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A NALELE U NIVERSITĂȚII DIN C RAIOVA S ERIA Ș TIINȚE F ILOLOGICE

L IMBI S TRĂINE A PLICATE

A NUL VIII, N R . 1/2012

R EZUMATE / A BSTRACTS / R ÉSUMÉS

Scriitorii români din exil – înăuntrul sau în afara literaturii române? Propuneri pentru revizuirea canonului

Mihaela ALBU / Dan ANGHELESCU Asociația Culturală Internațională „Carmina Balcanica”

<[email protected]> / <[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Romanian Writers in Exile – Inside or Outside of the Romanian Literature? Some Suggestions for Modifying the Literary Canon

Horia Stamatu, a Romanian poet who spent the most important part of his life in exile, is almost absent in the Romanian readers’ perception today. In spite of this, he was very much appreciated by some of the important intellectuals of our exile. A significant example could be Eugen Ionesco, who considered Stamatu “a great poet, maybe the greatest of Romania.”

In our paper, we present in short some characteristics of his poetry, together with his important activity as a translator from Hölderlin and Juan de la Cruz.

KEYWORDS: exile, memory, poetry in Romanian, Romanian literature, literary canon

Marginalizing Teacher’s Exposition: a Wonderful Way for Students to Discover Language by Themselves

Cristina Maria ANDREI University of Craiova Department of Applied Foreign Languages

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

Marginalizing teacher’s exposition in class is quite a new tendency in teaching foreign languages that seems to be effective and at the same time appreciated by students. The fact of being constantly involved in activities during the class without feeling the teacher’s stressing intervention gives students the courage to participate in solving the tasks required and to discover the foreign language step by step by themselves. The teacher has to restrain his/her responsibility to setting up clear and concise tasks acting most of the time as monitor and leave students the possibility to find out new information little by little. Students are stimulated to increase their role in the class while the teacher acts more as a patient observer and listener. Thus, marginalizing teacher’s exposition in class is just a way of maximizing students’ participation which is of great help in gaining confidence and enthusiasm in using the language successfully.

KEYWORDS: teacher, intervention, observer, student

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A Marginalized Painter: Gheorghe Mocanu

Sultana AVRAM University “Lucian Blaga” of Sibiu Faculty of Social and Human Sciences Department of History, Heritage and Protestant Theology

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

The name Gheorghe Mocanu is little known in Romanian art even if his activity comprises not just paintings, aquarelles, drawings or mural paintings, but also an educational one.

The fact that he graduated the 3 years Pedagogical Institute of Fine Arts, being attracted by the noble job of teaching made some critics ignore his activity as a painter considering that only a 5 years’ Academy of Arts education can give him the right to call himself a real painter. It is true that he dedicated his entire life to pupils that gained numerous international prizes, but it is equally true that his paintings have a special flavour, a unique touch that is unmistakable among other remarkable paintings. He didn’t try to shock through his paintings because his romantic nature led him to landscapes and flowers. After his demise he remained hidden in a shadow-cone from where we will try to recover in order to give him back to those who will appreciate his works, as he deserves.

KEYWORDS: painter, education, discrimination, talent, dedication, artist, disregarded

Figures de la marginalité dans l’œuvre d’Aristide Bruant : la prostituée et le proxénète

Laurenţiu BĂLĂ Université de Craiova Département de Langues Modernes Appliquées

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Marginal Figures in Aristide Bruant’s Work: the Prostitute and the Pimp

The "realist song" emerged in France during the so-called La Belle Époque, a period covering the late nineteenth century to the beginning of World War I. One of its creators was Aristide Bruant and one of its last great performers, Edith Piaf. Both the songs lyrics and Bruant’s monologues, published in several collections - Chansons et monologues (Songs and Monologues), Dans la rue (In the Street) and Sur la route (On the Road) earned him the title of ‘chansonnier populaire’ (popular singer) because they swarm with the people living in the slums: prostitutes, pimps, murderers, beggars, orphans, drunkards, etc. Using slang (he also published a book entitled L’argot au XXe siècle. Dictionnaire français-argot ‘Slang of the 20th century. French Slang Dictionary,’ but its paternity is contested), he shared these outcasts’ humble stories with his audience. Out of the marginal world that Bruant sang or recited about, we deal in our paper with the inextricably linked prostitute-pimp pair, reiterated throughout his oeuvre.

KEYWORDS: Realist song, Aristide Bruant, marginal figures, prostitute-pimp pair

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When “Knowledge” Becomes Decay… at the Margins of Eden

Denisa BĂRBUCEANU University of Craiova Department of Applied Modern Languages

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

The banishment of the first men due to the fall into sin can be perceived as synonymous with the physical and spiritual marginalization they embraced when they left the Garden of Eden. They tried to forge themselves a new home out of these margins, margins that developed into their new centre of existence, thus becoming the exponents of marginalization through the use of their free will and Satan’s deception. Adam is the first Jew to leave his home and settle for the margins of Eden, as God wants to keep his beloved creation near the gates of Paradise, to maintain in them the longing and purity of the primordial, innocent condition. So, the descendants of the first men begin and end their lives within the margins of the Garden, never returning, always longing for the cohabitation with God, the Creator; the rapture- translated through marginalization from God, from initial state and all that is pure and good becomes the first attribute of man, after the fall.

KEYWORDS: first men, marginalization, margins, free will, sin

„Standard” şi „marginal” în predarea RLS

Gabriela BIRIŞ Universitatea din Craiova Departamentul de Limbi Moderne Aplicate

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: “Standard” and “marginal” in teaching Romanian as a Foreign Language The diversification of communicative situations and contexts in present Romanian imposes new discussions regarding the lexical content of textbooks used in teaching Romanian as a foreign language. The general trends manifested in contemporary Romanian, i.e. the generalization of familiar language and colloquial style, have determined the acceptance – although partial – and the introduction of ‘marginal’ elements in the most recent books for the didactics of Romanian (Kohn, 2009). The process of teaching Romanian as a foreign language should reflect the dynamics of the language use in order to create a communicative competence comparable to that of a native speaker by rethinking the relationship between what is considered to be ‘standard’ and ‘marginal’ in the language use and selecting the lexical content of textbooks in accordance to these criteria. Our paper presents an analysis of this relationship from the perspective of the latest textbooks for Romanian as a foreign language pleading for the introduction of colloquial elements:

jargon, slang, familiar language etc.

