Medical Errors

Editors

IULIA CRISTINA FRÎNCULESCU SIMONA NICOLETA STAICU

PRESENTATION GUIDELINES FOR SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

Volume 1

Editura „Victor Babeșˮ Timișoara

2021

Editura „Victor Babeş”

Piaţa Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, cam. 316, 300041 Timişoara Tel./ Fax 0256 495 210

e-mail: [email protected] www.umft.ro/editura

Director general: Prof. univ. emerit dr. Dan V. Poenaru Colecţia: HIPPOCRATE

Coordonator colecţie: Prof. univ. dr. Andrei Motoc

Rerefenți ştiinţifici: Prof. univ. emerit dr. Dan V. Poenaru Prof. univ. dr. Marius Raica

Indicativ CNCSIS: 324

ISBN general: 978-606-786-249-2 ISBN Vol. 1: 978-606-786-247-8 G

ENERAL

© 2021 Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediţii sunt rezervate.

Reproducerea parţială sau integrală a textului, pe orice suport, fără acordul scris al autorilor este interzisă şi se va sancţiona conform legilor în vigoare.

CONTENTS

Preface ………...………... 4

Amna-Tabita ADĂMUŢ, Daniel BARBU, Medical Errors ……….…..……...… 5

Alice-Monica AMANOLESEI, Medical Mistakes Shown in Movies ………..…….…. 17

Sergiu BĂJAN, Stone Man Syndrome ……….………..… 35

Oana – Cătălina BĂZĂVAN, Abortion: A Medical or an Ethical Problem ……….…… 44

Andreea-Alexandra BENCHIŞ, Everyday Questions Answered ………...…... 61

Vlad-Alexandru BERETEU, Biggest Epidemics in History ……….…. 75

Alexandra-Maria BORIȚA, Ionuţ-Radu BULZAN, A Peculiar Mindset. Microbial Vectors as Vaccines …... 85

Briana Miruna BERAR, Andreea BOROȘ, Medicine in the Victorian Era ……….. 95

Briana Miruna BERAR, Andreea BOROȘ, Hallucinations ………...……...… 107

Andrei-Viorel BOSOANCĂ, Bioterrorism – Weapon of Mass Destruction ……….………… 123

Ana-Maria Ionela BOŢOACĂ, Andra Ana-Maria BRADEA, Cataract ………...…… 143

Oana-Monica BOŞTINARU, Teodora BULICA, Social Experiments and the Human Mind ……….. 157

Ionuţ-Radu BULZAN, Leukemia ………... 164

Alexandra BURDUCESCU, In Vitro Fertilisation ……… 175

Alexandra BUSUIOC, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), A Death Sentence ………. 202

Daria CARAGEA, Life After Death………... 227

Oana CIOLOCA, Medical NGOs ……….. 236

Denisa Adina CIUPERTEA, Genetic Disorders ………... 246

Denisa Adina CIUPERTEA, Cerebrovascular Accident ……….. 263

Adrian CODOȘ, Simona-Larisa COPCE, Childhood Obesity ……….. 273

Simona-Larisa COPCE, Adrian CODOȘ, Von Willebrand Disease ……….…………. 290

Ana-Maria CODREAN, Flavia-Maria CĂPĂSTRARU, Reduplicative Paramnesia ………...……… 300

Cătălina-Beatrice COJOCARIU, Organ Donation – A Controversial Procedure ……… 312

Mălina-Adriana DANC, Mihai ERMOIU, William Osler ………. 324

Janet-Camelia DRIMUŞ, A Colorful Journey ………... 337

Janet-Camelia DRIMUŞ, The Voice Should Belong to Us! ………... 364

Robert-Cristian DUMA, The World is our Reflection ………... 378

Robert-Cristian DUMA, Of Heroes and Superheroes ………... 397

Samuel-Andrei DUNĂREANU, Music – A Therapist ……….. 410

3

PREFACE

Presentation Guidelines for Scientific Events is a collection of PowerPoint presentations in English delivered by medical students at scientific events. The presentations were crafted under the linguistic supervision of Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Iulia Cristina Frînculescu and Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Simona Nicoleta Staicu.

Nowadays English is the international language of specialized communication, including medical communication. It is the main language of international conferences, scientific exchanges, and even national meetings of specialists. That is why developing presentation skills should be a priority for English-language learners.

There are two different aspects concerning presentations, both equally important, namely the delivery of the speech and the preparation of a PowerPoint, to support the speaker’s discourse. While the former aspect has raised the interest of researchers over the years, the latter has not been at the core of scientific investigations. Consequently, in our country there is a scarcity of studies on the subject of PowerPoint presentations for scientific meetings.

