact solution). In most of the applications from mechanical engineering between the elements of a system a direct contact occurs, and this subject continues to be a matter of awareness.
The first research in contact mechanics domain is due to Boussinesq, [1], who finds the stress state and strain state due to a concentrated normal load acting on the surface of an isotropic elastic halfspace.
The problem for the loading of an isotropic elastic halfspace by a concentrated tangential load was solved by Cerruti. The reference paper in the elastic contact domain was elaborated by Hertz [2], who establishes the relations describing the stress state and strain state between two elastic non-conforming bodies in contact, in the absence of friction. Though the results of Hertz’s problem concern the static load, when the normal loading between bodies increases infinity slow from zero to the
nominal value, they are applied in different fields of mechanical engineering. When modelling the impact between two bodies, the relation is expressing the dependence of the interaction force by the normal approach raised to power 3/2, is the basis of viscoelastic impact model.
A recent paper of Alves [3], is an exhaustive review of viscoelastic impact models from the literature and confirms the above affirmation. From the 15 viscoelastic impact models presented in the mentioned paper, 14 consider that the relation describing the force variation with normal approach is a Hertz type relation, despite the fact that during impact processes the velocity variations are extremely important and the accelerations reach an order of 10.000g.
Johnson gave a reference book in contact mechanics, [4]; citing Zukas, Johnson shows that the elastic contact hypothesis is extremely restrictive and justifies this affirmation by proving that a ball in impact with a flat surface will produce a plastic indent if the free falling height is of orders of millimetres.
The indentation remnant after an impact process offers important information. One of the essential application of plastic indentations, referring to shape and dimensions, is hardness testing. Tabor [5], proposes a simple theory concerning static and dynamic hardness evaluation. In order to estimate the work of plastic deformation, Tabor adopt Meyer’s hypothesis, similar to the elastic contact model, the interaction force being proportional to the approach raised at power q, 1 q 3 / 2, the extreme values corresponding to plastic deformation, q1 and elastic deformation, q3 / 2 respectively. This assumption was adopted by Goldsmith too, [6], who, in addition, accepts that the restitution phase is always elastic. Oliver and co-workers, [7]-[12], consider the same hypothesis and based on theoretical results obtained by Sneddon, [13] propose a new method of hardness evaluation, based on impact force variation with normal
A CONSEQUENCE OF POST-IMPACT RADIAL PROFILE SHAPE OF
INDENTATION. PART I: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCES
Florina Carmen CIORNEI1, Stelian ALACI2
1 Stefan cel Mare University, Suceava, e-mai: [email protected]
2 Stefan cel Mare University, Suceava, e-mail: [email protected]
M
approach. Field and Swain, [14], [15] and Swain, [16], use the imprints obtained by spherical indenters in hardness estimations. Another domain where the analysis of plastic imprints is a main source of information is the automotive crash study, [17]-[19].
II. IMPRINT SHAPE SUBSEQUENT TO DISC AND FREE FALLING BALL IMPACT
The post-impact kinematics for a system with percussions was the main subject studied in a series of recent own works. The requirement of obtaining analytical models compels to using shapes as simple as possible for the impacting bodies. Therefore, numbers of works concerning dynamical modelling of systems with collisions consider the unidirectional collision of two spheres as the basic model. With the intention of maintaining geometric simplicity and obtaining a spatial motion between the elements subjected to collision, the impact between a disc rotating around a vertical axis and a free falling metallic ball was considered, Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up principle
The disc is driven in rotation motion using a d.c.
engine; the rotation velocity is controlled varying the voltage and measured using a non-contact tachometer.
.
Fig. 2. Post-impact plastic marks on the disc
The velocity of the ball can be precisely controlled by measuring the height from which the sphere is set to fall free. Following the collision, the post-impact plastic indentations can be observed on the surface of the disc, Fig. 2.
Since the plastic imprints shapes and dimensions offer numerous data concerning impact kinematics and impact dynamics, the imprints from the disc’s surface were laser scanned for shape and dimensions analysis.
