• Nu S-Au Găsit Rezultate

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE "

Copied!
5
0
0

Text complet

(1)

LYMPHADENECTOMY IN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA:

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

LORAND KISS

1

, PAUL-JÜRGEN PORR

2

, ROLAND KISS

3

, CSILLA KOVACS

4

, ADRIAN BOICEAN

5

, SORIN ZAHARIA

6

1,2,3,4“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 5,6County Clinical Emergency Hospital Sibiu

Keywords: colorectal cancer, lymph node, metastasis,

lymphadenectomy (LAE)

Abstract: Soon we will be able to stage patients without needing to remove the primary tumour and surrounding lymphatic tissue. Soon we will be able to predict which primary tumours have a predisposition to metastasize and where they will metastasize. Colon and rectal cancer continue to be among the highest incident solid tumours in males and females. In order to define the role of lymphadenectomy in colorectal carcinomas, the literature of past 20 years and the historic publications were reviewed. Special attention was given to statistical relevance, survival, surgical therapy, recurrence rates, lymphadenectomy, and which operation is the best to treat colorectal cancer. The guidelines recommend the radical en block resection of the tumour hearing bowel with central ligation of its vessels, although evidence supports this is limited. In colorectal cancer surgery, the systematic lymphadenectomy of the lymphatic drainage also the arterial blood supply are included in resection. The extent of intestinal resection is determined from the lymphatic dissection. The bowel resection is depending on the tumour depth invasion (pT). – a 5-10 cm resection margin proximally and distally. The lymph node status (pN) is one of the most important prognostic factors. The total number of lymph nodes can be influenced by the surgeon, patient and the pathologist. New studies exist,which show that only small subgroups of patients receive a prognostic benefit from radical lymphadenectomy and because we cannot yet identify these patients pre- or intraoperativly, we continue to perform radical lymphadenectomy. The role of the santinel lymph node (SLN) is yet unclear.

Cuvinte cheie: cancer colorectal, metastaza în ganglionii limfatici, limfadenectomie

Rezumat: În prezent suntem în posibilitatea de a stadializa pacienţii fără să fie nevoie de îndepărtarea tumorii primare şi ridicării ţesutului limfatic. Suntem deasemnea capabili să prevedem modul în care tumora primară este predispusă pentru metastazare şi unde va metastaza. Cancerele de rect şi de colon continuă să aibă printre cele mai mari incidenţe dintre tumorile solide la femei şi bărbaţi. Pentru a defini rolul limfadenectomiei din cancerele colorectale, a fost revăzută literatura de specialtiate din ultimele două decade, precum şi istoricul publicaţiilor. O atenţie specială s-a acordat prelucrării statistice, a relevanţei acesteia, a supravieţuirii, terapiei chirurgicale, procentului de recidivă, limfodenectomiei, şi în ce fel intervenţia este cea mai bună metodă de a trata cancerul colorectal.

Ghidurile terapeutice recomandă rezecţia radicală în bloc a tumorii în segmentul de intestin aferent şi ligatura vaselor sale centrale. În chirurgia cancerului colorectal, limfadenectomia sistematică a lanţului limfatic de drenaj aferent de la tumoră, şi luat de-a lungul trunchiurilor arteriale de supleere vasculară, sunt incluse în rezecţia tumorii. Întinderea rezecţiei intestinale este determinată de disecţia limfatică.

Rezecţia intestinală este dependentă şi de profunzimea invaziei tumorale (PT), în general 5 – 10 cm fiind necesare distal şi proximal de tumoră. Starea nodulilor limfatici (PN) este unul din factorii cei mai importanţi. Numărul total de NL poate fi influenţat de operator, bolnav şi patologul examinator. Studiile noi existente, arată că numai un mic subgrup din pacienţi beneficiază de limfadenectomia radicală, şi datorită faptului că astăzi nu putem identifica această categorie de bolnavi, în pre şi intraoperator, continuăm să efectuăm limfadenectomia radicală. În prezent nu este încă foarte bine definit şi definitivat rolul nodulului limfatic santinelă (NLS).