This volume brings its contribution to filling that gap. To do that, it puts together a series of students’ papers on medical topics. The focus is on the use of the English language in a medical context.

The book forwards a variety of PowerPoint layouts, designs and structures. These presentations are intended to serve as an example for medical students, students of other specialities, and even graduates, who need to prepare PowerPoint presentations in English for various reasons: conferences or congresses, workshops and webinars, seminars, courses or lectures delivered to colleagues and trainees.

Associate Professor Ph.D. Iulia Cristina FRÎNCULESCU Associate Professor Ph.D. Simona Nicoleta STAICU

Medical Errors

Amna-Tabita Adămuț Daniel Barbu

5

What are medical errors?

A medical error is a

preventable adverse effect of

care, whether or not it is

evident or harmful to the

patient

.

Most common types of medical errors

What

happened?

Misdiagnosis Delayed diagnosis

Infection

Bad medical devices Medication error

7

Disturbing cases of medical malpractice

1. Dana Carvey wrong artery bypassed

“It was an honest mistake that occurred due to the unusual positioning of Mr. Carvey’s artery in his heart.”

Disturbing cases of medical malpractice

2. Surgeon drills hole on wrong side of head

This action occurred despite the fact that a CAT scan, performed only moments before, indicated that the bleeding was happening on the left side of the brain.

9

Disturbing cases of medical malpractice

3. Man remains conscious during exploratory surgery

During the surgery, the man experienced a rare condition known as anaesthetic awareness.

Essentially, he was able to feel all of the pain, discomfort, and pressure during the surgery.

Disturbing cases of medical malpractice

4. Wrong leg amputated

The surgeon was fined $10,000, and his medical license was revoked for 6 months.

“A chain of errors culminated in the wrong leg being prepped for the surgery.”

11

Disturbing cases of medical malpractice

5. Surgeons forget their tools inside patient

During the surgery, they removed an abdominal tumor. In its stead was left another souvenir, a 13 inch long metal retractor.

Four other documented incidences had happened at the same hospital between the years 1997 and 2000.

Disturbing cases of medical malpractice

6. Fertility clinic confuses DNA

A fertility clinic in New York impregnated a woman, not with the sperm of her husband, but with the sperm of a complete stranger.

The baby had significantly darker skin.

Subsequent DNA tests

revealed that baby Jessica’s biological parent was of

African descent.

13

Disturbing cases of medical malpractice

7. Ruptured spleen goes unnoticed

The doctors didn’t notice the blood in the abdominal cavity, so they sent the patient home.

Due to the pressure, the peritoneum breaks and the patient dies at home after a few hours.

Protect yourself from medical errors!

How?

Keep your health care team informed

Ask to get information about your medicines in terms you can understand Talk to your

pharmacist

Learn more about your

conditions, tests and treatments

15

Thank you for your attention!

Bibliography

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_error

• https://www.caringlawyers.com/blog/13-disturbing- cases-of-medical-malpractice/

• https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/because-im- the-mom/201304/heres-how-protect-yourself-deadly- medical-errors

• https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-doctor-is- listening/201303/10-medical-errors-can-kill-you-in-the- hospital

MEDICAL MISTAKES SHOWN IN MOVIES

Alice-Monica Amanolesei

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Timișoara, Romania

17

GREY’S ANATOMY

❖ Grey's Anatomy is an American soap opera television series that focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attending physicians, as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships.

MISTAKES SHOWN

❖ Meredith loves tequila, it's her thing. However, in season six, Meredith donates part of her liver to her alcoholic father, Thatcher. With only a partial liver, you can't drink alcohol. Meredith continues to drink, a lot.

❖ After surgery, you don't see your surgeon that much. They instruct post-op care to nurses, who are the ones that actually carry it out. Surgeons very rarely respond to codes, they simply don't have the time.

❖ Many of the female surgeons will wear jewelry while scrubbing in, as well as while operating. This is prohibited in real operating rooms.

❖ Masks are commonly down while in the scrub-in room. All surgical personal are required to have masks on before entering the scrub-in room or operating room in real operations.

19

21

HOUSE M.D.

❖ The series' main character is Dr. Gregory House

(Hugh Laurie), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who, despite his dependence on pain medication, leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton–

Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH) in New Jersey.

23

MISTAKES SHOWN

❖ House makes a person have a seizure by switching the light on and off. This would not cause a person to have seizure as it takes more flickering than that to trigger a seizure in people with photosensitive epilepsy.

