The Impact of Covid-19 on Emigrants and Their Families of Kerala: A Comparative Study of Migrants to the Gulf and Other Countries
Haritha Sivadas&Priyanka K
MBA Students, Department of Management, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala Email:[email protected],[email protected]
Abstract
The economic and social disorder caused by the Covid-19 has created difficulty in the lives of many that lead to loss of human life, rising poverty, loss of job and extreme shortage of health care facilities. Emigrants of Kerala who had migrated to the middle east and other countries are the ones who were severely affected by the Covid-19 crisis in terms of loss of lives, jobs, incomes, etc, Besides, a significant number of them also suffered mental and psychological disorders and trauma due to death of spouses or children or other relatives, while several of them were also stranded without access to adequate food, healthcare facilities and medicines. This paper is an attempt to present a rapid assessment of the impact on the emigrants from Kerala to the Middle East and other countries and their families due to the Covid-19. Based on a small survey of the emigrants and families, the paper traces the immediate impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and its implications on their future job prospects and socio-economic status of the households. The study concludes that government support measures need proper streamlining in terms of addressing the challenges faced by the low-end migrant workers in the Middle East. In this regard, the state government of Kerala in collaboration with Non-Resident Keralites Affairs (NORKA) Department, should come out with a permanent institutional arrangement to address the problems of the teeming problems of the low-end migrant workers on a priority basis.
Keywords: Covid-19, Job loss, emigrants, Kerala, Middle East, work from home (WFH)
1. Introduction
The Covid 19 has impacted migrant workers throughout the globe. Many migrants have lost their current job temporarily or permanently, loss of income and earnings, etc. While many could manage work from home (WFH) arrangements with less salary, for several others
return to the place of job in the middle east or other countries has turned impossible due to cancellation of visa, non-renewal of continued work permits, etc. For another segment of emigrants, medical or health facilities were inaccessible even when they got tested Covid-19 positive and eventual deaths suffered by many. This has mainly affected the low skilled, low educated migrants to the Middle East, who were forced to leave from the job.
Not only the migrant workers, their families are also suffering from the economic burden caused by the pandemic, as majority of them do not have alternative sources of income other than the earnings of the migrant family members. Due to nation-wide lockdowns and the restrictions from the country governments on travels to India, the emigrants were forced to stay back in the host country even without jobs, loss of salary and adequate healthcare support. The situation was also worse in that several emigrants were not having enough funds to come back to their home country. Those migrants who have settled with their family in the host country were also reporting that their children got affected due to this pandemic. There are many youth migrants who always have discretionary expenses and the sudden lockdown forced them to live without any source of income and this has affected mainly the male population. It was reported that a large portion of the emigrants have experienced disruptions in terms of job loss and several of them were negatively impacted with no food or other supplies.
The situation seemed somewhat better in developed countries. For instance, it was reported that in European countries people were allowed to work from home and the companies did ensure that their employees were safe and the companies took new initiatives for the employees, like providing themwith masks, sanitizer and other safety measures during the pandemic. Many companies gave their employees consolidated amounts of cash during the lockdown to tide over the pandemic crisis and also helping their dependent family members.
However, despite all these, the Covid 19 induced crisis has affected almost everyone in many ways and it also reduced the population in many countries, including the developed ones, viz., the US, Germany, Brazil, Italy, Britain, India, etc. The economic and business sectors also were severely affected, including hotels, restaurants, corporates, while professional services of freelancers, and several others also were critically affected.
According to the WELT report, after a few months of lockdown the gross domestic product (GDP) fell by approximately 10% and the private consumption declined by 13%.
1.1. The Research problem and Objectives
The pandemic covid-19 induced problems and lockdowns had forced several lakhs of emigrants from the Middle East and other countries to return to Kerala, who were left with no alternatives of jobs or resettlement plans back home. Many emigrants were also not able to return to Kerala as the lockdowns and travel restrictions especially by Gulf countries. Due to the pandemic, many European nations immediately shut down their economic and business operations with an intention to avoid the spread of corona Virus and this has mainly affected the migrants who were forced to stay home and this immediate lockdown had made them not to come to home country and this has actually impacted the economy and that actually vary by age, household structure, type of employment contract, education, gender etc.
The case of emigrants from Kerala including migrant workers employed in the Middle East and the migrant professionals working in other countries assumes importance for a critical assessment of the impact of the pandemic Covid-19 on their job status as well as the economic conditions of both types of emigrants. The peculiarity of the emigrants to the middle east countries is that majority of them are employed in low paid and low skilled jobs with poor working conditions and inadequate compensation as well as social protection.