1Corresponding author: Kiss Lorand, B-dul Corneliu Coposu, Nr. 2-4, Sibiu, România, E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +40269 215050 Article received on 12.04.2013 and accepted for publication on 14.06.2013

ACTA MEDICA TRANSILVANICA September 2013;2(3):370-374 The exact role of lymphadenectomy (LAE) remains uncertain mainly due to a lack of prospective randomized date and controverssy on the usefulness and the extent of LAE persist and validation of the existing literature is difficult because the terminologies are different and the statistical relevance of the publications is unclear.(1,2,3,4)

There are many retrospective and prospective randomized trials with statistically significant results on survival and rate of local and distant recurrence.

Resection of the colorectal cancers should be performed with a “no-touch” technique, because past experience has shown the risk of dissemination of the tumour cells into the blood, in case of intraoperative tumour manipulation.(5,6)

Rationale for LAE in Surgery for Colorectal Cancer.

The poor survival, locoregional recurrence after the colon-rectum resection is in correlation with the presence of acute residual tumours or undetectable micrometastasis within the lymphatic system in the mesocolon, mesorectum and the para-aortic nodes.(7)

(2)

At least 85% of cases with resection margin involvement by tumour itself, by node metastasis develop local recurrence.(8,9)

The aim of LAE is to remove all potentially positive node, because, the lymhnode status (N), the presence of M (metastasis), and the residual tumour status (R) is one of the most important prognostic factors.

A correct staging of the tumour needs a performed lymphadenectomy, which leads to the indication of adjuvant therapy in stage III colorectal cancer.(10) Resection of lymphatic tissue is the treatment of choice since the intra- operative assessment of malignant involvement versus inflammatory changes by the surgeon is concrete in only 50%

(11), and preoperative investigation are accurate in only about 84%.(12)

In 1982 Bill Heald introduced the technique of total mesorectal excision (TME).

In this techinique the mesorectum is complete removal with preservation of the mesorectal fascia “boly plave”. This technique preserve the autonoms nerves and remove completely all regional lymph nodes.(14) In rectal cancer surgery the circumferential resection margin, which is defined by the mesorectal fascia corresponds the “circumferential” margin of lymphadenectomy.(14)

Heald et al. demonstrated the influence of TME in local recurrence rates with 4,5% local recurrence in 470 stage II-III rectal cancer patient, who underwent operation between 1987 and 2010.(15) Local recurrence rates were 2% in UICC stage I 4% and UICC stage II, and UICC stage III.

Because several studies have shown that mesorectal tumor deposits do not occur more than 4 cm distal to the tumor, partial mesorectal excision provides adequate oncological safety in proximal third rectal cancer.(16,17)

The German Rectal Cancer Study Group has an multicenter trial which examines the impact of partial mesorectal excision compared to TME in rectal cancer of the proximal third (SAST-05 trial. Lymph node metastases can be found even in the lowest part of the mesorectum of the middle or lower third of the rectum.

The deep anterior resection must include a TME up to the muscular pelvic floor.(18,19)

Rectal cancer metastases in the proximal dimension to the root of the inferior mesenteric artery.

A review by Lange et al which examined 23 published articles came to the conclusion that insufficient evidence exists to recommend high tie ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery as the standard procedure and the high tie decreased the innervations of the autonomous nervous system.(20) The authors concluded that low tie was less invasive.(20)

Patients without lymph node metastases or with low number of perirectal lymph node metastases do not need high tie ligation with resection of the central lymph nodes (N3), because these central lymph node do not contain macro or micrometastases, and therefore probably the only patients who will benefit from high tie ligation with central lymph node dissection are those with a real border of lymph node metastases at the central lymph nodes.

A meta-analysis published by Georgian et al in Lancet oncology in 2009 reviewed 20 studies with 5.502 patients about performance of lateral (extended) lymphadenectomy in rectal cancer, showed clearly no survival benefit, no reduction of the rate of distal metastases after exended lymphadenectomy.(21)

Lymph node metastases in colon and rectal cancer patients.