❖ A kid is being taken to surgery to remove a magnet he swallowed because it may be stuck in his upper intestine. House diagnoses that the magnet is already in the lower intestine by taking a scalpel and showing that it's magnetically attracted to the lower abdomen. Surgical scalpels are made of high grade stainless steel and are not attracted by magnets.

MISTAKES SHOWN

❖ There are several episodes where doctors continue to defibrillate a patient even after s/he flatlines. A flatline (asystole, where there is no electrical activity in the heart) cannot be corrected by defibrillation, which stops a heart that's in an abnormal rhythm and gives it a chance to start in a normal one (the heart has already stopped when there is a flatline).

❖ House and Foreman tell the Senator that he has toxoplasmosis, which is caused by a fungus. Toxoplasmosis is actually caused by a protozoan parasite.

25

SCRUBS

❖ Scrubs is an American medical comedy-drama television. The series follows the lives of employees at the fictional Sacred Heart teaching hospital. The title is a play on surgical scrubs and a term for a low- ranking person because at the beginning of the series, most of the main characters are medical interns.

MISTAKES SHOWN

❖ One of Dr. Cox' patients needs a heart valve transplanted. Heart valves don't have to be transplanted from another person. They can be replaced by a metal valve, or the surgeon can create a new valve from a different part of the patient's body. There was no reason to wait for a donor valve when they had other options available.

27

WHY THE MOST ACCURATE?

❖ In a large academic hospital each speciality has its own stereotype.

❖ Unfortunately when you do your first few procedures you have little idea what you're doing and you're terrified. There's a scene with Turk and JD doing a paracentesis on a patient (draining abdominal fluid) where they mess up and abdominal fluid shoots up out of the patient like a fountain.

They just put a finger on it and pretend they meant to do it.

Unfortunately, more real than you think.

❖ Doctors are not portrayed as God-like.

29

FLATLINERS

❖ Flatliners is a 2017 American science fiction psychological horror film that follows five

medical students who attempt to conduct experiments that produce near-death experiences.

31

MISTAKES SHOWN

❖ Defibrillation pads are only effective when in direct contact with the skin. Clothing can cause the electricity to flow across the chest not through it as it is supposed to. The depicted defibrillation in Flatliners bears very little resemblance to real world scenarios.

❖ Ray gives Marlo an adrenaline injection right through the heart which is very dangerous and no longer seen as an effective procedure in hospitals.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

❖ IMDb (https://www.imdb.com/)

❖ Clips were cut from the actual TV series!

33

THANK YOU!

Stone Man Syndrome

Sergiu Băjan

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

35

Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Signs and symptoms 3. Diagnosis

4. Treatment

5. Clinical case

Introduction

• Stone man syndrome = fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP);

• Extremely rare disease – 1:2,000,000;

• Life span: 40 years.

Genetic disorder

Ossification of muscles, tendons and ligaments;

ACVR1

37

Signs and symptoms

Big toes, sometimes with a missing joint

Tumour-like lumps Extensive heterotopic ossification

❑ Respiratory complications

❑ Loss of mobility

❑ Loss of hearing

• Frequently used tests:

✓ Level of alkaline phosphatase;

✓ Confirmatory genetic analysis (e.g. PCR);

✓ Imaging methods (CT, radiography).

Diagnosis

• Utterly difficult to diagnose;

39

Diagnosis – imaging methods

Computed Tomography X-Ray

Treatment

• No medication that prevents FOP from occurring/progressing;

• High-dose corticoids to reduce inflammation and swelling;

• Muscle relaxants;

• Imatinib – reduces pain ;

• ACVR1 inhibitor pills.

41

Clinical case – Harry Raymond Eastlack

• Most famous case;

• The only tangible reference point;

• Diagnosed – age 5;

• Complete fusion of vertebrae – age 20;

• Died – age 39;

• Body completely ossified before death.

Bibliography

1. Smith E., Zheng K., Chan G., Ho J. Stone Man Syndrome: Turning into a living statue. Illustrated by P. Taarea. Rare Disease Review. January 2017.

2. Geeta Kamal, Anju Gupta: Anaesthetic management of a child with stone man syndrome: Look Before you leap! Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications.

2017 March.

3. Amit Kumar Verma, Pallavi Aga: The stone man disease: fibrodysplasia

ossificans progressiva: imaging revisited. BMJ Publishing Group. July 2012.

4. Marla J.F. O’Neill: FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA; FOP. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. September 2017.

