View of Super Clustering Mechanism for Efficient Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

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Super Clustering Mechanism for Efficient Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

1Bhasker Upreti, ²A.Ranjith Kumar, ³Somanaboiana Charan Kumar, ⁴Swapnil Dixit

2Assistant Professor

1,2,3,4

Computer Science and Engineering

1,2,3,4

Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India

Abstract

Super Cluster Lead Node Path (SCLNP), Partitioned Cluster Lead Node Path (PCLNP) and Shortest Super Cluster Lead Node Path (SSCLNP) are the three network operations proposed for efficient routing. The cluster lead node is selected by calculating their value of node degree and the node degree value is relied upon the metrics such as distance, energy and the communication range. Operation of the network in all three proposed protocols SCLNP, PCLNP and SSCLNP undergoes some particular number of communication rounds. Each process of communication comprises of three stages namely (i) Forming clusters and Cluster Lead (CL) selection (ii) Super cluster leadselection and establishment of paths and (iii) Forwarding Data. In all three proposals the selection of cluster leadis done in the course of circulated manner while selection of Super CL of super cluster is done through centralized process. Simulation results proved the efficiency of the proposed protocols compared to their conventional scheme.

Keywords: Cluster Lead, Super Cluster Lead; Node degree; Fuzzy logic; WSN 1. Introduction

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) makes the network communication optimal by forwarding the sensed data to the targeted region. Therefore WSN is a promising solution for critical applications and it has low consumption of energy and easy to reconfigure as well.

Low cost, high reliability and easy installation are some of the characteristics of WSN [1].

WSN has large number of tiny sensors distributed spatially over the regions. The physical parameters of the environment are analysed by the located nodes and acquires the information from the region and distributed to the Base Station (BS) or to the specified targeted nodes done over the air medium through which the current progression activities are monitored. [2, 3].

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Since nodes are battery powered and network longevity of deployed nodes are falls under the utilization of energy i.e. battery power [4]. Therefore this work is concentrated on proposing a clustered and super clustered network for making the network as energy efficient for transmitting the sensed information.

2. Related Works

Numerous works related to energy efficient clustering protocols for the applications like health monitoring, military surveillance, wind turbine etc [5]. However, the conventional works still faces the energy inefficiency issues and some of them are discussed below.

Tri-level Clustering and Routing Protocol (TCRP) was proposed to monitor the offshore farm of wind turbine control [6]. Here the Cluster Head (CH) gathers information from the single deployed nodes and forwards the same to the base station however in multihop transmission the CH is loaded heavily since it has to relay more number of CH’s data that passes the information in prior. This process increases energy drain rate and makes the CH dead very earlier and hence to overcome this issue multi-level routing protocol was proposed [7]. This protocol includes more number of hierarchical layers that minimizes the node count that is added for long range communication.

Fuzzy based TwoLevel Adaptive Clustering and Routing Protocol (FTLACRP) was proposed [8]. CHs are chosen on basis of node degree remaining energy level and centrality in primary and in secondary level the Super Cluster Heads (SCH) are elected using the metrics like centrality and mobility. FTLACRP adopts multi-level routing to improve the network performance and stability period. Though the CH and SCH electing process incurs more message transmissions and that leads to data traffic. To resolve this problem centralized mechanism of selection of CH process in the cluster members was considered with the parameters like centrality, remaining energy and node degree [9, 10].

Hybrid Partitioned Multi-hop Routing (HPMR) protocol was proposed here the monitoring field is divided into numerous partitions called as grids and these grids are called as clusters [11]. Here the cluster head is selected through multi-stage clustering algorithm that optimizes the energy efficiency [12]. Here cluster head transmits data to base station using Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) path.

Two-Level Clustering Routing Protocol (TLCRP) was proposed [13], the cluster heads are selected using chain based selection process and the sensed information is routed through the MST route, thus the consumption of energy is minimised. To reduce the energy consumption and network traffic, energy efficient routing was proposed for the grid based routing protocols [14].

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3. Proposed Methodology

Communication distance and node energy based two level clustering is proposed to detect efficient routes to the base station. Super Cluster Lead Node Path (SCLNP), Partitioned Cluster Lead Node Path (PCLNP) and Shortest Super Cluster Lead Node Path (SSCLNP) are the three network operations proposed for efficient routing. The cluster lead node is selected by calculating their value of node degree and the node degree value is relied upon the metrics such as distance, energy and the communication range. All the parametric can be estimated from the route reply messages among nodes. The nodes located within its range of communication are combined to form clusters in the network. The cluster Lead (CL) is selected from the cluster member and the Super Cluster Lead (SCL) node is chosen from the selected CL nodes. These three proposals includes selection of cluster leads from the created cluster, creating super clusters and electing super CL and transmitting the data through MST route using centralized process.

a. SCLNP

In the primary level of SCNP, one CL is selected in each cluster and in secondary level one SCL is selected among these chosen CL. MST is established to connect all the CL’s to the SCL’s. Generally the cluster members forward their sensed data to the selected CL and this CL forwards all the data to the super CL using the MST route. The SCL finally directs the information to the base station.

The Communication Range (CR) between the cluster members is evaluated on basis of Route Request (R_Q), and Route Reply (R_R) messages that passed over the nodes. For each node present in the cluster, CR is calculated on basis of the difference between the number R_Q messages received and count of unsent R_R messages to a specific node. The CR calculation is given in equation 1 and 2.

P Q *100 CR P

  

  

  (1)

where P denotes count of RQ received and Q denotes count of unsent RR.

Q P R (2)

where R represents the count of Reply Route Request.