Fig. 3. Photo image and 3D scanned image of a plastic imprint from an aluminium disc
In order to perform the analysis, two indentation profiles, radial and tangential, were defined. The section planes for obtaining these profiles are defined by the vertical direction in the impact point and the vector position radius of this point, and by the impact point vertical direction and the velocity of the point, respectively.
The radial profile of an indentation is presented in Fig.
4.a and the tangential profile is shown in Fig, 4.b.
For comparing several tangential profiles, it was chosen [20] bringing all the profiles with the point A at a common point. To evaluate the profiles of the same indentation, [21] both profiles were brought to the minimum point of imprint in the same point.
Fig. 5 presents the radial and tangential profiles together with the ideal profile of the ball, for the case of a steel ball impacting a steel disc that rotates with a velocity of 4000 rot/min.
tangential direction
radial direction Dropping
ball
rotating disc
Fig. 4. Tangential and radial profiles of indentation on aluminium disc
Fig. 5. Comparison between radial and tangential profiles
Fig. 6. Axial section through the disc
Fig.7. Detail from radial section A
tangential
radial
ball
From Fig. 5 it can be observed that tangential profile is strongly asymmetric and presents the pile-up phenomenon. By tracing the medium horizontal for the tangential profile region in front of the imprint one can observe that with the exception of a reduced zone, comparable with the imprint’s radius, the two profiles are practically identical.
The same conclusion results more clearly by analysing the profiles from the imprints on the aluminium disc. It is observable that for the tangential profile, in the contact initiating region, the pile-up phenomenon is absent while in the exit region it is strongly present. For the radial profile, the indentation presents a very good symmetry while outside the imprint, the asymmetry is obvious.
From Fig. 4.a, it cannot be mentioned on which side if the figure the axis of the disc is situated.
The test was repeated, and an orientation scratch on the disc surface was made. A new scanning operation leads to the conclusion that the lower region from the outside radial profile is situated towards disc’s periphery. To remove any possibility of the presence of parallelism deviation between the face of the disc with the indentation and the opposite one, the positioning face for laser scanner examination, the entire surface of the disc was analysed.
From Fig. 6 it is confirmed that there is no deviation, but there is a change in the slope of the radial profile of the indentation in the impact zone.
Fig. 7 presents a detail where it was traced the medium horizontal to the disc’s surface and the axis of the imprint. The obvious observation is that the portion of the radial profile placed peripheral with respect to the imprint is situated below the undeformed surface and one can state that the region where the impact influence is noticed has reduced dimensions – a size order of one imprint radius.
III. CONCLUSIONS
The paper presents the shape and dimensions of indentations resulting from the impact of a free-falling ball bearing and the frontal surface of a metallic disc that rotates around a vertical axis. The analysis of the profile in radial section, that contains the axis of the disc and the impact point, shows that the region from the profile involved in contact divides the profile in two zones: a central one, where the remnant deformations are situated strictly in the vicinity of contact region and a second zone, peripheral, where there can be remarked both a pile-up local deformation but also a more extended deformation, characterized by an inclination of the whole profile.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Boussinesq, “Application des Potentials a l'etude de l'equilibre et du mouvement des solides elastiques“, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1885.
[2] H.R. Hertz, 1882, “Ueber die Beruehrung elastischer Koerpe”r (On Contact between Elastic Bodies), in “Gesammelte Werke”
(Collected Works), Vol. 1, Leipzig, Germany, 1895.
[3] J. Alves, N. Peixinho, M.T. Silva, P. Flores, H.A. Lankarani, “A comparative study on the viscoelastic constitutive laws for frictionless contact interfaces in multibody dynamics”.
Mechanism and Machine Theory, Vol. 85, 2015pp. 172-188, [4] K. L. Johnson, “Contact Mechanics”, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1985.
[5] D. Tabor, “The hardness of metals”, Oxford University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain, 1951.
[6] W. Goldsmith, “Impact, The Theory and Physical Behaviour of Colliding Solids”, Dover Publication, 2001.
