Analysis of Factors Affecting the Implementation of the Covid-19 Management Program in the City of Makassar
Fatimasari Baso1, Darmawansyah2, Amran Razak2, Muhammad Alwy Arifin2, Lalu Muhammad Saleh3, Muhammad Syafar4
1 Master Program of Department of Health Administration and Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
2 Department of Health Administration and Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
3 Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
4 Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia Corresponding Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Number of Covid-19 Cases in South Sulawesi Province as of August 1, 2020 from 24 regencies / cities. Based on the data obtained, it shows that there has been a significant and rapid increase and spread of cases of Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is accompanied by local transmission incidents in the Makassar City area, South Sulawesi Province. The case was on November 24, 2020 and was included in the red zone in the spread of Covid-19. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City. This research is a quantitative study with a "cross sectional study"
design which aims to determine several factors that influence the implementation of the COVID- 19 prevention program policy in the city of Makassar. This research was conducted in order to examine the influence of factors (a) communication; (b) resources; (c) attitude and (d) bureaucracy with the implementation of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention program policy in the city of Makassar. The sample in this study were some of the COVID-19 response officers assigned by the health department at each puskesmas in the city of Makassar.
Quantitatively, the number of samples of COVID-19 countermeasures assigned by the health office is 100 people, of which there are 3 and 4 people respectively per health center. Methods of data collection by direct interview using a questionnaire. Data processing using SPPS then the results of the study are presented in tabular form accompanied by a narrative. Based on the results of the study, it shows that there is an effect of communication on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City, there is an influence of resources on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City, There is an influence of attitudes on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City. the influence of bureaucracy on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City and collectively attitude is the most influential on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City.
Keywords: Implementation, Prevention, Covid-19
INTRODUCTION
Since it first broke out in China in December 2019, the corona virus or known as Covid 19 has rapidly continued to spread to almost all corners of the world. At the end of March 2020, it had plagued more than 200 countries in the world with more than 800 thousand infected victims, the World Health Organization at the end of January 2020 initially declared Covid-19 an epidemic.
However, seeing the fast spread around the world, WHO finally declared the Corona Virus a pandemic (Tuti, 2020). Covid-19, which is now spreading from China to 26 countries around the world, does not appear to be as deadly as other coronaviruses including SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). The World Health Organization said at a briefing February 17, WHO Chief Director, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that more than 80% of Covid-19 patients have mild illness and will recover and there are 2% of reported fatal cases. In comparison, the 2003 SARS outbreak had a mortality rate of around 10% (8098 cases and 774 deaths), while MERS killed 34% of people with the disease between 2012 and 2019 (2494 cases and 858 deaths) (Mahase, 2020).
Judging from the situation of the spread of COVID-19 which has almost reached all provinces in Indonesia with the number of cases and / or the number of deaths increasing and having an impact on political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security aspects, as well as the welfare of the people in Indonesia, the Government of Indonesia has stipulated Presidential Decree No.11 of 2020 concerning the Determination of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) Public Health Emergency. The Presidential Decree establishes COVID-19 as a type of disease that causes a Public Health Emergency (KKM) and stipulates the Covid-19 KKM in Indonesia which must be made in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number HK.01.07 / MenKes / 413/2020 concerning Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Corona Virus Disease 2019.
Indonesia is a country with a Covid-19 emergency status. The first case was found on March 2, 2020, which infected two women from Depok, West Java. It didn't take long, until March 26, 2020, these cases jumped to 790 confirmed positive cases, 31 patients were declared cured and 58 died. The percentage of deaths in Indonesia is among the highest, reaching nearly 11% and far above China as the first source of the spread of this virus (Churiyah et al., 2020).
In connection with the policy of overcoming infectious disease outbreaks, Indonesia already has Law Number 4 of 1984 concerning Communicable Disease Outbreaks, Government Regulation Number 40 of 1991 concerning Management of Contagious Disease Outbreaks, and Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 1501 / Menkes / Per / X / 2010 concerning Certain Types of Infectious Diseases That Can Cause Outbreaks and Countermeasures. For this reason, in the context of efforts to prevent the Covid-19 outbreak early, the Minister of Health has issued a Decree of the Minister of Health Number HK.01.07 / MENKES / 104/2020 concerning the Determination of Novel Coronavirus Infection (2019-nCoV Infection) as Types of Diseases That Can Cause Outbreaks and Efforts to Control Them.