5. Hamed Mortazavi, Majid Eshghpour, Mahdi Niknami, Morteza Saeedi: Stone Man: A Case Report. Kowsar Medical Institute. December 2012.

6. Ciach, Brian. Collective Uncommon, II. The Progressive Ossification of Harry Eastlack. Retrieved February 2016.

43

ABORTION:

A MEDICAL OR AN ETHICAL PROBLEM

Oana-Cătălina Băzăvan

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

Table of contents:

01 02 03 04 05

What is an abortion?

Abortion methods and risks

Pro choice vs. Pro life Reasons for abortion

Abortion law

What is an Abortion?

abortion(noun) abor·​tion | \ə-ˈbȯr-shən

,,the termination of a pregnancy after,

accompanied by, or closely followed by the

death of the embryo or fetus”

1 MILLION WOMEN

OVER EVERY

YEAR

Abortion Statistics by Age

32%

15%

8%

45%

Women Ages 15-17 Women Ages 18-19 Women Ages 25-29 Women Ages 20-24

Reasons for Abortion

1) For the sake of the mother's health 2) A pregnancy resulting from a crime 3) Unacceptable quality of baby’s life 4) For social reasons

5) As a matter of government policy

Abortion Methods

MEDICAL

(ABORTION PILL) SURGICAL

The Abortion Pill

Surgical Abortion

! Abortion Risks !

Scar tissue on the uterine wall

Pelvic infection

Heavy bleeding Blood clots in the uterus

Emotional, psychological

Incomplete abortion risks

PRO-LIFE

Unborn babies are humans

Baby’s right to live Religious reasons

Moral reasons Health risks Other options

PRO-CHOICE

Women’s right to chose

Embryo Baby Socio-economic

reasons Unwanted child Mother’s mental

health

Embryo = Baby

Contraceptives

Consequences

Emotional harm for the mother

Abortion Laws Throughout the World

legal on request

legal for maternal life, health, mental health,

rape and/or fetal defects, and also for socio-economic factors

illegal with exception for maternal life

illegal with no exceptions

Andorra Malta San Marino Dominican Republic

Iraq

Bibliography

1. Johari V, Jadhav U. Abortion rights judgment: a ray of hope! Indian J Med Ethics. 2017 Jul-Sep;2(3):180-183. doi: 10.20529/IJME.2017.044. PMID: 2 8279947.

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWKqeJxzeBc

3. Medoff M. Pro-Choice Versus Pro-Life: The Relationship Between State Ab ortion Policy and Child Well-Being in the United States. Health Care Wome n Int. 2016;37(2):158-69. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2013.841699. Epub 2013 Nov 18. PMID: 24245932.

4. https://maps.reproductiverights.org/worldabortionlaws

Thank you!

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

61

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• WHY DO WE SNEEZE?

• WHY DO WE LAUGH WHEN WE ARE TICKLED?

• WHAT CAUSES HICCUPS?

• WHY DO WE YAWN?

• WHY DO WE BLUSH?

• WHY DO WE DREAM?

• WHY DO WE CRY?

• WHY DO WE GET SUNBURNS?

• WHY DO WE BLINK?

WHY DO WE SNEEZE?

Molecular modulation of airway epithelial ciliary response to sneezing

63

WHY DO WE LAUGH WHEN WE ARE TICKLED?

https://youtu.be/fF0ne49nwQc

WHAT CAUSES HICCUPS?

•

DRINKING CARBONATED BEVERAGES

•

DRINKING TOO MUCH ALCOHOL

•

EATING TOO MUCH

•

EXCITEMENT OR EMOTIONAL STRESS

•

SUDDEN TEMPERATURE CHANGES

•

DAMAGE OF THE VAGUS NERVES OR PHRENIC NERVES

•

TUMOUR OR INFECTION IN YOUR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

65

WHY DO WE YAWN?

• DEEP BREATHING

• ^{GET MOVING}

• COOL YOURSELF DOWN

WHY DO WE BLUSH?

67

WHY DO WE DREAM?

WHY DO WE CRY?

69

WHY DO WE GET SUNBURNS?

WHY DO WE BLINK?

71

REVISION

•

Why do we sneeze?

•

Defences against invading bacteria

•

Why do we laugh when we are tickled?

•

Submission to the agressor

•

What causes hiccups?

•

Damage of the CNS

•

Why do we yawn?

•

Temperature regulation

•

Why do we blush?

•

Dilatation of blood vessels

•

Why do we dream?

•

^{To reset}

•

Why do we cry?

•

Mechanism to shed stress

•

Why do we get sunburns?

•

Uv radiation

•

Why do we blink?