[7] W.C. Oliver, G.M. Pharr., “An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments”, Journal of Materials Research, 1992, 7.
[8] W. C. Oliver, G.M. Pharr, “Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology”. J. Mater. Res., 2004. 19(1), 3- 20.
[9] B. N. Lucas, W.C. Oliver, and J.E. Swindeman, in Fundamentalsof Nanoindentation and Nanotribology, edited by N.R. Moody,W.W. Gerberich, N. Burnham, and S.P. Baker (Mater. Res. Soc.Symp. Proc. 522, Warrendale, PA, 1998), p. 3.
[10] A. Bolshakov, W.C. Oliver, and G.M. Pharr, in Thin Films:
Stresses and Mechanical Properties V, edited by S.P. Baker, C.A. Ross, P.H. Townsend, C.A. Volkert, and P. Børgesen (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 356, Pittsburgh, PA, 1995), p. 675.
[11] J. L. Hay, W.C. Oliver, A. Bolshakov, and G.M. Pharr, in Funda- mentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology, edited by N.R.
Moody, W.W. Gerberich, N. Burnham, and S.P. Baker (Mater.
Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 522, Warrendale, PA, 1998), p. 101.
[12] J. L. Hay and G.M. Pharr, in ASM Handbook Volume 8:
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, 10th ed., edited by H.
Kuhn and D. Medlin (ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2000),pp. 232–243.
[13] I. N. Sneddon, “The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric Boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile”, Int.J.Engng.Sci. 1965.3(1), 47-57.
[14] J. S. Field and M.V. Swain, “A simple prediction model for spherical indentation “, J Mater. Res., 1993. 8 (2): p. 297-306.
[15] J. S. Field and M.V. Swain,”Determining the mechanical properties of small volumes of material from submicron spherical indenters”, J. Mat. Res., 1995. 10(1): p. 101-112.
[16] M.V. Swain, “Mechanical properties of small volumes of brittle materials with spherical tipped indenters”. Mat. Sci. and Eng. A, 1998. 253: p. 160-166.
[17] R. Brach, M. Brach, “Vehicle Accident Analysis and Reconstruction Methods” Second Edition, SAE International, Warrendale, 2011.
[18] R. Brach, “Mechanical Impact Dynamics, Rigid Body Collisions”, Revised Edition, brachengineering.com, 2007.
[19] R. Brach, “Impact Analysis of Two-Vehicle Collisions,” SAE Technical Paper 830468, 1983.
[20] S. Alaci, F.C. Ciornei, “Comparative Analysis of Indentations From Spatial Impact with Plastic Deformations” ANNALS OF THE ORADEA UNIVERSITY.Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering, Volume XIII (XXIII), 2014, NR1 May pp. 107-110.
[21] S. Alaci, FC. Ciornei, C. Filote, I.C. Romanu, “Analysis of Postimpact Plastic Indentation Profiles”, accepted to be published, IMANE 2015.
Abstract—The PA46 polyamide material has a wide application in engineering due to its good mechanical behaviour in transmissions with variable temperature – gears, slides, cams, bearings, guides for chains. In contact with steel materials, small values of the friction coefficients are obtained.
The paper presents the testing procedure and the analysis of the obtained results for tests regarding the polyamide/steel type contacts, by considering a variable temperature.
Keywords—polyamide, friction, steel plate, temperature.
I. INTRODUCTION
N order to obtain high wear, abrasion and vibration resistance – noise reduction – the polyamide type materials are used, in the last period, to design mechanical components. These mechanical elements – gears, slides, cams, bearings, guides for chains – made from polyamide, are characterised also by high impact resistance, good heat resistance and with good physical properties – high tensile strength and modulus of elasticity [1].
Another optimization direction is the weight reduction of the mechanical components with directly influence on the masses and inertias; the materials which are accomplishing this condition should be, on the other hand, with the same main mechanical properties as the steel type materials. One of the materials which are accomplishing these conditions is the polyamide; high values of the elastic modulus are inducing small values of the deformations and high values for the hardness are reducing the wear. In the case of small forces, even with temperatures up to 90o C, a linear elastic behaviour may be assumed for the polyamides [1], [2].