South Sulawesi on Thursday 19 March, the first two positive cases were announced by Achmad Yurianto as the Government Spokesperson for Handling COVID-19. On the same day, Governor Nurdin Abdullah stated that one of the corona virus patients in South Sulawesi had died before the results of laboratory tests showed he was positive. Head of the South Sulawesi Health Service, Dr. Ichsan Mustari, said that COVID-19 will continue to threaten life until a vaccine is
available. This means that a number of Covid-19 protocols must have close supervision from the public, including providing sanctions for violators (Makassar City Health Office, 2020).
Makassar City is the fourth largest city in Indonesia and the largest in Eastern Indonesia.
Administratively, this city consists of 14 sub-districts and 143 urban villages and is located at an altitude between 0-25 m above sea level. The city of Makassar has become the epicenter of the spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) which has an impact on the economy and the welfare of the community, so efforts are needed to accelerate massive control in order to suppress and break the chain of spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Makassar City according to Mayor Regulation Nomor 36 Tahun 2020.
Data as of 16 October 2020 obtained from the Makassar City Health Office showed that the highest level of confirmed COVID-19 patients in Makassar City was in Rappocini District with 1137 patients followed by Biringkanaya District with 1084 patients and Panakukkang District with 968 patients. This requires a coping strategy in accordance with the transmission that occurs at both the national and provincial levels, with the aim of slowing and stopping the transmission / transmission rate, and delaying the spread of transmission, providing optimal health services for patients, especially critical cases, minimizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 19 on the health system, social services, activities in the economic sector, and other sector activities (Makassar City Health Office, 2020). The satisfaction of health service providers is very important, patients will always seek health services in facilities where the performance of health services can meet expectations or do not disappoint patients (Yeşilada & Direktouml, 2010;
Patwardhan & Spencer, 2012; Javed & Ilyas, 2018; Darmawansyah, 2018).
Criteria that need to be evaluated to assess the success of the response through the criteria for a health care system that can be evaluated to make adjustments (Razak et al., 2020). The successful achievement of indicators can direct an area to make preparations towards a new productive and safe normal order by adopting new habitual adaptations based on Republic of Indonesia‟s ministry of Health year 2020. The quality of health services can be measured by considering or monitoring and evaluating indicators, criteria and standards that are considered relevant and in accordance with the aspects of the structure, process and results of a health service institution (Darmawansyah & Arifin, 2011). On this basis, researchers are interested in researching the factors that affect the Covid-19 Response Program in Makassar City.
METHODS
This research is a quantitative study with a “cross sectional study” design which aims to determine several factors that influence the implementation of the COVID-19 prevention program policy in the city of Makassar. The sample in this study was 100 people, some of which were taken from the population and had the characteristics of that population. The sample of this research is the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) handling officer in the city of Makassar who is willing to become a respondent. The sampling technique used in this research is Simple Random Sampling, which is a random sampling technique that provides the opportunity for every COVID-19 handling officer to be used as a representative sample. Research data is a factor that determines the research. Sources of data in this study are primary data and secondary data.
This research data was collected through a questionnaire or questionnaire (questionaire). Where this questionnaire contains a list of questions given to implementing officers who are respondents in the study. The questionnaire in this study is the implementation of the COVID-19
countermeasures program consisting of 4 variables, namely Communication, Resources, Attitudes, and Disposition.
RESULTS
Makassar City is the fourth largest city in Indonesia and the largest in Eastern Indonesia. The service center for Makassar City consists of 16 Hospitals, consisting of 4 Government Hospitals, 7 Private Hospitals and 3 ABRI Hospitals and 2 Special Hospitals. The number of Puskesmas is 36 units. This research was conducted at the health center in Makassar City, with a sample size of 100 people. The results of data processing are presented in the form of univariate, bivariate and multivariate frequency distribution tables accompanied by narration as an explanation of the table. Respondents in this study were COVID-19 response officers assigned by the Makassar City Health Office where 3 and 4 officers were assigned to the health center respectively.
Univariate Analysis
Characteristics of Respondents
Table 1. Distribution of Characteristics of Respondentsof Covid-19 Program in Makassar City in 2021
Characteristics of Respondents Amount (n) Percent (%) a. Gender
Man Woman
29 71
29.0 71.0
Total 100 100.0
b. Age Group (yrs) 21-25
26-30 31-35 36-40
62 29 5 4
62.0 29.0 5.0 4.0
Total 100 100.0
c. Last Education D3
S1
10 90
10.0 90.0
Total 100 100.0
d. Status Married Unmarried
28 72
28.0 72.0
Total 100 100.0
Research Variable Frequency Distribution Communication
Based on the research results, the frequency distribution for communication variables can be seen in the table below.
Table 2. The Frequency Distribution for Communication Variables
Communication Amount (n) Percent (%)
Good 93 93.0
Less Good 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0
The table shows that of the 100 respondents in the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City, as many as 93 respondents (93.0%) with good communication and as many as 7 respondents (7.0%) with poor communication.