The anatomical studies carried out by Clogg and Jamiesan and Dobson provide important information about the

usual pattern of continuous (stepwise) lymphatic tumour spread to the epicoloc, paracolic, intermediate and central nodes in colonic cancer. The incidence of “ship” metastases of the emergency of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) in sigmoid or rectal cancer varies from 1 to 17%.(7,22)

In colorectal cancers the lymphatic spread an dissemination follows anatomic roles, with uni or bidirectional drainage of the lymph according to site of tumour, with ship metastases in 3% of cases.(23)

In colorectal cancers the lymph node metastases are correlated with the tumour type, the histological grade of differentiation, the depth of tumour invasion (pT) and the presence of lymphatic vessels invasion.(24)

In colorectal cancer patients, the presence of lymph node metastases (N+) ranged from 2% to 17% for pT1 cases.(25)

In pT2 tumours the risk of N+ increases from 10% in a low risk tumours, to 45% in a high-risk situation, and for pT3- pt4, this risk range from 27% to 77% in high risk cancers.

Therefore, only in pT1 low-risk colorectal cancer is indicated a local surgery without radical lymphadenectomy.(24,25)

In the publication of Derwinger et al. about the role of stage migration in colorectal cancer and its relationship to improved lymph node assessment, they observed a trend in stage migration from stages I/II toward stage III, and in addition, the number of assessed nodes, had an impact on survival in stage II.(26,27)

Importance of the total number of resected lymph nodes.

At present, pathologic staging of colon and rectum cancer, remains the only basis for establishing prognosis.

Several publications have described the prognostic impact of the number of resected lymph nodes in colorectal cancer.

Tagliacozzo et al. support and extension of the routinely performed mesenteric lymphadenectomy in right hemicolectomy reaching beyond the origin of the superior mesenteric vessels on the dorsal aspect of the mesocolon.(28)

The results of the operations were statistically not significantly better compared to conventional hemicolectomies.(29)

Vatter et al. examined the relationship between prognosis and the number of lymph nodes examined in stage II.

Dervinger et al. compared two 5-year period and found a significant increase in the number of tumour- infiltrated lymph-nodes, and a trend in stage migration from stage I/II towards stage III. With these observations the study contributed to an increase in the number of cases with indication for adjuvant chemotherapy. Dervinger found that the number of assessed nodes had an impact on survival in stage II.(26,27)

Current guidelines recommend that 12 lymph nodes should be resected and evaluated for adequate tumour staging in colorectal cancer.(28-33) The definition of the extent of LAE (lymphadenectomy) or lymph node dissection in surgical treatment of colonic cancer varies significantly, while for some authors “wide lymphatic excision” means extended colonic resection only to others in means, complete retroperitoneal clearance of all lymphatic tissue form as high as the inferior pancreatic border down to the pelvic brim. Distinction has to be made between mesenteric and extramesenteric LAE. The same confusion exist in the terminology of pelvic lymph nodes dissection in rectal cancer creating an almost incomparable variety of operation and clinical trials.(34-37)

Total mesorectal excision (TM )

Heald et al. (14), Scott et al. (38) published TME, a new operation for rectal cancer, based on evidence of isolated

(3)

metastase with the mesorectum distal to the primary tumor. In 50 consecutive patients with TME amd radical proximal lymphadenectomy performed by ligation of the IMA (inferior mesenteric artery), 1 cm off the aorta, and ligation of inferior mesenteric vein 1 cm from splenic venin, but without extramesenteric “preaortic strip”, were no locoregional recurrence after 2 years but 8% of liver metastases and with significant complication, on18% rate of anastomotic leakage was voted.

The publications from Mac Farlane et al. (39), and for others excision of mesorectum as a distinct lympha-vascular entity minimized the rate of local recurrence even when the lateral resection margin was tumour infiltrated histologically.(40-44)

The present status of the lymph node ration in prognosis and survival in colorectal cancer patients.