In the case of sliding mechanical contacts – cam/plate cam followers, gears, chain/guides, guides – one of the mechanical parts is made by steel and the other part by polyamide [3]; the reason is that this solution offers small values for the friction coefficients and high values for durability [4] – [6].
In the case of all these mechanical contacts, in order to reduce the wear these contacts are lubricated and due to the functioning conditions, an increase of the local
temperature is noticed. The paper presents the influence of the temperature variation on the friction coefficient in the case of lubricated PA46 polyamide – steel type contacts.
II. THE EQUIPMENTS
The equipment where the tests are performed is a 2 axes tribometer which allows measurements for the normal and tangential forces – Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The tribometer
The tribometer may measures forces up to 1000 N with a resolution of 50 mN; the vertical stroke is 150 mm with a speed adjustable between 0.001 and 10 m/s. The lateral positioning stroke is 75 mm with the speed between 0.01 and 10 m/s; the lateral positioning
TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF THE PA46 POLYAMIDE – STEEL TYPE CONTACTS
Mihai-Tiberiu LATES1, Catalin GAVRILA2
1“Transilvania” University of Brasov, Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment Department, [email protected]
2“Transilvania” University of Brasov, Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment Department, [email protected]
I
resolution is 2 m. The maximum heater’s temperature is 150 oC – Fig. 2. The rotational speed can be adjusted between 0.001 and 5000 rpm, in 2 directions.
Fig. 2. The heater
On the tribometer there may be performed wear tests and Stribeck tests; the friction coefficient is determined as the ratio between the measured values of the vertical force and of the tangential force.
Fig. 3. The polyamide disk
The polyamide disk – Fig. 3 – is made from PA46 polyamide and has a diameter of 50 mm; the disk is mounted inside the rotational device of the tribometer – Fig. 4 which is lubricated and heated.
The steel plate is mounted in a holder which is fixed in the vertical guide – Fig. 5.
The upper device may be used with or without a suspension in order to damp the shocks; in the case of friction coefficient tests the suspension is not used due to the measurements accuracy.
Fig. 4. The polyamide disk mounted inside the rotational device
Fig. 5. The steel plate holder
III. THE TESTS
The tests were performed in 2 steps; first is made a running-in test for a period of 2 hours, with a rotation of the disk of 500 rpm and with the position of the steel plate on a radius of 20 mm from the centre of the disk.
The normal force has the value of 5 N, calculated from the condition of hydrodynamic friction between the disk made by PA46 polyamide and the front face of the steel plate.
The variation in time of the dynamic friction coefficient is presented in Fig. 6. The dynamic friction coefficient has a descendent variation during the running- in period due to the polishing action of the harder material (the steel plate) on the weaker material (the PA46 polyamide); after 100 minutes of running-in, the dynamic friction coefficient has a stabilised value at around 0.12.
Fig. 6. The dynamic friction coefficient
The evolution of the wear during the running-in test is presented in Fig. 7. The wear has a small decreasing variation and it is stabilised at a value of 70 m after 100 minutes of running in.
Fig. 7. The evolution of the wear in time
After the running-in tests, there are performed tests where the heater’s temperature has a variation between 20 and 90 oC; the normal force is set up to 9 N due to the reason that for this value the lubrication is a mixed one.
The rotational speed of the disk is equal with 500 rpm and with the position of the steel plate is on a radius of 20 mm from the centre of the disk. In order to validate the results, there are performed two sets of tests.
In Fig. 8 is presented the variation of the dynamic friction coefficient with the temperature for the two tests which have been performed on the tribometer; Poly represents the trend lines for the two tests which are created by using 2 degrees polynomial functions.
Fig. 8. The variation of the dynamic friction coefficient with the temperature
The dynamic friction coefficient has a smooth increase
with the variation of the temperature and it has an average value of 0.1, value which is validated by the tests results from [7].