KEYWORDS: Romanian as a foreign language, linguistic standardization, language use, vocabulary

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Things That Matter in Henry James’ Short Story

Felicia BURDESCU University of Craiova Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

Writing at the turn of the 20th century, to announce modernity in fiction, Henry James has got an aura of a master. Communication is intentional in his works of explicit aesthetics (The Art of Fiction) or of implicit aesthetics – short stories and novels. By contrasting his literary manifesto to the realist/modernist prose of his works we can infer means of communication the writer had planned through the very fictional composition. The prose also introduces a lot of Jamesean intimate personality.

KEYWORDS: explicit/implicit aesthetics, fictional composition, intimate personality

Marginalizarea – expresie ideologică şi instinctuală

Adrian-Florin BUŞU Universitatea din Craiova Departamentul de Limbi Moderne Aplicate

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Marginalization – an Ideological and Instinctual Expression

Although they have not substantially contributed to the diversification of gnoseologic nuances, anthropological studies show an axiological coherence, claiming that the meaning of the attitude taken by humans against cosmic entropy is, paradoxically, the salvation of the species. If we follow Werner Sombart’s anthropological man, caught in a multitude of natural constraints, we can say that the sketch is conclusive. Sombart searches for lawfulness meanings, exploring culture and spiritual facts of the historical man and concludes that the human being appears within the framework of the struggle between consecution and freedom, in which he must be preserved. This definition imposes itself by the fact that it shows something essential in human beings, living under the sign of dissatisfaction, always uncertain and anxious, driven by the illusion of self-discovery and by the conservation need, as they are shown empirically and historically in a large picture of their development in time and space. Nietzsche, with his cryptic text, hiding and expressing an extreme, sometimes outrageous radicalism, urges us, however, to cherish life. Marginalized, not translated for a long time in Europe, banned, for example, in the

‘50s, rejected during his lifetime by family, friends or academic environment for his criticism to Christianity and idealistic philosophy in general, which he accused of promoting eudemonic values, Nietzsche opposes all idealism the assertion of plenary life.

KEYWORDS: constrângeri, libertate, marginalizat, plenar, respins

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Nina, une mouette fragile qui s’échappe à l’empire du temps. Le personnage Nina, de Tchekhov à Visniec

Ileana-Mihaela CHIRIŢESCU Université de Craiova Département de Langues Étrangères Appliquées

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Nina, a Fragile Seagull which Escapes from the Empire of Time. The Character Nina, from Chekov to Visniec

In the afterword of his piece Nina or on the fragility of stuffed seagulls, Matei Visniec expressed his love and admiration for the character Nina of Anton Pavlovici Chekov. His Nina is an extension of the fate of Chekhov’s Nina. It was like a tribute to his „master”

Anton Pavlovich Chekov. How can we explain the affection that the author Matei Visniec has for Nina? Feeling behind the words of Trigorin, the author himself explains that Nina will always be expected (stage XII), she will always be loved for unknown reasons or perhaps because love must remain alive (stage XII) and Nina represents for him the embodiment of immortal love and the power of regeneration. Regeneration by the theatre is the recipe that Matei Visniec has for his characters and why not for all of us? His characters do not know “marginalization”, they are immortal. We can call these characters

“without borders” because Visniec offered another chance for their fate. And certainly Nina, Trigorin, Treplev represent archetypes that have their own lives beyond their literary creators.

KEYWORDS: theatre, artist, regeneration, universality

Marginalizing Romanian Language under the Pressure of English Language?!

Ana-Maria DEMETRIAN University of Craiova Department of Applied Modern Languages

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the present use of English words1 in Romanian verbal communication and/or interaction. After the 1989 Revolution English borrowings have been increasing considerably because the socio-political reality of our country has changed. Romania’s and Romanian people’s international relations and contacts are the clear reasons that have led to the phenomenon of Anglicization. Although the strong influence of British and American cultures has its advantages, Romanian linguists have expressed their concern about the marginalization and auto-marginalization of Romanian language in the process. The idea is that many of the borrowings are indeed necessary especially in those domains where there are no Romanian equivalents such as IT, business, and media but some borrowings are used by individual choice or are introduced into the language by current trends. It is true that any language is enriched and renewed with the help of loan words but this borrowing process must be rational without exaggerations and logical with a focus on the right pronunciation and/or meaning.

KEYWORDS: The Anglicism, English borrowings, marginalization, trends

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Arthur Miller’s Jewishness and the Consequences of Belonging to a Harassed Minority

Georgiana-Elena DILĂ University of Craiova

Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

Although Arthur Miller considered himself an American, he could never separate himself from his origins as a Jew. Throughout his life this belonging to a minority accentuated certain issues other people never observed. His attention was guided by details, which people may overlook or take for granted. The author was faithful not only to the American society in general, but also to the Jewish tradition he belongs to, even if he does not present the situation of his minority, asking for attention in a repetitive manner as other might. Even if the author’s plays do not abound directly in ethnic elements, there have been many critics who have noticed the constant reassuring of his background in his work, praising him for the rather rabbinical style he may shape in his creations. Numerous critics introduced Arthur Miller in their analysis of the ethnic minority, propelling the distance between majority and minority. Our intention is that of exploring the manner in which this biographical element shaped part of the playwright’s work.