Berger et al. were the first wiho published the high prognostic impact of the lymph node rate (LNR) in colon cancer.(45)

The LNR is defined as the proportion of tumour- infiltrated LN compared to the total number of resected LN (lymph-nodes).

Nr N+/Nr NL totali

Berger et al. used the data of the intergroup trial 0089 of adjuvant chemotherapy for stages II and III colon cancer patient (3411 cases). In this study with multivariate analysis, the LNR was independent prognostic factor for overall survival and disease free survival in patients with more than 10 resected LN in the specimen This results we have in ours experience with 344 resected colorectal cancer and with histopathological examines of number of lymph nodes examined in colorectal specimens.(46,47)

DeRidder et al published the largest series, with 26181 patients with stage III disease from the SEER database.(48) They used statistical methods to identify 0,4 as the LNR with the highest prognostic discrimination, and say that the lymph node ratio was an independent prognostic factor very interesting was that in the studies of Berger an DeRidder et al to, the medium number of resected lymph nodes was low, with 10 an 11 respectively. Wang et al. (33) used the SEER database, to examine 24.477 patients with stage III colon cancers to see whether the total number of lymph nodes is on independent prognostic factor often adjusting for LNR. In this study patient with 12 or more resected lymph nodes had a better rate of survival that that with fewer than 12 resected lymph nodes. Very interesting was that patients with 12 or more resected lymph nodes had a significantly worse survival rate that those with fewer than 12 resected lymph nodes in patients with a LNR greater than 025.

Derwinger et al examined the prognostic impact of LNR in stage IV colorectal cancer (26,27) and found that the LNR is a prognostic factor in stage IV colorectal cancer, and can be used to stratify stage IV intro different prognostic groups The studies from Parl et al., Frederique et al, and other present studies confirmed that, the lymph node ratio is the most significant prognostic factor for survival in patients with resected colon and rectal cancer.(49-59)

Bowel resection margin and ligation level of the primary (central) artery in colon cancer, and the level of ligation of the IMA (inferior mesenteric artery), in rectal or sigmoid cancer.

The IMA (inferior mesenteric artery) can be ligated in surgery for rectum and sigmoid cancer just below emergency of the left colic artery, this is a “low ligation”or one centimetre below the origin of the IMA is the high ligation.

In current guideline for colon cancer the en-bloc resection involving a systemic lymphadenectomy by ligation of primary feeding artery, and resection the proximal and distal bowel with 5-10 cm bowel margins is considered.

Toyota et al. examined the extent of lymph node dissection for right colon cancer.(60) In this study in most of the curative resection for right colon cancer metastases to epiploic and paracolic nodes were located not more than 10 cm proximally and distally from the macroscopic margin. Less than 1% of positive nodes were located further than 10 cm from the macroscopi margin of tumor. The central nodes were infiltrated in 3,2-3,5% of cases.

In as Experience with intraoperative lymphography in digestive cancers (more than 170 cases), the skipmetastases in right colon cancer, special in transverse colon cancer, represent a rea problem about extension of limit of the bowel resection.(61)

In the publication of Hida et al. (62), with 164 patients treated with colon cancer, the authors found for pericolic spread that the proximal and distal distance than the primary tumour to a metastatic nodes was 2,5 cm in pT1 tumours, less than 5cm in pT2, and less than 7 cm in 97% of pT3 and in 93% of pT4 tumours.(62)

In this study, for control spread the rate of spread to control nodes was 0% for pT1 and pT2, 15,4 for pT3 and 22,2%

for pT4 tumours.

After this result, Hida et al (62) proposed that central node dissection not required in pT1 and pT2 tumours. The resection of the proximal and distal margin should be performed with a 3 and 5 cm margin in pT1 and pT2 tumours. But in pT3 and pT4 tumours, central node dissection should be performed with proximal and distal 7cm margins.