Resources
Based on the research results, the frequency distribution for resource variables can be seen in the table below.
Table 3. The Frequency Distribution for Resource Variables Resources Amount (n) Percent (%)
Enough 88 88.0
Less 12 12.0
Total 100 100.0
The table shows that of the 100 respondents to the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City, 88 respondents (88.0%) stated that the resources were sufficient and as many as 12 respondents (12.0%) stated that the resources were lacking.
Behaviour
Based on the research results, the frequency distribution for attitude variables can be seen in the table below:
Table 4. The Frequency Distribution for Attitude Variables Behaviour Amount (n) Percent (%)
Positive 96 96.0
Negative 4 4.0
Total 100 100.0
The table shows that of the 100 respondents in the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City, 96 respondents (96.0%) had positive attitudes and as many as 4 respondents (4.0%) had negative attitudes.
Bereaucracy
Based on the research results, the frequency distribution for the bureaucratic variables can be seen in the table below.
Table 5. The Frequency Distribution for the Bureaucratic Variables
Bureaucracy Amount (n) Percent (%)
Good 93 93.0
Less Good 7 7.0
Total 100 100.0
The table shows that of the 100 respondents to the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City, 93 respondents (93.0%) stated that the bureaucracy was good and as many as 7 respondents (7.0%) stated that the bureaucracy was not good.
Program Implementation
Based on the research results, the frequency distribution for the program implementation variables can be seen in the table below.
Table 6. The Frequency Distribution for the Program Implementation Variables
Impementasi Program Amount (n) Percent (%)
Good 97 97.0
Less Good 3 3.0
Total 100 100.0
The table shows that of the 100 respondents to the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City, 97 respondents (97.0%) stated that the program implementation was good and as many as 3 respondents (3.0%) stated that the program implementation was not good.
Bivariate Analysis
Bivariate analysis was carried out to analyze the influence of the independent variables, namely communication, resources, attitudes and bureaucracy on the dependent variable, namely program implementation by cross-tabulating (crosstab) using the chi-square test with a value of α (0.05).
If the p value <α, it means that there is an influence between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
The Effect of Communication on Program Implementation
The results of the analysis of the influence of communication variables on program implementation can be seen in the following table.
Table 7. The Influence of Communication Variables on Program Implementation
Communication
Implementation
Sum P
Good Less Good
n % n % n %
Good 93 100.0 0 0.0 93 100.0
0.000
Less Good 4 57.1 3 42.9 7 100.0
Total 97 97.0 3 3.0 100 100.0
The results of the statistical test obtained p value = 0.000, because the value of p <α = 0.000
<0.05 then Ho is rejected, this means that there is a statistically significant influence on the communication variable on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City.
Influence of Resources on Program Implementation
The results of the analysis of the effect of resource variables on program implementation can be seen in the following table.
Table 8. The Effect of Resource Variables on Program Implementation
Resources
Implementation
Sum P
Good Less Good
n % n % n %
Enough 88 100.0 0 0.0 88 100.0
0.001
Less 9 75.0 3 25.0 12 100.0
Total 97 97.0 3 3.0 100 100.0
The results of statistical tests obtained p value = 0.001, because the value of p <α = 0.001 <0.05 then Ho is rejected, this means that there is a statistically significant effect of resource variables on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City.
The Influence of Attitudes on Program Implementation
The results of the analysis of the effect of the attitude variable on program implementation can be seen in the following table.
Table 8. The Effect of the Attitude Variable on Program Implementation
Attitude
Implementation
Sum P
Good Less Good
n % n % n %
Positive 95 99.0 1 1.0 96 100.0
0.004
Negative 2 50.0 2 50.0 4 100.0
Total 97 97.0 3 3.0 100 100.0
The results of the statistical test obtained p value = 0.004, because the value of p <α = 0.004
<0.05 then Ho is rejected, this means that there is a statistically significant influence on attitude variables towards the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City.
Effect of Bureaucracy on Program Implementation
The results of the analysis of the effect of bureaucratic variables on program implementation can be seen in the following table.
Table 9. The Effect of Bureaucratic Variables on Program Implementation
Bureaucracy
Implementation
Sum P
Good Less Good
n % n % n %
Good 91 97.8 2 2.2 93 100.0
0.197
Less Good 6 85.7 1 14.3 7 100.0
Total 97 97.0 3 3.0 100 100.0
The statistical test results obtained by the value of p = 0.197, because the value of p> α = 0.197>
0.05 then Ho is accepted, this means that there is no statistically significant effect of the bureaucratic variable on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City.