KEYWORDS: Jewishness, play, individual

Marginalitate şi ex-centrare fantasmată a eului în romanul Orbitor de Mircea Cărtărescu

Ilona DUŢĂ Universitatea din Craiova, Facultatea de Litere

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Marginality and Phantasmal Ex-centralization of the Ego in the Novel Orbitor by Mircea Cărtărescu

The issue of de-centralization/ex-centralization in postmodernism reached both sociological and anthropological domains (such as minorities, marginalized writers and artists’ status), a long with an entire epistemic apparatus of deconstruction of the categories claiming for centrality and foundation. Postmodern literature proposes debates around these concepts through the thematization of meta-discourse and its dialogical structure (debates on the centrality of the unitary concept of history, of the rationalist- discursive knowledge, of identity etc.). The Novel Orbitor suggests an intense debate (of an exhausting intensity) around the concept of identity centered on a biographical coherence of the ego, of its apparently unitary appearance. The marginality of this ego construct is given by its phantasmal fabric and by the recovery of marginalized psychological concepts such as emotions, incoherent perceptions and sensations. The present investigation follows the disentangled structure of this construct, the rules of marginal poetic based on which the weak figure of autobiographical ego composes itself.

KEYWORDS: marginality, ex-centralization, phantasm, simulation, memory

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The Religious Dimension of Social Marginality in Toni Morrison’s Paradise*

Maria-Magdalena FĂURAR University of Craiova Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

The portrayal of the two black communities that Toni Morrison juxtaposes in her novel, Paradise (1997), reflects the identity-building of the African-American society. While the town of Ruby appears as a fulfilled model of earthly utopia which gradually falls to pieces, the small and marginal(ised) community of the Convent is ultimately depicted as an alternative open space. The initial paradisiacal community of Ruby is eventually shattered by its own members and their practice of hegemony, discrimination and marginalisation as well as their rejection of difference and change, whereas the Convent progressively undergoes a transformation, unfolding itself as a spiritual paradise foregrounded on the interconnectedness of opposites. Although the issues of race and gender seem to be central to the construction of both communities, it is actually religion and the way it is perceived that contours the margins of social identity. The following study attempts a close analysis of Toni Morrison’s Paradise, focusing on the robust pursuit of emergent redemption, dislocating the centrality of mainstream issues.

KEYWORDS: religion, spirituality, conflict, marginalisation, race.

La fascinante langue roumaine.

Extraits de la correspondance de Cioran à ses proches

Rodica FOFIU Université « Lucian Blaga » de Sibiu Faculté de lettres et d’arts Département d’études françaises et francophones <[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: The Fascinating Romanian Language. Fragments from Cioran’s Correspondence with those Close-hearted

We aim at following Cioran’s considerations regarding Romanian language in his correspondence with his close friends. He has a true cult for the Romanian language and he considers it as the “only excuse” of our people. The miracle of expressivity of the Romanian language “saves” its marginal status as compared with more widely spoken languages. It is also interesting the perspective he has about our great writers, out of which Eminescu is obviously the preferred one. The Romanian language’s special virtues are envisaged especially by comparison with the French language, which has offered it the chance of consecration but, at the same time, it has fought with its rigors to reach perfection of expression. Although after 1965 he wrote almost exclusively in French, Cioran frequently includes Romanian words in the letters to his close ones, not only out of the love that he has for them, but also out of conviction that the French equivalents are not as powerful as what he wants to express.

KEYWORDS: Romanian language, expressivity, marginality, French language, idiom

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Paul Goma, Le calidor : du centre vers la marge

Lavinia Ileana GEAMBEI Université de Piteşti Faculté des Lettres

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Paul Goma, My Childhood at the Gate of Unrest: from center to margin Paul Goma, this spirit of justice for whom “being a writer means not lying,” is part of those

“removed from the center” if we consider Virgil Ierunca’s manner of expression (in Semnul mirării). “Marginalisation” is painfully experienced whether it is required or self-imposed.

Goma’s autobiographical novel, Din Calidor. O copilărie basarabeană (English translation My Childhood at the Gate of Unrest, Readers International, 1990) considered by some interpreters a “lyrical novel” with monographic-like construction brings into literature a new space “calidorul” i.e. the porch or verandah of the house in Mana, as the narrator himself explains. Therefore, a shifting space from “inside” to “outside” from “house” to

“yard,” that “near but not last outside” as the narrator defines it in his Preface to the novel.

In another sense, however, this protective space shifts from the center to the margin, since the final exit following the leaving of the family for Basarabia in 1944 meant changing existential condition: the child becomes, with his family, a refugee, i.e. marginalized.

Heading to maturity, he will go deeper and deeper into the margin, which explains the main theme of Goma’s prose: the theme of refuge and exile. Starting from this premise, the present paper suggests “the removal from the center” with constant reference to

“calidorul” of the house in Mana.

KEYWORDS: margin, center, refuge, exile

Mécanismes de marginalisation sociopolitique dans la société hongroise (19

e

-20

e

siècles).

Perspectives pour une méthode comparatiste

Attila JAKAB Fondation « Civitas Europica Centralis », Budapest (Hongrie)

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT:

Mechanisms of socio-political marginalization in the Hungarian society (19

th

-20

th

centuries). Prospects for a comparative methodology

The aim of the paper is to show the steps of development of a „culture of exclusion” in the Hungarian society, started in mid 19th century, and also thinking for a comparative methodology able to better understand the social and political history of the Central and South-Eastern Europe. After short introductory theoretical considerations, explaining what the „socio-political marginalization” is, I present briefly the history of Hungary from the 18th to 20th century. The conclusions are: persistence of feudalism and the aristocratic society and mentality, the ethnic conception of the nation identified mostly with the nobles, and the refusal of modernity. For this reasons, in the second half of the 19th century, the conflict between the Hungarian elite and the Romanians of Transylvania have been constantly growing. After the First World War the Hungarian society turned against the Jews. With the installation of the Bolshevik regime the exclusion was made according to the social origin of the peoples. Today these three socio-political experiences overlap in Hungary. The question, formulated in my final word, is: Can we define the Self without opposition to the Other, who could easily mean also his rejection?