•

Keeps eyes safe from damaging stimuli

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

HTTPS://WWW.HEALTHLINE.COM/HEALTH/WHY-DO-WE-SNEEZE

2.

HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?TIME_CONTINUE=40&V=FF0NE49NWQC

3.

HTTPS://WWW.MAYOCLINIC.ORG/DISEASES-CONDITIONS/HICCUPS/SYMPTOMS-CAUSES/SYC-20352613

4.

HTTPS://WWW.HEALTHLINE.COM/HEALTH/WHY-DO-WE-YAWN

5.

HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=-QDI7IBYGVY

6.

HTTPS://WWW.WEBMD.COM/SLEEP-DISORDERS/GUIDE/DREAMING-OVERVIEW#1

7.

HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=QGDHJSIR1Z0

8.

HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=HFQSWNDCVSO

9.

HTTPS://IRISTECH.CO/BLINK-DETECTION/

73

Biggest Epidemics in History

Vlad-Alexandru Bereteu

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

75

Plague of Justinian

Plague of Justinian (541–542 AD, with recurrences until 750) was a pandemic that afflicted:

❖ the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and especially its capital, Constantinople

❖ the port cities around the entire Mediterranean Sea, as merchant ships harbored rats that carried fleas infected with plague

One of the deadliest pandemics in history:

❖ deaths of an estimated 25–100 million people during two centuries of recurrence

❖ a death toll equivalent to as much as half of Europe's population at the time of the first outbreak

❖ caused by the same bacteria that caused The Black Death

❖ named after Justinian I, who was emperor at the time of the initial outbreak. Justinian himself contracted the disease, but survived.

Justinian I

The Black Death

The Black Death, also known as the Pestilence, Great Bubonic Plague, the Great Plague or the Plague, or less commonly the Great Mortality or the Black Plague:

❖ was the most devastating pandemic recorded in human history

❖ resulted in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia

❖ peaked in Europe from 1347 to 1351

77

Yersinia pestis

The Black Death

❖ probably originated in Central Asia or East Asia, from where it travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343

❖ it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean Basin, reaching the rest of Europe via the Italian peninsula

Rat flea

Black rat

̔ In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg ... From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous.̓̓̓̓̓̓̓̓̓ (Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron)

Signs and symptoms

̓̓̓̓̓̓̓̓̓̓̓̓This was followed by :

❖ acute fever

❖ vomiting of blood

❖ most victims died two to seven days after initial infection

❖ freckle-like spots and rashes, which could have been caused by flea-bites were identified as another potential sign of the plague

79

The Spanish flu

The Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic.

❖ lasted from January 1918 to December 1920

❖ infected 500 million people – about a quarter of the world's population at the time

❖ the death toll is estimated to have been anywhere from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history

❖ had a rapid decline

One explanation for the rapid decline in the lethality of the disease is that doctors became more effective in the prevention and treatment of the pneumonia that developed after the victims had

contracted the virus. Another theory holds that the 1918 virus mutated extremely rapidly to a less lethal strain (a common occurrence with influenza viruses).

❖ the Spanish flu was the first of two pandemics caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; the second was the swine flu in 2009

❖ the Spanish flu pandemic resulted in a higher than expected mortality rate for young adults

❖ some analyses have shown the virus to be particularly deadly because it triggers a cytokine storm, which ravages the stronger immune system of young adults

Symptoms:

❖ flu symptoms

❖ skin turns blue and lungs fill with fluid that leads to suffocation

81

Other severe epidemics

❖ Small pox – 500 mil. deaths

❖ HIV/AIDS pandemics – 32 mil. deaths

❖ Hong Kong flu (H3N2) – 1 mil. deaths

❖ Third plague epidemic – 12 mil. deaths

❖ ……

❖ COVID-19 – 49,000 deaths (by 2^nd of April 2020)

Bibliography

• https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/1918-flu-pandemic

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu#End_of_the_pandemic

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian

83

Thank you!

A PECULIAR MINDSET

MICROBIAL VECTORS AS VACCINES

Alexandra-Maria Borița Ionuț-Radu Bulzan

85

What are plasmids?

➢ Pathogens

➢ Commensal bacteria

➢ Antigens

➢ Genetically attenuated microorganisms

Microbial vectors?

87

Systemic immunity

Preventing pathogen colonization

of mucosal tissues

Why do we use them?

The possibility to control its

intrinsic infectious

power

The ability to regulate the amount and in vivo localization

of antigen expression

The potential for multiple vaccine delivery

routes

Potent stimulation of the innate and

adaptive immune systems

Are there any advantages?