Multivariate Analysis
At this stage, a multivariate analysis of variables that are directly related and have an influence on the dependent variable (p value < 0.05) is carried out, namely the variables of communication, resources and attitudes. The multiple logistic regression test aims to determine the most dominant factors affecting the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City, as shown in the following table.
Table 10. Factors Affecting the Implementation of the Covid-19 Prevention Program
Variable B S.E. Forest Df Itself. Exp(B)
Communication -35.178 5104.206 0.000 1 0.995 0.000
Resources -34.722 4694.216 0.000 1 0.994 0.000
Attitude -0.870 4717.972 0.000 1 1.000 0.419
Constant 17.707 4214.284 0.000 1 0.997 49004002.65 The table shows that after multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression, it was found that the variable with the highest Exp (B) or OR (Odds Ratio) value was the attitude variable with an Exp (B) or Odds Ratio value of 0.419, so that the variable was defined as the most influencing factor simultaneously on the implementation of the Covid-19 countermeasures program in Makassar City.
DISCUSSION
After obtaining the research results from the processing, analysis and presentation of the data, then a discussion is carried out according to the variables studied. The discussion in the research is presented in narrative form by reviewing relevant references and some previous research related to this research.
Univariate Analysis
Characteristics of Respondents
Based on the results of the research above, it shows that the female respondents are 71% more than the male respondents by 29%. who works as an implementing officer for the response to covid-19 in Makassar City. This incident can be based on the different characteristics of each gender. According to Aubee in Kurniasari's research, women have a compassionate nature, feel responsible for the welfare of those around them, and are gentle. (Wiranti dkk., 2020).
The results showed that the age of respondent for covid-19 handling officers in Makassar City tended to be 21-25 years old with a percentage of 62.0%. This shows that a person's age is sufficient to determine the success in doing a job. In general, younger workers have stronger and unlimited physical energy, on the other hand, older workers have weak and limited physical abilities (Nurdiawati dan Safira, 2020).
Based on the results of the research above, it was found that 90% of respondents had an undergraduate education as the covid-19 response officer in Makassar City. According to Susi (2019) A person's education level is directly proportional to an increase in performance, the higher a person's education level will affect awareness of changes or maintenance actions based on his knowledge and awareness through the learning process, so that the behavior is expected to last long (long lasting) and stay.
The results showed that the percentage of covid-19 handling officers in Makassar City were mostly unmarried, namely 72%. This is because a person will have a great responsibility towards his family so that they will be motivated to work harder and in the end will result in an increase in work productivity (Andari dan Aswitari, 2010).
Research Variable Frequency Distribution Communication
Based on the results of the study obtained that as many as 93 officers implementing covid-19 with good communication. With this, the delivery of policies to organi- sasi and the public in order to reduce misunderstandings has been carried out properly.
Resources
Based on the results of the study obtained as many as 88 covid-19 implementing officers consider that the availability of resources, both the availability of human resources, information, facilities, and funds have been considered sufficient.
Attitude
Based on the results of the study obtained as many as 96 officers implementing covid-19 have a good attitude. This shows that the support of implementors to existing policies is considered good by the implementing officer of COVID-19 in makassar city.
Bureaucracy
Based on the results of the study obtained as many as 93 officers stated that bureaucracy is good at creating more effective policies.
Bivariate Analysis
The Effect of Communication on the Implementation of Covid-19 Prevention Program in Makassar City
Based on the results of statistical tests, it was found that there was a statistically significant influence on the communication variable on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City. This shows that the implementing officers have carried out their duties as implementers in conveying policies to organizations and the public, so as to reduce misunderstandings.
In research conducted by Abdullah et al (2020) It was found that with the implementation of the health communication campaign program using several communication channel selections by Thematic KKN students in Kendari City to prevent the transmission of Covid 19. The choice of this communication channel was due to its effective function when dealing with community norms, as well as providing opportunities for members audiences to reinforce each other's behavior. A good communication strategy is needed to achieve effective communication.
The Impact of Resources on the Implementation of Covid-19 Prevention Program in Makassar City
Based on the results of the study, it was shown that as many as 88 respondents stated that the resources were sufficient and as many as 12 respondents stated that the resources were lacking.
Availability of resources refers to socio-economic resources (including employment, income, education and shelter) and the environment (access to health services and the quality of health services in the region).
Research conducted by Pradana & Casman (2020) argued that the availability of resources, in this case human resources, for example as health workers who do several important things of concern during the COVID-19 pandemic, include: continuing primary prevention through routine screening and isolation to reduce the spread of disease, using techniques Internet-based counseling, information and education (IEC) for the community with the aim of reducing people's dependence on primary and secondary health services.