KEYWORDS: Hungary, Romanians, feudalism, Jews, modernity

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Racial Discrimination and Social Marginalisation in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

Laviniu Costinel LĂPĂDAT University of Craiova

Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

This study aims at exemplifying the discourse on race, marginality and otherness. On many occasions the truth simply cannot shatter powerful dark barriers but one has to rejoice in the fact that it has the ability to sneak through the cracks, evade all obstacles and emerge from the depths intact, uncompromised, uncompromising and redemptive. Ralph Ellison had the audacity to bravely tread on perilous and unconquered cultural ground, expecting to create not just art but a sturdy legacy of social and racial triumph against malicious adversity. He knows there is a great an substantial evil lurking behind the masks of his peers yet he chooses to believe that evil can be overpowered, that we can find the strength to love and respect our differences, embrace our God given complexity, and not just barely coexist but thrive and create magnificent things together. He believes, and we must applaud him for that, it could all be the beginning of a very beautiful and productive friendship.

KEYWORDS: truth, discrimination, conflict, marginalisation, race

Borders and Corners: An Impeccable Variation

Adriana LĂZĂRESCU University of Craiova Department of Applied Modern Languages

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

We live in a time of change and English for Specific Purposes has attained superior status in the academic preoccupations of recent years. The aim of this paper was to determine whether Business English qualifies in the league of the utterly necessary and helpful tools of knowledge for the actors on the business stage of Craiova, Romania. There were two groups of participants taken into consideration, both of them operating in the business field of Craiova. A first group was represented by students who follow an economics career at the University of Craiova, while the second group was represented by businessmen and businesswomen who use English in their every day work. Results showed that, nowadays, Business English is still cornered by business students and, at the same time, it is highly valued by business people who are presently stretching their borders of knowledge. English for Specific Purposes, in general, and Business English, in particular, may gradually leave the realm of marginal studies, and embrace the so long desired attribute of core studies.

KEYWORDS: Business English, business students/ people, language, marginal study, core study

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Wilfried N’Sondé entre révolte et marginalité

Camelia MANOLESCU Université de Craiova Faculté des Lettres

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Wilfried N’Sondé between Revolt and Marginality

Wilfried N’Sondé, born in Congo, winning the Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie and the Prix Senghor de la création littéraire en 2007, in his novel with suggestive title, Le cœur des enfants léopards (2007), presents the story of a young lover who commits a terrible crime. In this novel, the writer tells us about the main character’s revolt against the racism, the violence, the prejudice of people, the frustration, against the marginalisation of all kind, becoming a massager of the others in order to re-find his lost identity, listening to the ancestors’ voice.

Our study deals with a re-interpretation (in Wilfried N’Sondé’s vision) of a young man submitted to a real love and violence test in a society where youth, without any stability, without roots, marginalized, seem to be lost, as the lovely but cruel cube-leopards with great hearts.

KEYWORDS: marginality, exclusion, revolt

Margins in Dealing with Age-Group Learners

Diana MARCU University of Craiova Department of Applied Foreign Languages

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

The current paper explores the different mechanisms of dealing with individual variations of learners when teaching English as a foreign language. The analysis takes into consideration various age-group learners, focusing on their differences as well as on their learning styles. By recognizing and understanding the needs of learners as well as their expectations, teachers can fight against marginalizing a part or even an individual of the group of learners.

The data will try to prove that there are no margins when talking about learning styles, all of them are a matter of high importance to teachers since we cannot simply state that there are good or bad learning strategies. Age-groups are important since adult learners cannot be compared with younger ones in terms expectations, needs and methods of teaching.

The task of the teacher is not an easy one to achieve since he/she needs to find a balance in using the right teaching strategies adapted to different learning styles so that no student feel marginalized or moreover discriminated.

KEYWORDS: individual variations, learners styles, VAK, learning behaviour

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Natural Culture vs. Organisational Culture:

Ideologies, Values, Personalities

Mihaela MARCU University of Craiova Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

RÉSUMÉ : Culture nationale vs. culture organisationnelle : valeurs, idéologies, personnalités

Le but de cet article est de mettre en évidence le rapport qui existe entre la culture nationale et la culture organisationnelle, en partant de l’hypothèse que les fondements de la culture organisationnelle résident dans les cultures nationales.

Le concept de culture organisationnelle prend ses racines dans l’existence historique de l’homme, dans la psychologie du peuple auquel elle appartient, autrement dit, dans la culture nationale. À l’entrée de l’individu dans une organisation, il possède déjà certaines idées, convictions et sentiments qui peuvent être développés et retransmis au bien remplaces par l’emprunt des valeurs, des coutumes et des règles existant dans le milieu respectif. De l’union de ces convictions, idées, croyances, règles et sentiments naît la culture organisationnelle.

En d’autres termes, la culture organisationnelle fait partie de la culture nationale ; elle puise ses fondements dans l’histoire, les valeurs el les symboles d’un peuple, dans ses personnalités les plus marquantes, dans les acquis et les séismes du système social.

MOTS-CLÉS : culture nationale, culture organisationnelle, valeurs, idéologies, personnalités, symboles

On Margins and Marginalization in William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily

Cristina MĂNDOIU University of Craiova

Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

In William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily the protagonist is both the victim and the symbol of a society to which she no longer belongs. As a descendant of the old aristocracy living in a continuously changing world, Miss Emily becomes subject to social exclusion and marginalization. Nevertheless, not only the society in which she lives is responsible for her isolation, but also Miss Emily herself, for she is the one who chooses to live in a self- imposed exile. And since we are dealing here with strategies of marginalization and also self-marginalization, it is not far-fetched to assert that we are witnessing some sort of convention between the individual and the community: as long as she would not interfere with the good-functioning of the society and she would continue to play the role assigned to her, they would sustain her need to remain unapproachable and they would even enable her to commit the perfect murder.