In an other publication, Lavemitsu et al (63) found that only 1,7% of 11888 patients had tumour infiltrated N+ of the central nodes along the root of the IMA (lymph node station 254 acordin to the Japanese clasification). In the opinion the benefit of routine use of high ligation was low (1,7 and 0,7% of patients with sigmoid rectal cancer are cured by high ligation of the IMA).

The systemic review published by Lange et al (64), found 23 articles that evaluated the colon-rectum cancer patients and concluded that the literature provides insufficient evident to support high tie as the technique of choice. The low tie of ligation of MAI, is anatomically less invasive with respect of circulation and autonomous innervations and should be the preferred method, the high tie has been proven to decrease perfusion and innervations of the proximal bowel segment of anastomosis.(64-67)

Conclusions:

The extent of lymphadenectomy in rectal cancer is been defined by mesorectal fascia (Henle). The lymph node status, the lymph node ratio, and the circumferential margins are important prognostic factors in rectal and colon cancer.

Lymph node status is a most important element in colorectal cancer staging and selecting for treatment and the lymphadenectomy most standardized and radical.

The lymph node ratio can be used for clinical trials evaluating the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection of rectal cancer.

REFERENCES

1. Hermanek P, Wiebelth, et al. German Study Group colorectal carcinoma. SSCR Tumor,i 1995,81 (Suppl) 60- 64.

(4)

2. Lippert H, Gastinger J. Die chirurgische Qualitatssicherung am Bilispiel der Operativen Therapie des Colorectalen Carcinoma. Chirurg. 1996;66:344-349.

3. Stalte M, Lauer E. Praxis der Kolorectalen Karcinom- chirurgie Leter MagenDorm. 1992;22:145-149.

4. Schwenk W, Hucke, et al. Ist der Chirurg ein prognostisch relevanter factor nach R0-resection Colorectaler Carcinome. Chirurg.1995;66:334-343.

5. Cotie E, Glehen O. Lymphadenectomy for colon cancers is there a consensus Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:454-5.

6. Friedrichst, Setler R at al. Prognostic impact of CK-20 positive cells in peripheral nvenous blood of patient, with gastrointestinal carcinoma. World7 Surg. 2005;29:422-8.

7. Liu GY Wang YN Et al. Total pelvic exenteration for locally advanced rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum.

1994;37:122-174.

8. Lateral margins of resection in adenocarcinoma of the rectum. World Surg. 1992;16:467-469.

9. Herfart CH, et al. Chirurgische standard beim primaren Coloncarcinom. Chirurg. 1994;65:514-23.

10. Bruch HP, Schwandver O, et al. Actual standards in operative technique and lymph-node dissection in colorectal cancer. Longenbeck’s Arde Surg. 1999;384:167- 175.

11. Soldberg PA Nicholas R7. Prediction of local recurrence and survival of carcinoma of the rectum. Br J Surg.

1995;82:1054-1056.

12. Hlaser F, Layer G, et al. Preoperative Blurteilng pararectaler Lymphkraten durch Ultraschall Chirurg.

1990;61;587-591.

13. Heald 78. The mesorectum in rectal surgery. Br J Surg.

1982;69:613-616.

14. Lange MM, Bum M, et al. Level of arterial ligation in rectal cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1139- 1145.

15. Cecil TD, Sexton R, Heald JR. TME results in low local recurrence rates in lymph nodes positive rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1145-1150.

16. Yasutomi M, et al. Does lateral lymph node dissection improve survival in rectal carcinoma? Ann Cole Surg.

1997;184:475-480.

17. Lopez-Kosner F, Lavery IS, et al TME is not necessary for cancers of the upper rectum. Surgery. 1998;124:612-618.

18. Kapiteiju E, Marijnen CH, et al. Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:638-646.

19. Peeters KC, Marijuen CA, et al. Dutch colorectal cancer surrgery. The TME trial after a median follow up of 6 years.

20. Lange MM, Bunen M, et al. Level of arterial ligation in rectal cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1139- 1145.