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Figure 1: SCLNP

All cluster members that present in the cluster calculates their chance of becoming CL in each round of communication. The chance of becoming CL is depends on the leftover energy level of cluster members and the node centrality that is selected based on fuzzy logic.

This Chance_CL is broadcasted to each cluster member presented in the cluster ‘j’ through the message ‘CL_Nominee_Msg. If any of the cluster members get its Chance_CL higher than all the other cluster members of the cluster, it is elected by itself as a CL and announces a message as ‘Elected_CL’ to all the other cluster members in the cluster. This procedure of CL selection is used for all the clusters presented in the network. Then, the non-CL nodes join the CLs by sending the message CONNECT_Req_CL thereby the cluster formation is done. Now CL of each and every cluster sends their node degree value to the base station through the message as Rq_SCL_Selection. Figure 1 shows the SCLNP process.

Fuzzy logic that is created on basis of Mamdani fuzzy inference system is applied for the selection of cluster lead and super cluster lead nodes. The input parameters such as leftover energy and node centrality are taken for CL and SCL selections. The output parameters be like Chance_CL and Chance_SCL.

b. PSCNLP

In PSCNLP, the whole network is divided into super clusters and each comprises of several cluster members. For each cluster one CL is chosen and for each super cluster one SCL is selected. Consequently, if ‘S’ super clusters are found in the networks, then ‘S’

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number of SCLs should be selected. With respect to PCLNP process the CL of each cluster forwards the data directly to their super CL and this SCL of each super cluster transmits directly to the BS which is shown in figure 2. This network is divided into 6 super clusters and each cluster consists of 4 clusters.

Cluster Lead selection in PSCNLP process is carried out similar to the SCLNP, here also fuzzy logic method is used for the selection of super cluster leads and cluster leads. For the selection of SCL, CL’s of each super cluster should send the details like super cluster location, super cluster ID, and their leftover energy to the base station. BS calculates the chance of CL for each super cluster and chance of SCL for each super cluster on receiving the information. Ultimately, BS selects the CL with max Chance_SCL value as super cluster lead node of that respective super cluster.

Figure 2: PCNLP c. SSCLNP

The whole network is divided into super clusters and each super cluster is divided into several numbers of clusters. The CLs of each super cluster transmits their sensed and gathered information from their cluster members directly to their respective SCL node similar to PCLNP. But the SCL nodes of each super cluster forwards the data to the base station by taking the MSP path rather than forwarding the data’s directly. Figure 3 shows the SSCLNP process.

Both CL selection as well as SCL selection in SSCLNP process is similar to the process of PCLNP. On basis of SCL locations the BS constructs a MST path that connects

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the SCL’s of the network. The MST is formed by broadcasting the message ‘Tree_Bcast’ in the network. SCL’s updates all information’s in their corresponding routing table with their respective ID of the previous consequent SCL. Now, SCL of all super clusters evaluates the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) schedule to forward their data to the cluster lead node of the super cluster. On receiving the message, CL’s of corresponding super cluster, frames the TDMA_Schedule and forwards the data to their cluster members. In response, the cluster members transmit the sensed data to their CL’s in their fixed or particular time slots, and then data is passed to their particular SCL node. At last, the SCLs take the MST path to forward the sensed info to the BS.

Figure 3: SSCLNP 4. Results and Discussion

The simulation analysis of the proposed mechanisms and the conventional scheme are analyzed using the simulation tool named Network Simulator of version 2.35. It is possible discreetly to examine the events in a network scenario. To assess the network performance the packet delivery rate, network lifetime, delay and energy performance of the network before and after adopting the proposed system.

The simulation results are analyzed for all the three proposed mechanisms such as SCLNP, PCLNP and SSCLNP and the conventional TLCRP.

a. PDR

PDR is defined as the ratio of packets received successfully by the BSwith respect to the sum of number of packets sent by sender.

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Figure 4: PDR

PDR of proposed SSCLNP is higher when compared to conventional scheme of TLCRP and it is shown in figure 4. The PDR unit is measured in bits per second.

b. Delay

Delay is generally estimated by computing processing time, sensing time and queuing time from sending process to target process.

Figure 5: Delay

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Delays of TLCRP and proposed methodsare measured and plotted in figure 5. It is shown that the SSCLNP process has obtained lower delay values since they are the averages of each data processing time.

c. Network lifetime

The network lifetime is measured to prove the reliability of the network in terms of all parameters. Figure 6 shows the network lifetime of the three proposed such as SCLNP, PCLNP and SSCLNP and the conventional TLCRP. The SSCLNP approach has better network lifetime since the super CL nodes are forwarding their data’s by taking MST path that simultaneously reduces the redundant network operations.

Figure 6: Network Lifetime d. Residual Energy

The amount of energy that is leftover in a node at the current instance of time is called as residual energy. A measure of the residual energy gives the amount of energy that is left in the node for further network operations.

Figure 7 shows the residual energy for proposed and conventional schemes. The third proposed approach SSCLNP has better residual energy values compared to other schemes.

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Figure 7: Residual Energy 5. Conclusion

Three mechanisms such as Super Cluster Lead Node Path, Partitioned Cluster Lead Node Path and Shortest Super Cluster Lead Node Path are proposed for efficient routing in WSN. The cluster lead node is selected by calculating the node degree value and it is relied upon the metrics such as distance, residual energy and communication range. This proposed protocol SCLNP, PCLNP and SSCLNP are divided into several communication rounds. The proposed mechanism includes CL selection and Cluster formation, Super CL selection and route establishment and finally Data transmission. Selection of CL is done through distributed manner and selection of SCL is done through centralized process. Simulation results proved the efficiency of the proposed protocols compared to their conventional scheme.

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