KEYWORDS: margins, marginalization, self-marginalization, society, individual

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On the Margins of the Text:

Silent Speech Communities in Nostromo

Armela PANAJOTI University of Vlora “Ismail Qemali” (Albania)

Faculty of Humanities Department of Foreign Languages

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

Conrad’s Nostromo is a very complex story at the narrative level. Apart from the fact that the story lacks a stable narrator who tells the story from beginning to end but has instead a series of people who undertake this task at certain points in the novel, the story is also inhabited by a number of speech communities. The “official” voice of the story, represented mainly by Captain Mitchell, is every now and then challenged by the “unofficial” voice of the novel’s marginal storytellers, whose story/stories are part and parcel of the folklore and oral culture. Their voice stands on the margins of the text mainly in the form of gossiping or traditional folktales. Besides them, there are other speech communities in the story, such as the Indians of the mine, the Italians or other immigrants who have come to Sulaco to make a new living but whose voice is never heard. The paper looks into the role of the marginalized narrative voice in the story, more particularly it intends to suggest that although these forms of reporting stand on the margins of the text, they actually wrap up the centre (the “official”

version of the story) and instead of defying it, they in reality anticipate it and complement it.

KEYWORDS: speech communities, marginal storytellers, Conrad, narrative voice

Striving to Meet the Criteria for Inclusion in Absalom, Absalom!

Irina PĂNESCU University of Craiova Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

Absalom, Absalom! is one of William Faulkner’s major novels – set in Yoknapatawpha – which illustrates the destructive and self-destructive consequences of an individual’s desire to get integrated in the world of the privileged. Largely, this paper intends to explain Thomas Sutpen’s evolution/ involution from marginalization to inclusion. Faulkner’s protagonist does not enjoy the advantages of the rich and powerful men, as he is a member of a poor family, ostracized like the Negroes. He perceives himself as an outcast in a discriminatory world which favours the slave owners. Evidently, Sutpen understands that he lives in a white, patriarchal society in which the laws are made by those who meet not necessarily the moral standards but the cultural and social standards required to have supremacy and authority. As such, he starts to work his way from marginalization to integration, his identity suffering a series of transformations in time.

KEYWORDS: marginalization, inclusion, identity

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Ce mănâncă mahalaua:

portret al periferiei în proza românească

Florina-Elena PÎRJOL Universitatea Bucureşti

Facultatea de Litere

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: What do Slums Eat: a Gastronomic Portrait of the Periphery in Romanian Fiction

Eating is mainly a social and cultural act. Food habits do have a solid identity function and help us define ourselves as a social group, but also as a nation. The construction of modern nations implies the existence of a common gastronomic patrimony or some specific food customs (thus, the debates about national cuisine are still in trend). By eating, we find a place in society and we assume to belong to a certain social class, in a given historical context. The periphery defines itself in opposition to the centre by its food “manners”; thus, we can describe the table of the poor (of the miserable people, of those coming from the slums) versus the table of the rich, we can differentiate eating as a way to satisfy an instinct versus eating as a cultural “mise en scene”, as a pretext for showing off etc. What do slums eat and how this thing is relevant for their statute of marginality? How do slums look from a gastronomical point of view, what is their relationship with the centre and how fragile the boundaries between the two cultural areas are? Does being a part of the slums mean: a) eating simple and low-keyed food; b) rude table manners; c) a different attitude towards the act of eating (less ceremonious, more focused on surviving). We will try to answer all these questions using some famous litterary works (with some more references that will go further than the text corpus): The Old and the New Boyars by Nicolae Filimon, Vacaresti Boulevard, by I. Peltz, G.M. Zamfirescu’s saga The Barrier and Eugen Barbu’s novel The Hollow.

KEYWORDS: slums, eating habits, identity, Romanian literature, marginality

Reading Habits and Identity Challenges.

Notes on a “Marginal” Occupation in a Totalitarian Regime

Catrinel POPA University of Bucharest

Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

This article intends to analyse at least two dimensions of reading, manifest during Ceauşescu’s era, starting from this basic assumption: far from being – as it might seem – a marginal occupation or a form of entertainment among others, reading used to represent, for many Romanian writers and intellectuals, a manner of preserving their identity, a form of resistance and finally a way of surviving. Just as in the other countries from the ex- Soviet block, political authorities, aware of the power of the printed word, were trying to control the book production and consume, imposing many resolutions and regulations in this field. Briefly, we can easily identify the existence of some sort of tension between two opposite dimensions of reading: on the one hand its public meaning, fabricated by propaganda, on the other hand its subversive dimension (belonging, this time, to the private sphere). Yet, we don’t have to ignore the evidence that between these two sets of functions there were many infiltrations and complicities (and not only binary oppositions).

KEYWORDS: print culture, reading, marginality, book consumption, resistance

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Circling Back to the Beginning:

“A Descent into the Maelström”

Mihaela PRIOTEASA University of Craiova

Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

Similarly to the motif of the hollow earth (inspired by the theory of polar openings, popular in the nineteenth-century) the narrator of “A Descent into the Maelström” journeys into the abyss in a desperate, intuitive leap of a rational mind found in tormenting doubt and trapped in an apocalyptical timeless situation witnessing the spectacle from the margin of one world and into the next; he only survives because he treats his experience in the maelstrom – in the world within a world – as a decipherable system of signs. The paper tries to demonstrate that the condition of the protagonist found on the threshold of the maelström expresses the Poesque ambition to know all, to cross over the side of human knowledge and understanding and yet survive the journey back to the real world. The exploratory tale of space, time and matter (that revolutionized the genre of science fiction) is constructed by Edgar Allan Poe by looking at the mysteries of matter and spirit from the inside out, from the core to the margin, by transcending downwards the unsolved riddles of existence.

KEYWORDS: margin, circle, maelström, abyss.