Hence, the impact of Covid-19 has been much more serious on this group of workers. While majority of the emigrants had to leave the Middle East due to job loss, non-renewal of contracts, retrenchment, etc. only a smaller segment of them were successful to get an opportunity to work from home (WFH).
In case of the emigrants to other countries, those who lost their jobs were given permission by the host country governments either to remain in those countries and search for jobs or allowed to stay back in their respective home countries (states) for 3 months. In case of those who lost jobs, the host governments also helped them obtain jobs during the three months period. This was one of the new initiatives taken by the German government for the migrants who lost their job. Many migrants have their family members also working in European or other countries as well as their children also got affected due to the pandemic and the migrants who employed in small companies where employment protection was weaker and also had to suffer layoffs. As in European countries, it is necessary to know either German or other native languages, those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic and
the subsequent lockdowns, finding alternative jobs were rather difficult. Migrants who were working in a middle level positions were mainly affected due to the lockdown as many of the migrants was not having an advanced level German language proficiency, due to which, many of them were forced by their company to leave job without any prior notice.
Against this backdrop, this paper examines the immediate impacts of the pandemic Covid- 19 on the emigrants from Kerala to the Gulf and other countries. Following a rapid assessment of the literature and the media reporting, we undertook a quick study involving a smaller sample of emigrants from Kerala to the gulf and other countries.
The specific objectives of the study were to: (a) understand the socio-economic impact of Covid-19pandemic on the Migrants and theirfamilies; (b) explorethe crisis management measures adopted by the emigrants in terms of engaging into alternate jobs, business activities and other activities: and (c) suggest policy measures or strategies for effective rehabilitation and settlement of the emigrants in the post-pandemic context.
1.2. Data and Methodology
In exploring the research problem and the objectives stated, we primarily follow a brief literature review to understand the major impacts of Covid-19 on the real life and economic status of the emigrants, including the migrant workers from Kerala to the Gulf and other countries. The review also included news articles and other documents, open access non- peer reviewed articles, etc.
A primary survey was administered covering a small sample of 50 emigrants from Kerala, of which, 30 are migrant workers in the gulf and the remaining 20 are migrants employed in various sectors in other countries, especially, European countries. Since nation-wide lockdowns prevailed, we adopted a remote research survey method using telephonic interviews with the 50 respondents covered in the study. The geographical location identified for the coverage of respondents was based on the consideration of maximum number of return emigrants in Kerala from the Gulf countries and accordingly, Malapuram district was selected.Malapuram has also reported the largest number of return emigrants from the Middle East during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns.
The paper is organised into four sections, including this introduction. Section 2 presents a brief review of literature on the impact of Covid-19 on migrant workers, including internal migrants. Section 3 presents the results of the empirical study undertaken among the emigrant workers based on the survey of 30 gulf migrants and 20 migrants to other countries from Kerala state. Section 4 presents the findings and conclusions along with some policy implications emerging from the study.
2. Impact of Covid-19 on the status of migrant workers: a brief review of literature
The news article byRathaand Aravind(2020) observes that Covid-19 has created an impact on migrant workers,as it imposed social distancing which made offices to work with few people. It further observes that the Gulf countries were even otherwise affected by rising oil price crisis, which was further intensified by the pandemic Covid-19, resulting in job losses and losses in income and earnings. These eventualities made large number of migrants indebted, as they were not able to earn during the lockdowns. Many of the migrants also had taken loans from their native to meet the expenses to get recruited in the companies in the Gulf. Even in the case of those earnings some income during the period, they had to settle with low payments, and the remittances out of these low payments were insufficient to pay for the loans outstanding.
The news report by Fassani(2020) discusses the state of migrants in the EU in the event of the COVID-19 outbreak. Taking a look at the frequency of temporary contracts, the space in the income allocation and the liability that jobs perhaps led from home for both key and non-key migrant workers, it sights the prospective and clear exposures for these two groups.
The report concludes by identifying possible areas of policy intervention to address these vulnerabilities.
The article by Kurdi(2020)highlighted the need for providing essential support services, like treatment facilities, acceptable housing, clear communication facilities, financial and social safety to the migrant workers during times of Covid-19 and other pandemics. The paper by Karim et al., (2020)examined how Covid-19 had affected the migrant workers from Bangladesh in terms of loss of jobs, mental health and how these had affected their living quality. Many migrants lost job and they were forced to leave the country and fend on themselves. The article also highlights the importance of social and financial supports to the
migrant workers.
This paper was written by Jonathan Crush, Vincent Williams (2010) Immigration to the Republic of South Africa (SA) is not a new phenomenon. Although indigenous blacks comprise over 70% of the population, SA, the most developed and resource richcountry in the region, has attracted a large number of immigrant workers from the Southern Africa region, most of whom are employed in the mining, agriculture and urban services sectors.