89

STRATEGY ADVANTAGES

Salmonella as vaccine vector

What about Bordetella?

91

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Type III Secretion

System

•

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4693226/?fbclid=IwAR3zmemq3K IH6wlgg7Q_o0jhY2qbnR0Rook6Ce0JfF6kpE8ZX7U672OGtTk

•

https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/salmonella-as-vaccine-vectors.htm

•

https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/bordetella-pertussis-as-vaccine- vectors.htm

•

https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-as-vaccine- vectors.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY

93

Medicine in the Victorian Era

Briana Miruna Berar Andreea Boroș

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

95

Table of contents

• General facts about the Victorian Era

• Discoveries: * X-Rays

* The Stethoscope

* Pharmacology

* Anaesthetics

• Personalities: * John Snow

* Louis Pasteur

* Robert Koch

• Medical practices

General facts

• 1837- 1901

• Queen Victoria

• World’s first

Industrial Revolution, political reform and social change

97

Discoveries

The Stethoscope

X-Rays

Pharmacology Anaesthetics

99

Personalities

Personalities

101

Personalities

Medical practices

Leeches

Plantain

103

Medical practices

Plasters

The Everlasting Pill

Bibliography

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_medicine_01.shtmlhttps:

//www.livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/victorian-

medicinehttp://www.simplehistory.co.uk/time-travel/victorian-medicine/

• https://www.google.co.uk/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/19th- century/victorian-era-timeline

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttps://youtu.be/0bxiOMJAMW8

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia

• https://www.google.co.uk/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in- history/german-scientist-discovers-x-rays

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow

• https://youtu.be/_Uwwhud.

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch

• https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/W87wthIAACQizfap

105

Thank you for

listening!

HALLUCINATIONS

Briana Miruna Berar Andreea Boroș

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

107

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HOW DO THEY WORK ?

3. TYPES OF HALLUCINATIONS 3.1. VISUAL

3.2. AUDITORY 3.3. TACTILE

3.4. OLFACTIVE

4. CONCLUSIONS

FIRST UP CONSULTANTS

INTRODUCTION

109

WHAT ARE HALLUCINATIONS?

• They are perceived senses that are not based on reality.

HALLUCINATIONS ≠

IMAGINATIONS

FIRST UP CONSULTANTS

HOW DO THEY WORK?

111

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Visual Auditory Olfactory

Tactile

Sensation

Perception

FIRST UP CONSULTANTS

TYPES OF HALLUCINATIONS

113

VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS

Charles

Bonnet

Syndrome

FIRST UP CONSULTANTS

AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS

Command voice

Running commentary

One / several voices talking at the same time

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TACTILE HALLUCINATIONS

Involve the feeling of touch or movement in your body

FIRST UP CONSULTANTS

OLFACTORY HALLUCINATIONS

Scents you find enjoyable

Common symptom for people with epilepsy

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CONCLUSIONS

FIRST UP CONSULTANTS

MAIN CAUSES

Mental health conditions Substance use

Lack of sleep Medications

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LACK OF SLEEP

TIBI UȘERIU

FIRST UP CONSULTANTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.healthline.com/health/hallucinations#causes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEbWFEB1GFg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xk1KZ_WcVHI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgOTaXhbqPQ

“ 27 de pași “ – Tibi Ușeriu

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Bioterrorism –

Weapon of Mass Destruction

Andrei-Viorel Bosoancă

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

123

Table of contents

✓ Bioterrorism and spreading

✓ Bioterrorism agent categories

✓ Back in time

✓ Conclusion

✓ Bibliography

What is bioterrorism ?

• A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate

release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants.

• Terrorists may use biological agents

because they can be extremely difficult to detect and do not cause illness for several hours to several days.

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Spreading

• Some bioterrorism agents, like the smallpox virus, can be spread from person to person and some, like

anthrax, cannot.

The smallpox virus

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Bioterrorism Agent Categories

Category A

High priority

Easily spread

High death

rates Require

special action

Bacillus anthracis Variola

major/minor Yersinia pestis

(plague)

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Category B

Moderate illness

rates

Low death

rates

Moderately easy to

spread

Bioterrorism Agent Categories

Brucella spp.