I mass media in Italia e lo stereotipo Albanese

Frosina QYRDETI / Adriana GJIKA Università “Ismail Qemali”, Valona (Albania) Facoltà di Scienze Umanistiche Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere

<[email protected]> / <[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: The Mass Media in Italy and the Albanian Stereotype

Albanian emigration has had many facings. From the beginning of ‘91-s Albanian emigrants had never been presented to the public in normality conditions. Italians during Albanians’

arrival, have been bombarded with distressing news, worrisome vision of “hungry ragged”

refugees that comes in thousands to invade the country. This hasn’t been followed by an appropriate descriptions of a normality conditions, but by stories of invisible people unless delinquent ones.

In this work, I’m going to talk about mass media role in Italy that has often exaggerated negative episodes of Albanian emigrants, working against acceptance of other cultures.

This is how integration becomes utopia. This is integration seen as a way to meet, a way for people to compare, to exchange values, thoughts; and this I think should be a process one to one.

KEYWORDS: mass media and Albanian stereotype, acceptance of different culture

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Max Aue de Jonathan Littell – un marginal des plus controversés

Anda RĂDULESCU Université de Craiova Faculté des Lettres

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Max Aue by Jonathan Littell – a Most Controversial Marginal

Currently, the notions of marginality and marginal are so frequently encountered in an array of fields that it is difficult to detect their precise meaning. As far as we are concerned, we use them in relation to any situation or individual which do not observe a common norm, be it at the level of a single community or of the society. The analysis of the chapter Air from the novel Les Bienveillantes (The Kindly Ones) by Jonathan Littell, which gave rise to a literary divide and imposed the character of the executioner falling victim to his own vices and fantasies, is aimed at identifying the causes and mechanisms underpinning the

“uniqueness” of certain individuals living marginally, on the edge, as experienced through family break-up, the war and murder.

KEYWORDS: marginality, marginal, vice, incest, homosexuality

La marginalisation du patient atteint du cancer : analyse linguistique des discours

Ghislaine ROLLAND-LOZACHMEUR Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest (France)

Faculté des Lettres « Victor Segalen » EA 4249 HCTI

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Linguistic Analysis of Discourses Held on Cancer: Outcasting the Patient in the Illness Context

French linguistics applied to the discourse recently improved in the fields of rhetorics and pragmatics and to study what is said as well as analyse what is not spoken. A focus is made on the various ambiguities and in courses induced by the language. In this article, using theoretical resources of the enunciation linguistics and of the lexical semantics to study the various types of discourse on the cancer. The medical and social staff, the medias and the patients themselves will be the main objects of this article. This will highlight how this illness can create a feeling of exclusion and, as various other handicaps, outcast the patients from the healthy ones world. These linguistic patterns used by the staff and the medias to speak about the illness, as well as statements from the patients create a conviction that the cancer nearly outcast people from the world of the living.

KEYWORDS: cancer, linguistic, discourse, outcasting

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Benedetto Croce : un intellectuel italien marginalisé face l’avènement du fascisme

Rosina SCALISE SPRINGER Université de Strasbourg (France) Faculté d’Histoire contemporaine

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Benedetto Croce, a Marginalized Italian Intellectual in the Face of the Advent of Fascism

The Italian philosopher and historian Benedetto Croce lived for part of his life under fascism. He was marginalized in his country because of his opposition to Mussolini. During the rise to power of fascism, Croce didn’t recognise his country or the people who were around him anymore. The situation worsened when Hitler came to power in Germany.

During this period, Croce didn’t recognise the peoples of Europe who gave way to fascism.

So he considered himself as a “lost sentinel.” After the end of fascism and of war, he continued to suffer from what he had experienced and he avoided talking about fascism.

KEYWORDS: Croce, Italy, Europe, fascism, Mussolini, Hitler

La langue française devient-elle une langue marginale de nos jours ?

Daniela SCORŢAN Université de Craiova Département de langues modernes appliquées

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Does the French language become a marginal language nowadays?

Teaching the French as a foreign language to economics students and confronting with the problem of a limited number of students having chosen the French as a language of study, I often asked myself if the French language did not become a marginal language compared with the English language. The English language did not develop because of its supposed linguistic qualities, the wealth of its vocabulary or the complexity of its grammar, but because the United States are militarily and economically powerful. You should not understand that we are against the English language, we do not agree with those who claim to make from English a universal language, because this domination risks leading to the disappearance of the other languages. In our article we are going to insist on the big moments of the battle in favour of French to illustrate the place and the importance of French in the world and to demonstrate the opportunity to assert the diversity of the French-speaking space because the French language continues to illustrate a big civilization.

KEYWORDS: French, marginal language, civilization, domination, diversity

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Le roman policier : une littérature de la marge ?

Fabienne SOLDINI CNRS-LAMES, Aix-en-Provence (France)

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: The Detective Novel: on the Edge of Literature?

For a long time, the detective novel has been considered a sort of fake literature, a sort of discourse on the margin, being placed at the end of the literature field. Still, nowadays, the detective novel has passed through a process of demarginalization by appealing to ordinary subjects and by the normalized discourse of the literary critics. At the same time, while modern detective novels focus their action on the peripheric-central social proportion, contemporary thrillers center their action on a transformation of the social into an ordinary event, replacing marginal with normal.

KEYWORDS: detective novel, marginality, periphery/center, literary criticism, character

Preponderant and Marginalized Medical Phraseological Units in Specialized Texts

Simona Nicoleta STAICU

“Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara Department of Foreign Languages and Romanian

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on a contextual analysis targeting in particular

the

types and weight

of specific

phraseological units (PU) in a larger medical text

, selected from neurological recovery domain regarding ischemic cerebral vascular accident.