The variation of the wear with the temperature is presented in Fig. 9. The wear is decreasing with the increasing of the temperature due to the properties of the PA46 polyamide which is recommended to be used at high temperatures [5].
Fig. 9. The variation of the wear with the temperature
The wear track on the PA46 polyamide disk, magnified on a microscope, is presented in Fig. 10; its limits are determined by the lateral faces of the steel plate and they have a bigger depth due to the sharp corners of the plates. The wear track limit from the right side is higher because this side is placed on a bigger radius according to the rotational motion.
Fig. 10. The wear track on the PA46 polyamide disk The wear on the steel plate is presented in Fig. 11; the shape of the wear is a circular one due to the rotational motion of the disk. Due to the clearances on the holder, the steel plate doesn’t have a contact on the entire width of it. Anyhow, this is a testing which reproduces a real functioning condition – for instance the steel plate could be a link from a chain which is in contact with the active face of a tensioning guide, made from PA46 polyamide.
In this case, the chain links have also oscillations in the vertical and horizontal plane, meaning that they could
have a mechanical contact with the guide only on a part of their width, depending on the error from the normal position of them to the guide.
Fig. 11. The wear track on the steel plate IV. CONCLUSION
The PA46 polyamide – steel type contacts are used in mechanical transmissions with a wide range of variable temperatures due to the polyamide’s mechanical properties – a linear elastic behaviour can be assumed for the polyamide in the range of temperatures between 20
oC and 90 oC; this is the case of the sliding mechanical contacts as: cam/plate cam followers, gears, chain/guides, guides where one of the mechanical parts is made by steel and the other part by polyamide.
The paper presents the test procedure for the study of the dynamic friction coefficient and of the wear for the PA46 polyamide – steel plate type contacts when the temperature is variable between 20 oC and 90 oC. The testing procedure – the running in test and the test with the variable temperature – can be applied for any other type of contacts when the variation of the temperature should be considered. In order to validate the results, there are performed two sets of tests for the variable temperature.
The dynamic friction coefficient has a descendent variation during the running-in period due to the polishing action of the harder material (the steel plate) on the weaker material (the PA46 polyamide); after 100 minutes of running-in, the dynamic friction coefficient has a stabilised value at around 0.12, value which is close to the value from the references [7].
The dynamic friction coefficient has a smooth increase with the variation of the temperature and it has an average value of 0.1, value which is also validated by the tests results from [7].
The variation of the wear with the temperature is decreasing with the increasing of the temperature due to
the properties of the PA46 polyamide which is recommended to be used at high temperatures [5].
The limits of the wear track on the PA46 polyamide disk are determined by the lateral faces of the steel plate and they have a bigger depth due to the sharp corners of the plates. The wear track limit from the right side is higher because this side is placed on a bigger radius according to the rotational motion.
The shape of the wear on the steel plate is a circular one due to the rotational motion of the disk. Due to the clearances on the holder, the steel plate doesn’t have a contact on the entire width of it. Anyhow, this is a testing which reproduces a real functioning condition – for instance the steel plate could be a link from a chain which is in contact with the active face of a tensioning guide, made from PA46 polyamide.
In conclusion, the PA46 polyamide – steel plate contacts are suitable to be used in working conditions with variable temperatures due to the small values of the friction coefficient and the small values of the wear.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Mouhmid, A. Imad, N. Benseddiq, D. Lecompte, An experimental analysis of fracture mechanics of short glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6.6 (SGFR-PA66) in Journal of Composite Science and Technology, nr. 69, pp. 2521 – 2526, 2009.
[2] M. De Monte, E. Moosbruger, M. Quaresimin, Influence of temperatura and thickness on the off-axis behavior of short glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6.6 – Quasi-static loading in Journal of Composites, part A, nr. 41, pp. 859 – 871, 2010.
[3] R. Velicu, Design methodology for a planetary multiplicator with synchronous belts or chains in Annals of the Oradea University Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering, vol XI (XXI), nr. 2, pp. 2.122-2.127, 2012.