Rickettsia

prowazekii

Coxiella

burnetii

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Category C

Easily available

Easily produced

Potential for high mortality

rates Easily

spread

Bioterrorism Agent Categories

HIV

H1N1

Nipah virus SARS

coronavirus

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• 2600 BC - 2600 BC

The Egyptian Imhotep describes the diagnosis and treatment of 200

diseases

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Conclusion

Bioterrorism remains a legitimate threat both from domestic and international terrorist groups

The use of biological agents dates from ancient times

Prevention can be made through education and raising awareness, also by initiating

biosurveillance programs

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Bibliography

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200679/

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379645/

• https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203115/http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax

• https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184927/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioter rorism/overview.asp

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

CATARACT

Ana-Maria Ionela Boțoacă Andra Ana-Maria Bradea

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

143

Topics

1) Introduction

2) Signs and symptoms 3) Classification

4) Causes

5) Prevention 6) Treatment

7) Postoperative care 8) Complications

9) Epidemiology

Introduction

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Poor vision caused by cataracts may also result in an increased risk of falling and depression. Cataracts cause half of all cases of blindness and 33% of visual impairment worldwide.

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Signs and symptoms

Blurry vision Double vision Trouble with bright

lights

Trouble seeing at

Classification

Types

Posterior subcapsular

cataracts

Cortical cataracts

Nuclear sclerosis

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Different types of cataract

Posterior subcapsular cataract of a 16-year-old

girl

Nuclear sclerosis cataract of a 70-year-old male

Bilateral cataracts in an infant due to congenital rubella

syndrome

Post traumatic rosette cataract of a Dense white

mature cataract of a 60-year-old

male

Cortical cataract of a melanoderm

male

Causes

Age

Trauma

Radiations

Genetics Skin

diseases

Smoking and alcohol

Medications Inadequate

vitamin C

Post-operative

₁₄₉

Prevention

Risk factors such as UVB exposure and smoking can be addressed. Although no means of preventing cataracts has been scientifically proven, wearing sunglasses that counteract ultraviolet light may slow their development.

While adequate intake of antioxidants (such as vitamins A, C, and E) has been

thought to protect against the risk of cataracts, clinical trials have shown no benefit

from supplements; though evidence is mixed, but weakly positive, for a potential

protective effect of the nutrients lutein and zeaxanthin. Statin use is somewhat

associated with a lower risk of nuclear sclerotic cataracts.

Treatment

➢ Cataract surgery

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Postoperative care

The postoperative recovery period (after removing the cataract) is usually short.

The patient is usually ambulatory on the day of surgery, but is advised to move

cautiously and avoid straining or heavy lifting for about a month. The eye is usually

patched on the day of surgery and use of an eye shield at night is often suggested

for several days after the surgery.

Complications

Serious complications of cataract surgery include retinal detachment and

endophthalmitis. In both cases, patients notice a sudden decrease in vision. In endophthalmitis, patients often describe pain. Retinal detachment frequently presents with unilateral visual field defects, blurring of vision, flashes of light, or floating spots.

Corneal oedema and cystoid macular oedema are less serious but more common, and occur because of persistent swelling at the front of the eye in corneal oedema or back of the eye in cystoid macular oedema.

In both cases, patients may notice blurred, foggy vision.

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Epidemiology

Bibliography

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !

Social Experiments and the Human Mind

OANA-MONICA BOŞTINARU TEODORA BULICA

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania

157

The Asch Conformity Test

► Each student viewed a card with a line on it, followed by another with three lines labeled A, B, and C.

► Subjects completed 18 trials.

► On the first two trials, both the subject and the actors gave the obvious, correct answer.

► On the third trial, the actors would all give the same wrong answer.

► Post-study interviews showed that most participants chose the wrong answer just to “go along with everybody else”.

The Milgram Experiment

 The participant was paired with another person and they drew lots to find out who would be the ‘learner’ and who would be the ‘teacher.’

 The teacher is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time.

 65% of participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts.

 It was concluded that people tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and/or legally based.

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The Stanford Experiment

 A social psychology experiment that attempted to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power.

 The volunteers were randomly assigned to be either

"guards" or "prisoners" in a mock prison.

 Students quickly embraced their assigned roles, with some guards enforcing authoritarian measures and ultimately subjecting some prisoners to psychological torture.

The Bobo Doll Experiment

► The first measure: physical aggression

(punching, kicking, sitting on the Bobo doll etc).

► The second measure: verbal aggression.

► The children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to pursue physically aggressive behaviour than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model.

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Bibliography

 https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_doll_experiment

 https://www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html#:~:targetText=The%20Milgram

%20experiment%20was%20carried,%25%20in%20the%20original%20study).

 https://www.simplypsychology.org/asch-conformity.html

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asch_conformity_experiments

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment

 https://www.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html

Thank you!