The Effect of Attitudes on the Implementation of Covid-19 Prevention Program in Makassar City
Based on the results of the statistical test, it was obtained that the p value = 0.004, because the p value < = 0.004 < 0.05 then Ho was rejected, this means that there is a statistically significant effect of the attitude variable on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City. This shows that of the 96 respondents who have a positive attitude, 95 respondents stated that the implementation of the program was good and as many as 1 respondent stated that the implementation of the program was not good.
This is in line with research conducted by Dewi et al. (2020) in intervening with the residents of Rejeng Hamlet, Bangka Lelak Village, Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara through dealing with covid-19, and it was found that the results of the assessment of attitudes in dealing with covid-19 showed positive attitudes of residents in an effort to reduce the number of covid-19 transmission.
The Influence of Bureaucracy on the Implementation of Covid-19 Prevention Program in Makassar City
Based on the results of the study showed that as many as 93 respondents stated that the bureaucracy was good, and 7 respondents stated that the bureaucracy was not good. However, the results of the bureaucratic statistical test did not have a significant effect on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City.
Research on bureaucratic commitment conducted by Razak et al (2020) shows that the COVID- 19 pandemic has an impact on the political commitment of the Enrekang regional government in dealing with stunting. The imposition of Large-Scale Social Restriction (LSSR) and refocusing on the budget caused several programs to experience budget cuts. On the other hand, the provision of latrines for sanitation and hygiene absorbs the largest amount of funds.
Multivariate Analysis
The results of the study using multivariate analysis showed that the attitude variable was the variable that had the most influence simultaneously on the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program in Makassar City. The disposition / attitude is a form of support from the implementors for the program. A good attitude will certainly have a positive impact on the
implementation of the Covid-19 prevention program. If the attitude is right, then there is a big likelihood of implementation going well, but if the attitude is not right, then the implementation usually doesn't work as it should.
In addition, communication variables are one of the factors relating to the delivery of policies to organizations or the public and the attitudes and responses of the parties involved. The existence of good communication from the bureaucracy to the officers of the Covid-19 prevention program can reduce misunderstanding of program policies that have been made, and policy implementation can run according to the agreed rules so that the program carried out can be carried out successfully.
The availability of adequate resources for the Covid-19 prevention program activities in the city of Makassar, especially human resources, information/data, facilities and funds is sufficient so that increasing resources still needs to be done, where the presence of resources is one of the success factors in the implementation process of the prevention program. covid-19. Resources in the form of a Task Force (Satgas) formed by the government. The South Sulawesi Province Covid-19 Handling Task Force, hereinafter referred to as the Regional Task Force, is a team formed by South Sulawesi Governor Regulation Number 60 of 2020 Application of Discipline and Law Enforcement of Health Protocols as Efforts to Prevent and Control Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) South Sulawesi Province.
In addition, Contact Tracing is considered to be the first and most effective step to tackling an outbreak, as resources for mass testing and large quantities of vaccines are unlikely to be available for immediate use. Effective contact tracing can allow communities to reopen from lockdown even before vaccine availability. The purpose of mobile contact tracing is to speed up the manual interview-based contact tracing process to deal with outbreaks efficiently and quickly (Dar et al., 2020).
The covid-19 handling task force plays a role in coordination, mobilization of resources and operations to accelerate control and handling of covid-19 through a massive educational approach, as well as monitoring and evaluation to the community in various locations in accordance with Makassar Mayor Regulation Number 36 of 2020 Acceleration of Control of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Makassar City.
Especially in facilities and public places Task Force covid-19 is responsible in (Regulation of the Governor of South Sulawesi, 2020): (1) socialization, education and the use of various media to provide understanding and understanding about the prevention and control of Covid-19.; (2) provision of hand washing facilities using soap that is easily accessible and meets the standards or provision of handsanitizer; (3) efforts to identify (filter) and monitor health for everyone who will be active in the work environment; (4) efforts to adjust the distance; (5) regular cleaning and disinfection of the environment; (6) discipline enforcement on the behavior of people at risk in the transmission and transmission of Covid-19.; and (7) facilitation of early detection in case handling in anticipation of the spread of Covid-19.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the study, it shows that there is an effect of communication on the implementation of the covid-19 prevention program in the city of Makassar, there is an influence of resources on the implementation of the covid-19 prevention program in the city of Makassar, there is an influence of attitudes on the implementation of the covid-19 prevention program in
the city of Makassar. the influence of the bureaucracy on the implementation of the covid-19 prevention program in the city of Makassar and together attitudes are the most influential on the implementation of the covid-19 prevention program in the city of Makassar.
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