21. Georgian P, Tan E, et al. Extenden lymphadenectomy versus conventional surgery for rectal cancer: a meta- analysis. Lancet Oncology. 2009;10:1053-1062.

22. Gall FP, Hermanek P. Die erweitere Lymphnodenresektion beim Magen und Colorectalen Carcinom Chirurg.

1998;59:202-210.

23. Petterson D, Cednark B, Holm T, et al. Interim analysis of the Stockolm III trial of preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2010;97:580-587.

24. Hermanek P. Lymphnoden und maligne Tumorkrankheit.

Zentralle Chir. 2000;125:790-795.

25. Kufrenja S, Esteban-Auguste E, et al. Increased lymph node evaluation with colorectal cancer resection. Arch Surg. 2009;144:612-617.

26. Derwinger K, Carlson S. Stage migration in CRC. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:859-853.

27. Derwinger K, Gustavson B. A study of lymph node ration in stage IV CRC. W J Surg Oncol. 2008;6:127.

28. Tagliacozzi S, Daviele GM. Limfadenectomia estesa e sopraviventa a distanza aell’emicolectomia destra per carcinoma. Ann Ital Chir. 1992;63:175-183.

29. Wexner SD, Nogueroas JJ. Invited commentary. Extended lymphadenectomy in right colonic cancer. Eur J Surg.

1994;160:183-184.

30. Gueller U, Rosella K, et al. Population-based trend analysis of 2813 patients undergoing laparoscopic sigmoid resection. Br J Surg. 2010;97:70-85.

31. Nelson H, Sorgent D. Clinical Outcomes of surgical Treatment Study Group. M Engl J Med. 2004;350:2050- 259.

32. Basse L, et al. Colonic surgery with accelerated rehabilitation.Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:271-277.

33. Peuna Ch. Congres de l’American Society of Colon and Rectum Surgeons (ASCRS). Chicago 3-8 June 2002. J Chir. 2002;139:240-241.

34. Kulatlotm WJ, et al. Should total number of LN be used as a quality of care measure for stage III Colon Cancer? Ann Surg. 2009;249:559-563.

35. Ojerskog BE, et al. Local recurrence after curative excision of the rectum. Br J Surg. 1999;86:1164-1170.

36. Wibe A, Syre A, Andersson E. Oncological outcomes after TME for cure for cancer of the lower rectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:48-58.

37. Enker WE, Thaler HT, et al. TME-in the operative treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. J Ann Coll Surg.

1995;181:335-346.

38. Yamada K, Ogata S, Saiki Y. Functional results of intersphinteric resection for low rectal cancer. Br J Surg.

2007;94:1272-1277.

39. Scott N, Jackson P, Dixon MF, et al. TME and local recurrence. Br J Surg. 1995;82:1031-1043.

40. Mac Farlone JK, Ryall RDH, Heald RJ. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet. 1993;341:457-460.

41. Cserni S. The influence of nodul size on the stagin of colorectal carcinomas. J Chir Pathol. 2004;55:386-390.

42. Pheby DF, Levine DF, et al. Lymph node harvests directly influence the staging of colorectal cancer. J Chir Pathol.

2004;57:43-48.

43. Harrison JC, Dean DJ. From Dukes through Jass:

Pathological prognostic factor in rectal cancer. Human Pathol. 1994;25:498-505.

44. Weiser MR, Lasdmann RS, et al Surgical salvage of recurrent rectal cancer after transanal excision. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1169-1175.

45. Okabe S, Shia J, et al Lymph node metastasis in T1 adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004;8:1032-1039.

46. Berger AC, Sigurdson ER, et al. Colon Cancer survival is associated with decreasing ratio of metastatic to examined lymph nodes. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8707-8712.

47. Kiss R, Bartos L, Porr P, Kiss L, Alexa D, Zaharie S, Colorectal carcinoma-number of lymph nodes examined.

Acta Medica Marisiensis. 2011;1:18-25.

48. Moga D, Popentiu A, Kiss L. Identificarea “ex vivo”al NLS in cancerul de colon. Acta Medica Transilvania.

2011;2(3):130-133.