163

Leukemia

Ionuț-Radu Bulzan

What is Leukemia?

Leukemia, also

spelled leukaemia, is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of

abnormal blood cells.

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Basics of Leukemia

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Classification of Leukemia

The speed of progression:

Acute leukemia

Chronic leukemia

The type of white blood cell affected:

Lymphocytic leukemia

Myelogenous leukemia

Major types of Leukemia

ALL is the most common type of leukemia in young children

AML is common in children and adults

CLL is the most common chronic adult leukemia – one may feel well for years without needing treatment

CML affects adults. Few or no symptoms for months or years until the leukemia cells start to grow rapidly

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

(CLL).

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

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Risk Factors

Previous cancer treatment Genetic disorders Family history of leukemia

Exposure to certain chemicals Smoking

Specific treatments Myelogenous leukemia

➢ Biological therapy

➢ Donor lymphocyte infusion

Treatment

Common treatments Myelogenous &

lymphocytic leukemia

➢ Targeted therapy

➢ Chemotherapy

➢ Radiation therapy

➢ Stem cell transplant

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Symptoms

Poor blood clotting Frequent infections Anemia

Survival rate

➢ The 5-year survival rate for all subtypes of leukemia is 61.4 percent

➢ Leukemia is most common in people aged over 55 , with the median age of diagnosis being 66

➢ It is also one of the most common cancers for people under age 20 ^(ALL)

Age group % of deaths

Under 20 2.2

20 – 34 2.6

35 – 44 2.4

45 – 54 5.5

55 – 64 12.6

65 – 74 23.1

75 – 84 30.0

> 84 21.6

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Bibliography

https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/6agz4t/leukemia_eli5_video_explanation/

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142595.php

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373 https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/leukemia/types

http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/leukemia-acute-lymphocytic-

all/treatment/?region=on

In vitro fertilisation

Alexandra Burducescu

“Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania

175

Definition

In vitro fertilization is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) commonly

referred to as IVF.

177

WHY IS IVF USED

Blocked or damaged Fallopian tubes

Male infertility including decreased sperm motility Women who have had their Fallopian tubes removed Women with ovulation disorders

Unexplained infertility

179

THE PROCESS

1. Fertility medication

2. Retrieving of the eggs

3. Taking the sperm sample 4. Insemination

and embryo culture 5. The transfer

181

Transfer of the embryo

Insemination

183

ASSOCIATED RISKS

Nausea or vomiting

Shortness of breath

Decreased urinary frequency

Severe stomach pains and bloating

Ten-pound weight gain within three to five days

Egg retrieval carries risks of bleeding, infection, and damage to the bowel or bladder

The Mayo Clinic reports that the risk of ectopic pregnancy with IVF are 2-5%. An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants anywhere outside the uterus and is not viable.

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Passing a small amount of fluid (may be clear or blood-

tinged) after the procedure

Mild cramping and bloating

Constipation Breast tenderness

SIDE EFFECTS

HOW SUCCESSFUL IS IVF?

The success rate of IVF clinics depends on :

reproductive history maternal age

the cause of infertility lifestyle factors

It is also important to understand that pregnancy rates are not the same as live birth rates.

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THE PERCENTAGE OF IVF TREATMENTS THAT

RESULTED IN A LIVE BIRTH

HOW MUCH DOES IVF COST?

The fees for 1 cycle of IVF include:

medicines procedures

anaesthesia

ultrasounds blood tests

lab work embryo storage

The exact cost of a single IVF cycle varies, but it can be up to $15,000 or more.

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FIRST IVF BABY

IVF’s story starts around 1890, when scientist Walter Heape transferred a fertilized egg from an Angora rabbit into a different breed, and saw that Angora bunnies resulted.

Louise Brown(40) is the first baby conceived with IVF, born on July 25, 1978.

At 11:47 p.m. on July 25, 1978 she was born by Caesarean

section at the Royal Oldham Hospital in England. She was

conceived in a petri dish on November 12, 1977, also near

midnight.

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In Romania, the first IVF baby is Virgil Godeanu (18).He was born in a private hospital in Bucharest.

193

CELEBRITIES WHO USED IVF

✓ Michelle Obama

195

✓ Courteney Cox

✓ Celine Dion

197

✓ Emma Thompson

✓ Kim Kardashian

199

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/growth-curve/40-years-ivf- baby-louise-brown

• https://www.today.com/parents/celebrity-moms-who-used-ivf- t134319

• http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/in-vitro-fertilization/

• https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy/fertility- treatments/what-ivf

• https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ivf/