Prior to the end of apartheid, the government exercised tight control over the numbers and skills of immigrants.
The paper by Maher Nanda(2020)discusses the challenges and opportunities of migrant works. The migrants were forced to live in the host country than coming back to their home country due to lack of job and money. And the pandemic created many opportunities for in different sectors of Odisha, like health as well as others. The paper suggestsstrong policy measures that will monitor the working condition of the migrants in regular intervals and also provide support for the people who are not interested in going back to the middle east or other destinations.
Khaled and Gray (2020)mainly focused on how Covid-19 impacted people from different cultures with special reference with Qatar. The main aim of the study was to know about the mental health status, especially, depression level and the reasons for the same. The study used telephonic surveys of people of 18 Years living in Qatar and found that mental health status and symptoms differed across people from different cultures, with cultural background becoming a main factor.
A paper by Kuttappan(2020)presented the case of an Indian migrant worker (Mr Haneesh Kumar P.B),who was a supervisor in an automobile company in Oman and who had to resign the job along with 400 colleagues during the initial month of the Covid-19 spread in 2020. This number had further risen to 1400 with Covid-19 induced lockdowns had worsened the economic crisis of the company. Many workers, including him were compelled to tender ‘voluntary resignation’ and denied several benefits due to them.
Thepaper by Patel and Behera (2020) examined the impact of COVID-19 on the migrant workers’ in Chennai, where, more than 25 lakhs of people were reportedly affected by the
lockdown. The workers are identified as working in industries like Construction, manufacturing, service sector and textile industry in Chennai. The paper also explored the state government interventions to support the migrant workers in terms of providing them travel support to travel by train (Shramik Special train) back to Chennai to join their previous employment. The state government also extended financial assistance of 3280 crore as relief package, of which,the unorganized were given an assistance of 1000 rupees along with rice, cooking oil and pulses through their respective worker welfare board.
The paper byRajan and Oommen(2020)examined the case of South Asian Labour force who forms the backbone of the Gulf economies. However, these workers do nothave access to social security protection or labour rights. It explores the court’s interface to recover unpaid salaries, residual arrears, retirement benefits, and even compensation for relatives of migrant workers, who died during the pandemic Covid-19. Employers, especially construction companies, have used the crisis as an incident to preserve masses of migrant labourers without paying them wages or allowances.
The paper by Rajeev (2020) reported the unprecedented return of emigrants wearing PPE suits to Kerala following the pandemic Covid-19. The effect of the pandemic on state’s migration scene is seen unparalleled, which will have unforeseen consequences on the financial status of the state. This scenario was also projected to open new pattern of emigration from Kerala, where it will be a challenge of promoting quality migration in the post-pandemic scenario.
The article by Gosh (2020) writes about Keratitis in the Gulf. It reports that due to the pandemic, the Arab employers were assigning off their work in a huge number, to the dismay of the foreign workers, including those from Kerala.
The paper by Hubbard (2020) talks about migrant workers in a loaded neighbourhood in the event of Covid-19.It notes that thecompanies in Saudi Arabia have informed foreign labourers to stay at home. With fears surmounted, the migrant workers were loaded neighbourhoods with those places turning into coronavirus hotbed. Following this, the companies had put an end to paying the workers as well. The situation of the workers got worsened and inferior, as they had to lock themselves up in rooms cramped, unsanitary
dorms, with no income and unable to return home because of travel restrictions. Some were starving for food and money and had no place to return.
Fahadet al., (2020) reported that COVID19 pandemic was affecting all around the world which also got escalated in theGulf cities as well, which underscored the critical role of public health institutions and medical services. As COVID19 adequately affected Gulf Labor markets, many firms have progressively lost revenues due to low business activity, potentially producing more unemployed and uninsured migrant populations in these Gulf cities.
The paper by Karasapan (2020) observed that the migrants were more vulnerable to the Covid-19 due to scarce health care, worsening economic conditions, and overcrowded living conditions, which put them at a greater risk of infection. Many had to cancel their return to home countries due to travel prohibition orunaffordable tickets. It further reported that majority of the workers in UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Kuwaitwere working in private sectors.