49. De Ridder M, et al. Prognostic value of the LNR in node positive colon cancer. Gut. 2006;55:1681.

(5)

50. Kim YM, Suh JM, et al. Additional LN examination from entire submission of residual mesenteric tissue in colorectal cancer. Human Pathol. 2007;38:762-767.

51. Karen R, Siegal A, et al. Lymph node revealing solution.

Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:407-410.

52. Suzuki O, Sekisaitoy, et al. Number of LM metastases is better predictor of prognosis than level of LN metastasis in Colon Cancer. J Ann Coll Surg. 2006;202:742-746.

53. Cohen AM, et al. Prognostic of node positive. Colon Cancer. 1991;67:1859-1861.

54. Johanson PM, Porter SA. Adequaty of nodal harvest in colorectal cancer. J. Gastrointestinal Surg. 2002;6:883-890.

55. LeVoyer TE, et al. Colon cancer survivar is associated with increasing number of LN analyzed intergroup Trial. INT- 0089. J Chir Oncol. 2003;15:2912-2919.

56. Sobin. LH, et al. UICC-TNM Classification of malignant tumors. 6th ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2002.

57. Thorn CC, Scott N, Verbeker C, et al What factors affect lymph nodes. Yield in surgery for rectal cancers. Colorectal Dis. 2004;6:356-361.

58. Compton CC. Optimal pathologic staging: defining stage III disease. Chir Cancer Res. 2007;13:6862-6870.

59. Baxter NN, et al. Lymph node evaluation in colorectal cancer patients. J Natt Cancer. 2005;97 :219-225.

60. Canessa CE, Badia F, et al. Anatomic study of the LN of the mesorectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1333-1336.

61. Toyota S, Obta H. Rational for extent of lymph node dissection for right colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum.

1995;38:705-7011.

62. Kiss L, Kiss R, Bundache M, Barbulescu B, Zaharia S.

Nodul limfatic sentinela in cancerul colorectal. Rev.

Chirurgia; 2009. p. 35-37.

63. Hida J, Okuma K. Optimal ligation level of the primary feeding artery and bowel resection margin in Colon Cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:2232-2237.

64. Kavermitsu Y, Hirai T, Kamari K, et al. Survival benefit of high ligation of IMA in sigmoid or rectal cancer surgery.

Br J Surg. 2006;93:609-615.

65. Long MM, Buuner M, et al. Level of arterial ligation in rectal cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1139- 1145.

66. Wang HS, Liong WY, Lin TC. Curative resection of T1 colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1182-1192.

67. Kawassura YJ, Okada M, et al. Distribution of LN metastasis in T1-T2 sigmoid cancer: should be ligated the IMA? Scand. J Gastroenteral. 2005;40:858-861.

68. Law WL, Chu KW. Anterior resection for rectal cancer with mesorectal excision Ann Surg. 2004;240:260-268.

Referințe

DOCUMENTE SIMILARE

Cavalli et al, Cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles on HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line. Caputo, M.R Gasco, Preparation

Identity is thus constructed in interaction, which means that out of a whole host of potential identity features, those features become salient which permit a differentiation of

The evolution to globalization has been facilitated and amplified by a series of factors: capitals movements arising from the need of covering the external

The methodology of managerial training programs’ development at university level, and, particularly, at post-university level, goes on, with few exceptions, to be

Wisdom as a result of experience and intuition of future events make us aware of the fact that the forces inside economic systems are not by far of mechanical nature and the

The best performance, considering both the train and test results, was achieved by using GLRLM features for directions {45 ◦ , 90 ◦ , 135 ◦ }, GA feature selection with DT and

Thus, if Don Quixote is the idealist, Casanova the adventurous seducer, Werther the suicidal hero, Wilhelm Meister the apprentice, Jesus Christ will be, in the audacious and

Whether intended as a direct or indirect attack on religious institutions or deployed in literature as a motif, discursive strategy, or subversive mechanism, what has been