We consider that we should distinguish several classes of

lexical-syntactic

collocations that we can spot in medical discourse

,

on the premise that

not

all collocations have the same contextual status context and, therefore

, neither

their appearances in a medical text/discourse can be subsumed as

phraseologisms (phrasemes), to

a single category of

stable structural-semantic

collocations

. Thus, we have pointed out in a specialized text, depending on the degree of semantic soldering, the following types of phraseological units:

non-idiomatic locutionary structures, PU bi- or univocally multimember linked structures, PU bi- or multimember bi univocally linked structures, "cliché" type phraseologisms, elliptical PU, metaphor type phraseological constructions.

KEYWORDS: phraseological unit, structural-semantic, occurrence, co-occurrence, medical term

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A Possible Scenario:

Marginalizing Traditional Teaching Methods in favour of Online English Learning

Andreea Mihaela STOIAN University of Craiova Department of Applied Modern Languages

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

In a constantly evolving world, learning a foreign language in a traditional classroom with a teacher as a mentor and 20 or 30 students as colleagues tends to become an alternative rather than a mandatory process. This type of teaching and learning will be or in some cases is an alternative to other ways of accessing information. The modern teaching market has enriched its offer with the help of worldwide internet which means access to online books, videos, CD’s, movies, photos or even to a high-performance translator. In this situation, some questions arise: Will the virtual teacher replace the traditional one? Will students prefer to learn a foreign language with all its grammatical structures rather than use the online translator for when in need? and finally: Can traditional teaching cope with and at the same time survive the imminent changes? The answers should comprise a sense of unity between different ways of teaching and learning rather than one of marginalization or omission. The sense of marginalization is given, in some cases, by the lack of information or access to the latest English grammar books or to a proper environment that provides all the technology needed in a modern classroom: computer/s, video projector or CD player. Nevertheless, in nowadays, teachers know that the process of teaching English means not only access to a book and a blackboard but also to other methods that are related to the online part. These methods have reached the classroom through added activities like: listening scripts, watching different documentaries or interviews, writing tasks sent by e-mail or online distance education courses. In each of these activities, the presence of the teacher can vary meaning that he: “does not hold an automatic monopoly on best practice education.” (Uschi, 2003: 8)

KEYWORDS: traditional teaching, marginalization, online learning, virtual teacher, sense of unity

Gender Discrimination versus Citizenship.

The Androgynous between Myth and Reality

Emilia TOMESCU Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Faculty of Humanities Department of International Relations, Political Science and Security Studies

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

Our approach implies the concept of citizenship from a transdisciplinary perspective which aims at unifying the contraries at a superior level; it aims at a new understanding of the present world. This new perspective is based on an extremely complex approach as well as on a holistic approach.

Transdisciplinarity transgresses duality which opposes binary couples, in our case male and female. The level of perception, which is in mutual relation with the level of reality

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analyzed, permits a vision which is more and more complex, capable of unifying reality.

The concept of citizenship, in our case, transcends the apparently different concepts of male and female which in fact translate, at an inferior level, the concept of human being.

The social and political solution – the concept of citizenship itself – comes to surpass the many real or invented differences, the so called tradition of gender discrimination, which has imposed male domination as well as its cruel consequence – female marginalization.

KEYWORDS: citizenship, androgynous, discrimination, transdisciplinarity, coincidentia oppositorum

Marginalized Wilde:

A Short Linguistic Analysis of The Picture of Dorian Gray

Bledar TOSKA University of Vlora “Ismail Qemali” (Albania) Faculty of Humanities Department of Foreign Languages

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

In this paper I attempt to make a short linguistic analysis of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray by using some of the paradigms and means of modern linguistics. Many of the linguistic elements and features used in this novel, and its linguistic structural organization in general, transmit Wilde’s endeavour to centralize the marginalized self and the concept of his aesthetic theory. This paper attempts to make a short analysis of some of the most important linguistic features used in the novel both at the micro and macro level of its organization. They include entailment and presupposition, epistemic and deontic modality, cohesion and coherence, thematic structure (organization) and its progression as well as discourse organization. The discussion will be mainly focused on pragmatic and discourse interpretations of these aspects and will be supported by numerous examples (mainly prominent quotes).

KEYWORDS: marginalization, linguistic aspects, The Picture of Dorian Gray

Résilience

Lelia TROCAN Université de Craiova Faculté des Lettres

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Resilience

If the communist regimes seduced intellectuals and the under-privileged in the last three quarters of the 20th century, one may say it is equally true that, apart from some orthodox communists, starting with the thirties, the political world were reserved and often fiercely criticized the Eastern European regimes. The new power elite who replaced the first revolutionary idealists genuinely and quickly forgot the old regulations (the abolishment of all forms of oppression and exploitation, equality among people, freedom of thought and expression) and its own reason for existence, namely the building of a classless society.

The communist experience in such countries as Romania or the former Democratic Republic of Germany covered political and ideological disclaim, corruption, a politically-controlled

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state, the violation of human rights, torture and labelling citizens as either friends or enemies of the people, judging by their social heredity and political beliefs. These realities accelerated the countries’ downfall, which, in the case of Romania, was a consequence of the bloody events of 1989. I, myself, though deported with the whole family, managed to live for five years away from home, but it took me half a century to be able to talk about my deportation, since such confessions are difficult to make. In the novels I have written on these matters and which are the topic of my presentation (‘The Art of Survival,’

Omniscop, Craiova, Romania, 1998; ‘The Lead Years,’ L’Harmattan, Paris, France, 2007;

‘Resilience,’ Sitech, Craiova, Romania, 2011). I tried to analyze totalitarian Romania and its Gulag, but I also attempted to reconstruct my existence and my family’s life, to highlight the capacity of the traumatized ego to resurrect from its own ashes, which we call resilience, to analyze the diachronic and synchronic processes that turn suffering into redemption and their cultural consequences.