[4] R. Papuc, R. Velicu, Tribological study of guide-chain contact in Annals of the Oradea University Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering, vol XII (XXII), nr. 1, pp. 257-260, 2013.
[5] F.-C. Chiu, G.-F. Kao, Polyamide 46/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites with enhanced thermal, electrical and mechanical properties in Composites, Part A, nr. 43, pp. 208 – 218, 2012.
[6] T. Hyakutake, M. Inagaki, M. Matsuda, N. Hakamada, Y.
Teramachi, Measurement of friction in timing chains in Journal of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, nr. 22, pp. 343 – 347, 2001.
[7] J. van Ruiten, R. Proost, M. Meuwissen, How the choise of the polyamide type in timing chains tensioning systems affects the CO2 emission and fuel economy of internal combustion engines in Presentation at VDI Veetiltrieb un Zylinderkopf 2012, November 28th, 2012.
Abstract—as it was highlight in the first part of this research, the emergence of platforms emphasize consumers as triggers for product development. The organizational challenges for use of open innovation became oriented to the creation of virtual instruments as an essential part of innovation strategy. Thus, this paper aims to present social communities as co – designers and their engagement into value co – creation process through collaboration. Based on case study approach on Electrolux AG, there will be highlighted the company’s main concerns for innovation implementation and its approach for consumers’ engagement into ideation process. From this point of view there will be analyzed the past experience of Electrolux in terms of successful digitalized innovation, the platform structure and company’s approach for data collection and analysis in order to promote creativity and ideation importance.
The foreseen result is to understand the Design Lab as an innovative tool for socializing and ideas generation within product design context.
Keywords— collaboration, co - designers, digitalized innovation, ideation, platform structure
I. INTRODUCTION
HE value co – creation, as well as the process of co – innovation exceeds the common conceptualization of product development. The future of product design and development is narrowly shaped by consumers or / and customers, in terms of their needs, expectations, innovative ideas.
The organizational context allows and develops new ways to engage the social community as an important integrative approach to co – innovation. The modern technologies facilitates businesses to create their own ways and tools for communication with consumers and customers. Going further, open innovation became a must for product design and development processes.
The active role of social community into these processes, creates the prerequisite for their transformation into co – designers, co – innovators, lead
users [1]. According to Romero and Molina co – creation is a process of consumers or customers involvement into organizational creative activities [1]. From this point of view core competencies, knowledge, past experience from both sides contribute to ideation, conceptualization and production of new products or services [1].
However, a customer – driven approach is promoting the consumers or customers as key drivers of innovation activities [1], or technology development [2].
II. CONSUMERSASCO–DESIGNERS The adoption of value co – creation means the involvement of social communities into the product development process at the early stages – co – design.
Basically it is about the consumers’ power to influence the innovation and provide creativity aspects [2] and establishing the contact through continuous dialogue [2].
The main requirement for a successful communication with consumers, is reflected by specially designed tools, such as virtual platforms [2].
Consumer’s engagement into product development stages (ideation, conceptualization, design and testing) represents the mechanism of value generation and the creation of innovative solutions [3]. Thus, Romero and Molina identified the main features of social community by presenting the consumers from four point of views:
1) Consumer as co-designer 2) Consumer as innovator 3) Consumer as brander
4) Consumer as responsible actor [1]
As a part of consumer - based approach, the social communities are seen as an important source of technological innovation in terms of product design and ideas exchange with the companies [2]. However, their engagement is essential in:
1) Co – ideation – idea generation stage which implies active participation in product concept development [2]
2) Co – design – stage characterized by filling the gap
PRO – ACTIVE CONSUMERS’
ENGAGEMENT AS DRIVER OF CO – INNOVATION – THE CASE OF
ELECTROLUX (B)
Silvia AVASILCAI 1, Elena GALATEANU (AVRAM) 2
1 „Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Engineering and Management, [email protected]
2 „Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Engineering and Management, [email protected]
T
between developed concept and the best practical solutions [2].
