Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Application
Type of Article: Review
Running title- Selenium nanoparticles and its application Monesh babu J.D
Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha university,
Chennai, India
Mail I’d: [email protected] Dr. Preetha. S
Senior Lecturer, Department of Physiology Saveetha Dental college and Hospitals
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University,
Chennai, India Mail I’d:
Dr Dinesh Premavathy, Senior Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Saveetha dental college and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute Of Medical And Technical Science, Saveetha University,
Chennai , India Mail I’d :
Corresponding author Dr. Preetha. S Senior Lecturer, Department of Physiology,
Saveetha Dental college,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University,
162, PH Road Chennai 600072 Tamil Nadu , India
Mail id: [email protected] Mob no 8608566435
ABSTRACT:
Selenium is an important trace element within the diet, required for protection of health and growth; however, its toxicity could cause extreme damage depending on dose and chemical form.
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) represent a prospect for nutritional supplementation due to their decreased toxicity and capacity to gradually release selenium after ingestion. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), as a special shape of selenium (Se) supplement, have attracted worldwide attention because of their favorable properties and unique bioactivities. A green and economic way to prepare stable SeNPs have been introduced. Selenium Nanoparticles serve to reduce the toxicity, enhance bioactivity. The aim of the present study is to analyse the properties and applications of selenium nanoparticles. Here we have discussed the significance of the selenium nanoparticles and its pharmacological activity. The role of selenium nanoparticles in pharmacological protection against various conditions is presented.
KEYWORDS: Antimicrobial activity ; Anticancer ; Nanoparticle; Selenium; Antioxidant,
INTRODUCTION:
The word selenium originates from the greek word "selene" which refers to the moon goddess.It was discovered by Jacob Berzelius in 1858. Primarily selenium was found immobilized in the sedimentary rocks.As a nutritional supplement , Se is a necessary trace element required for the maximum of the living organisms consisting of animals and human beings. Se is given in as a minimum 25 human selenoproteins and enzymes as selenocysteine, which performs a critical position in preventing diverse diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia and sure cancers. To meet the everyday requirement of Se, more Se supplementation is necessary, in particular for those having Se deficiency. Some Se compounds in each inorganic and natural forms, along with selenite, selenomethionine and Se-methylselenocysteine, have been used for many years to keep away from Se deficiency in animals and human beings [(1)]
In the recent years, SeNP, a kind of elemental Se particle at a nano-size scale with a bright purple color, has aroused worldwide attention due to its unique properties and notable biological sports.
It not simplest scavenges the loose radicals in vitro however additionally improves boom, serum oxidant popularity and Se awareness in vivo. Amazingly, in comparison with Se compounds which include selenite, selenomethionine, Se-yeast and Se-methylselenocysteine, SeNPs showcase much decreased acute toxicity whilst increasing the sports of selenoenzymes. Besides, SeNPs are able to inhibit the increase of microorganisms.They additionally show off antitumor sports both in vitro and in vivo, by way of inducing mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis9 and stimulating immune reaction against cancer cells. Thus, SeNPs are taken into consideration as a prospective Se formulation for dietary complement use, chemoprevention and chemical therapy towards cancer.
The review was mainly based on phases of selenium nanoparticles and its applications like, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial, antiviral effects, [(1)] the review focuses on its properties and the mode of supplementation. Selenium nanoparticles synthesis nano selenium and shows it's
bioavailability and toxicity [(2)] and its intoxication and its immunomodulation helps in reproduction growth [(3)] Previous studies has been done by our team on various aspects that includes goitre [(4)], obesity [(5)], thyroid study [(6)] sleep patterns[(7)], neonatal jaundice [(8)], muscular endurance [(9)], physical fitness [(10)], asthma (11)], fatty liver [(12)] , acupuncture [(13)], tongue exercise [(14)], expiratory flow rate (15)] , myocardial infarction [(16)], nasal spirometry [(17)] , survey on onychocryptosis [(18)] and all that experience led us to work on current topics. Our team has rich experience in research and we have collaborated with numerous authors over various topics in the past decade (19–43). The aim of the present study is to analyse and review the properties and applications of selenium nanoparticles.
PROPERTIES OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES :
Selenium is the essential trace element in diet maintenance and health growth has lower toxicity.
They are mainly used for anticancer treatment. A hugequantity of reports suggestparticular biomedical programs of SeNPsstarting from antioxidant pastime to anticancer effects and are attributable especially to its redox modulatory property. However, the exactassessment of molecular outcomes of SeNPs is hitherto absent from the modernliterature.Inthe prevailingoverview, we have made an attempt tofill this hole by supplying a comprehensive survey of various pharmacological activities with emphasis on the molecular mechanism of such reported activities.In addition, the underlying mechanisms behind the discount in toxicity of Se upon nano particlizationhad been explored to provide a likelyexplanation for this precise phenomenon owing to the truth that Se is toxic and the margin of safetyis verynarrow.It plays a major role in the field of medicine and it also shows antibacterial properties [(44–46)].
APPLICATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES:
Selenium is a narrow therapeutic and very delicate and this nanotechnology driven formulation approaches hold a substantial potential in the 21st century drug delivery.These selenium nanoparticles have been explored in various pharmaceutical industries,medical field activities and various other fluids. However the interaction of selenium nanoparticles with genes and chromosomes is warranted with studies pertaining to their gene safety [(44,47)].
SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS AN ANTIOXIDANT :
Selenium (Se) is involved in the antioxidant defense systems of the liver and performs an essentialrole in protecting against oxidative stress [(48)]. Many researchconfirmed that Se supplementation can increasethe extent of enzymes includingGPx etc., preventthe accumulation of unfastened radical species, and reduce the cellular harm However, the slim margin among the effective and toxic doses constrained the application of this substance. The Se has therefore gainedmore attention because of its low toxicity and incredible bioavailability in comparison with Se(IV) and Se(VI), in view thateach having a strong capacity to captureunfastened radicals.
Nevertheless, negative water solubility and the capability to without problemsrework into a gray analogue that is thermodynamically stable however biologically inert, makes Se difficultfor use
in food and medication fields. Nano selenium possesses better antioxidant capability than the other forms of selenium while reducing the risk of selenium toxicity. Wang et al demonstrated the antioxidant properties of selenium nanoparticles that evinced lower toxicity than selenomethionine (Se Met)[(49)].
ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF SELENIUM:
Bacteria can easily form biofilms when they attach to a surface. A bacterial biofilm is an aggregate of one or more types of bacteria in a hydrated polymeric matrix. Biofilms are a common cause of persistent infections as they are easy to form but hard to treat. S. aureus biofilms have been found on a wide range of medical devices including prosthetic heart valves, central venous catheters, urinary catheters, orthopedic prostheses, penile prosthesis, contact lenses, endocarditis, otitis media, osteomyelitis, and sinusitis. Selenium nanoparticles have attracted substantial attention due to their unique antimicrobial activity and also reported that the selenium nanoparticles are found to possess antimicrobial activity [(50)]. Selenium is an essential trace element regulated by cellular redox homeostasis and is an integral component of selenoproteins controlling some crucial biological process. The antiviral capability of selenium nanoparticles together with other advantages such as toxicity and excellent activity has recently attracted increased attention [(51)]. The high surface areas of nanoparticles allow for more active sites for interacting with biological entities such as cells. The higher surface areas of nanoparticles compared with conventional micron-size particles also offer more sites for functionalization with other bioactive molecules, such as anticancer and antibacterial drug molecules. [(52)].
NANO SELENIUM AS AN ANTICANCER DRUG:
THERAPEUTIC AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES :
Selenium nanoparticles offer improved bioavailability with added advantages of decreased toxicity. By looking at the historical account of drug delivery, it has been surveyed that approximately 95% of all potentially critical therapeutics have reduced pharmacokinetics and bio-pharmaceutical properties. Delivery structuresalso offered restricted solubility and bad selectivity and reducedquantity of drug diffusion through biological obstructions which leads tounfavorable effects. The fundamental diffusion limitations include Cellular Membrane, reticuloendothelial barriers, Endothelial barriers, Blood brain barrier, Blood tumor barrier, Multi drug resistant tumor cells.
Consequently, successful deliverance of therapeutics to infection positions is a major struggle in biomedicine.Therefore, there isa need to develop suitable drug delivery ways that distribute the therapeutically energetic drug particles to the web page of action, without affecting healthful organs and tissues.Nanoparticles,especially selenium nanoparticles, play a vitalrole in healing procedures of destiny as ―nanomedicines‖ for most cancers. The pro- oxidant as well as the
antioxidant effects provide different avenues for exploration in a variety of pathological conditions [(53)].
DISCUSSION:
Selenium is an important element that interferes through selenoproteins in many physiological processes of the organism and affects the production and reproductive properties [(54)][(54,55)].
These biomolecules used to reduce Se salts in-Vitro [(56)] are the byproducts released in the environment may be hazardous and affects the flora and fauna.Therefore we analysed in depth on the biogenic synthesis of Se nanoparticles and their characterisation and transformation into t-Se, m-Se, Se nanoballs, Se-nanowires] in an innocuous way preventing the environment from population.Recently found that the dietary nano Se supplementation increases the activity of GP and CAT in erythrocytes of layered chicks. These findings indicated that nano selenium has higher selenium retention in the liver, pancreas and the breast muscle than dietary selenium. The use of SENPS for the therapeutic purposes, many scientific studies suggested that many of these generally prevailing doubts have not been confirmed. However it is still necessary to carry out further preclinical studies.Our institution is passionate about high quality evidence based research and has excelled in various fields ( (57–67)
CONCLUSION:
From the present study, Se is an essential element with pleiotropic pharmacological properties, activities. In the present review we highlighted the importance of SENPS over their elemental counterparts. This Se nanoparticles technology provides attractive characteristics with a variety of possible biomedical applications. The biotherapeutic relevance of SENPS has unwrapped innovative opportunities for biotechnology engineering- fabrication of superior and effective diagnostic and remedial creations for biomedical functions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The team extends our sincere gratitude to the Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals for their constant support and successful completion of this work
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION:
All the authors contributed equally in concept , design, carrying out the analysis and review of the study.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors have none to declare
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