KEYWORDS: resilience, reconstruction, redemption, suffering, analyze, gulag, totalitarian

Marginal vs. Central in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden

Maria Roxana TUDOROIU University of Craiova Faculty of Letters

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT

In the novel East of Eden, Cathy Ames is a seductive woman who strives to overcome her marginal condition by playing the central role of femme fatale in a world of men. As she comes from a middle-class family, Cathy is not satisfied with her position in society and tries to get money and a social status through sex and murder. She wishes not only to be extremely wealthy but also to control the lives of the people around her. She possesses the essential skill needed to entrap men: she is well aware of their psychology and their weakness, in the same time hiding her own feelings and emotions. Cathy is part of the writer own story of love and betrayal as she is said to be the embodiment of his second wife, Gwyn. Just like Gwyn, Cathy wishes not to be subdued to anyone looking for her own success.

KEYWORDS: marginal, biography, central, femme fatale, social

La littérature, un vortex privilégié dans les processus de différenciation des identités marginales ? Le cas de la Corse

Emmanuelle VALLI Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli, Corte (France) UMR CNRS 6240 – Lieux, Identités, eSpaces, Activités (LISA) Identités et Cultures, les Processus de Patrimonialisation (ICPP)

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Literature, a Privileged Place in the Differentiation Processes of Marginal Identities? The Corsican Case.

Why does literature offer a privileged place to the identity demands of marginalized cultures? How to explain this profound desire of the margins to be recognized by the centres? We will endeavour to subsume the relationships between the margins and the literary centres under the intersubjective relationships, so as to underline the importance

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of the claim to be recognized. The margin and the centre remain, fundamentally, interdependent. The protean centre, under her shape “literature,” thus possesses a margin and, by extension, a marginal. We’ll try to see how the “mirror stage,” theorized by Lacan, could enlighten our field of investigation. In Corsica, a literature in the grip of the identity crisis of her authors, finds it hard to emerge. We shall envisage the possibility whether the insecurity suffered by writers in a domination context might not be what most influences the creative act and that it is less the product of a cultural minority than that of psychological mechanisms inherent to any creative process. Within the bounds of the Corsican literary writing breeding ground, we shall approach the question of recognition in intersubjective relationships. We’ll study the nuance there is between a forced marginalization and one voluntarily undergone by the writer that would ensue from a distancing process aiming at his individualization.

KEYWORDS: literature, margin, center, recognition, differentiation

Condiţia marginală a deportatului din Bărăgan în societatea totalitară românească*

Iulia WISOŞENSCHI Institutul de Etnografie şi Folclor „C. Brăiloiu”, Bucureşti

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: The Marginal Status of the Bărăgan-deported People in the Romanian Totalitarian Society

The instauration of the popular democracy in Romania gave birth to a new category of marginals, namely the deported people. Based on the repressive logic of totalitarian system, the deportation in June 1951, officially named displacement, represented an abrupt political measure, which pushed away to the edge of the society those individuals who were seen as hostile elements, as they might have had the courage to oppose Romania’s ,,communization.” The forced domicile was regarded as the proper milieu for the re-education and “ennoblement” with the qualities of the “new man” of the deported, the old people and the potential opponents of the communism system.

KEYWORDS: deportation, Macedo-Romanians, new man, forced domicile, spatial marginality

Marges et marginalités

Francis YAICHE Université Paris V « René Descartes » (France) École doctorale « Concepts et Langages »

Paris IV CELSA Gripic

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Marge and marginality

The first department of sociology States was founded in Chicago in 1890 by Albion W.

Small, with the idea that sociology should be an independent discipline of philosophy and should be useful to social action. The "Chicago School", one of the most brilliant intellectuals was the founder of "urban ecology" Robert Park, centralized research on the city of Chicago as "social laboratory", and the phenomena that it has heard - and / or face - between 1890 and 1940, rural and foreign immigration, economic depression, delinquency, prostitution, mafia constitution (Al Capone), emergence of new social types including youth gangs, the stray and "hoboes." The issue of foreign and rights in margin,

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in line with the work of G. Simmel was theorized by this brilliant line of research, particularly in terms of a "social palliative re- organization." We will consider in this paper, the phenomena of "disorganization" and "re- organization" in terms of urban ecology and its "social alchemy,” and timeliness of this school Chicago, taking contemporary examples.

KEYWORDS: marge, marginality, sociology, “Chicago School”

La politique, facteur important de marginalisation linguistique. Communisme et postcommunisme

Camelia ZĂBAVĂ Université de Craiova Centre Universitaire Drobeta Turnu-Sevetrin

<[email protected]>

ABSTRACT: Politics – an Important Factor for the Linguistic Marginalize in Communism and Post-communism

In our paper, we analyze the status of some foreign languages in Romania during the communism and in the post-communist era, namely the special magnitude of the Russian language in a time, having a less and less importance in other time, until a complete marginalize of it after 1990. If in Romania, before 1947, French was the most important language, studied and spoken by a large majority, Russian had a marginal rank, On the contrary, during the Stalinist period, in the fifties, French and the other occidental idioms (English, German, Italian, Spanish) became marginal, being almost prohibited, many schools and libraries were out of service. It was the time when Russian was imposed;

consequently: it was generally studied in every school. Of course, about this there were no references in Romania in that time. Thus, the Romanian press from exile becomes a real source to know the real situation. In many articles, we can read how the Russian language was inflicted; a few very important were published in Luceafarul, a literary magazine published by Mircea Eliade and V. Ierunca. During the time, in the so-called political “defrost” of the ‘60s, the status of the former marginal languages was changed, and they could be studied in parallel with Russian. A very interesting situation can be perceived after 1990, when, without a political coercion, the Russian language became a marginal one, rejected by the majority of the students. Thus, as we can learn from an interview with Axinia Crasovschi, president of the Association of the Professors teaching Russian language and Literature from Romania that „Russian chairs have a very marginal place (only 0,80%), and in an article from Gândul – that „in the Romanian highschools, in 2006-2007, 95% of the students studied English, 86,5% French, 10,9% German, and only 1,9% Russian.”

KEYWORDS: foreign languages, Russian, Stalinism, communism, post-communism

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