III.PLATFORMDEVELOPMENT:THECASE OFELECTROLUX
The platform development process depends upon previous experience of organizations within consumers’
engagement activities. Innovation represents the driver for co – creation in the case of Electrolux Company.
From this point of view there was launched the competition “Electrolux Design Lab” [4], a discussion forum for students around the world [5].
The main concern was to gather and analyze innovative ideas for development of appliances for the future [6] and to create new concepts along with consumers in order to create a new “face” of the products – co – design activity [6]. As it was mentioned bellow the experience of the company has a major impact on the product development.
B. Previous experience of Electrolux Design Lab
The main concern of Electrolux Design Lab is to ensure the continuous development and generation of new concepts or ideas. From this point of view the competition is based on the evaluation of consumers’
needs, requirements and expectation, so that it comprises various themes (table I).
TABLE I:ELECTROLUX DESIGN LAB PAST EXPERIENCES [6]–[14]
The Electrolux Design Lab is targeting mostly students from Industrial Design or Engineering Curricula, who are engaged into interactions with company’s team of experts. The involvement of potential consumers occurs at the end of each competition stage, through the possibility to vote the most interesting design concept [15]
For the evaluation of innovative ideas and concepts, Electrolux team of experts comprise personalities from Departments of Design, Research & Development, Consumers, Innovation Marketing at global level [16].
The engagement of the experts is important for competition evolution and success as the team provide the assessment of submitted concepts and ensures the feedback to the participants [16].
The approach for Healthy Houses was concretized through three main concerns:
1) Cooking delight
Comprises the concepts and ideas which provide the motivation for adoption of healthy life style [17]
2) Air purification
Development of flexible and innovative solutions for air quality management [17].
3) Textile Care
The creation of innovative, sustainable and creative solutions for the design of houses according to consumers’ needs and their own lifestyles [17]. The key aspect is to ensure the balance between the environment, quality and efficient solutions [17].
C. Digitizing innovation
The key aspect is not only to promote the innovative and creative concepts and ideas, but also to create and provide innovative ways for their submission. From this point of view, Electrolux Design Lab represents a virtual forum for discussions, which comprises participants’
blogs. Each blog should contain the participant’s information, such as: photo of the participant, academic curricula, contact, social media accounts, the main concerns or hobbies [18]. This platform is developed around the main theme of the competition and provides the information about the mission of the competition, the rules and intellectual property aspects [18], [19].
The platform is structured as a collection of blogs, where participant can upload their concepts. The access to Electrolux Design Lab is realized through accounts, each participant should be registered in the platform in order to access their information and to visualize the feedback from the experts.
Each participant should demonstrate their capabilities to be co – designers, as well as maintain the contact with potential consumers. From this point of view, on each blog participant will post description of their activities, opinions about social and innovative issues [19].
In the front page of the platform it can be seen the evolution of the competition, the final count-down, also a shortcut to the most interesting projects. However other contributors can search the projects based on criteria:
projects, people, the most popular concepts and the most discussed projects [18]. The platform contains also participants’ statistics: the countries of origins, the number of votes, the number of shared concepts on social media and the countries of origins of the persons that participate at the vote [18].
The vote can be expressed through the registration with: e-mail address, the Facebook or Twitter accounts on Design Lab platform. In the first case, the voters will receive a link for confirmation from Electrolux Design Lab which the voters should access in order to confirm Period Competition Theme Key Aspects
2004 - 2005
The design of the future
Innovative ideas for 2020 2006 Design and healthy
alimentation
Promoting innovative solutions and healthy habits
2007 Design and Sustainability
New ecological concepts Energy and water efficiency 2008 Design for Generation
of Internet
Short term implementation Internet-based concepts 2009 The Next 90 Years
2010 New Spatial Era Concepts for cooking, washing activities in small spaces 2011 Intelligent Mobility
2012 Design of Future Past and future designing experience
2013 Urban Life Innovative and creative concepts for daily life
2014 Healthy Houses Creative and innovative ideas and concepts for