Thus, the above literature review on Covid 19 Pandemicis mainly focused on migrant workers who lost their job and those who affected badly in this lockdown period. Most of the gulf migrant had taken loans to reach abroad before pandemic now they lost their job and unable to make daily needs. Remittances have fallen down; stock priceshad reduced and it affected many. Migrants lacked medical facilities in the Middle East where they were working. Many were terminated from their jobs, faced difficulties in accessing healthcare and other facilities. Back home in Kerala, the migrant workers when they returned, had several difficulties in getting proper support to settle down and engage into economic activities, which further worsened the scenario. However, the literature discussed in the review do not provide useful information as regards the crisis management strategies and adaptations by the emigrants of Kerala who had returned from the Middle East as well as other countries. The present paper tries to fill this gap by addressing many challenges and management strategies adopted by the emigrants from Kerala, as revealed by the small sample study of 50 migrant workers and professionals.
3. Impact of Covid-19 on the emigrants from Kerala: an empirical analysis
In this section, we present the analysis of the empirical surveys undertaken among the Kerala emigrants who have been working in the Gulf and other countries, who had to return
to home due to the pandemic Covid-19. These are also the emigrants who face uncertainties as regards their return to those countries and the future job prospects. The empirical survey was administered among 50 respondents, including 30 emigrants from gulf countries and 20 emigrants returned from other countries. While undertaking the survey, we have adopted the remote research approach due to Covid-19 lockdown and travel restrictions and interviews were administered telephonically. The surveys also captured the emotional experiences as shared by the emigrants.
3.1. Profile of Migrants
Of the 30 migrants to the gulf, majority (70%) are working in Dubai, followed by Abu Dhabi (10%), Doha and Sharjah (7% each), while of the 20 emigrants to other countries, 8 respondents are working in UK and 7 in Germany, and 3 in Ireland. Male respondents formed the majority in case of gulf migrant respondents (26/30) and migrants to other countries (13/20). Majority of the emigrants belong to Malappuram district, ie., 18 out of 30 gulf emigrants and 7 out of 20 emigrants to other countries.
Notable differences observed in the age profile of the emigrants. For instance, in the case of migrants to other countries, 45% (9/20) belonged to the younger age-group of 25-30 years, while 43% of the gulf migrants (13/30) belonged to the upper age group of 45-50 years. This suggests that any eventuality in terms of loss of jobs or earnings would have affected the gulf migrants much more than the other set of respondents. In terms of educational qualifications, it was quite striking that almost 33% (10/30) of the gulf migrants have education below secondary level, while 50% (15/30) have B. Tech or graduation. In the case of migrants to other countries, majority (11 out of 20 migrants) have obtained professional degree, such as MBA and MS. While 45% (9/20) of the migrants to other countries reported monthly earnings of Rs. 1-1.5 lakhs, almost 43% of the gulf migrant workers reported a monthly income of Rs. 0.5 to 1 lakh.
3.2. Covid-19 Impacts on employment and income
One of the major questions asked to the emigrants was to ‘report the job-related problems that they faced during the Covid-19’. The migrants have reported several problems related to their job security in the gulf and other countries as evident from Figure 1 and Figure 2
respectively.
Figure 1: Job-related Problems encountered by Gulf migrants
Note: WFH – work from home.
Source: Primary survey data.
From Figure 1, it may be observed that out of the 30 gulf migrants surveyed, half of them (15) have reported temporary job loss, while 6 migrants reported 30-70% of the salary cut and 5 of them faced termination of the job as well.
Figure 2 presents the job-related problems encountered by the migrants to other countries, which shows that 8 out of 20 respondents have reported temporary job loss, while another 6 of the workers were given the option of work from home (WFH) with full salary. The salary cut reported by 3 respondents in this case was 20-40%, while 2 respondents had the option of re-entering the job after the pandemic.
Figure 2: Job-related Problems encountered by Emigrants to other countries
Note: WFH – work from home.
Source: Primary survey data.
From the above results and the discussions based on the qualitative information gathered, it was realised that the gulf migrant workers suffered more in comparison to the migrants to other countries. Permanent job termination and the amount of salary cut was more in the case of the gulf migrants. The option of work from home (WFH) was not reported by the gulf migrants, while those migrated to other countries were benefited by WFH offered by their respective companies. This also reflects on the profile of the job and the qualifications of the migrants to other countries vis a vis the gulf migrants.
Out of the total 50 respondents migrated to Gulf (30) and other countries (20), 44% of the respondents faced job loss. In Other countries younger people ranges from 25-30 are more in European countries and few from the age group of 45-50 out of which the respondence of the age group between 25-30 faced more job loss and in Gulf countries 45-50 age group faced more job loss.
3.3. Institutional support to manage the pandemic Covid-19 crisis
The migrants were asked, ‘if they had received any employment or financial support from the company they had worked with or the host country governments or the Kerala state
governments?’. To this question, the response of both the types of emigrants was quite interesting. For instance, 9 out of 20 respondents among the migrants to other countries have reported received the support of various kinds as mentioned above. However, such support was not very much available or accessible to the gulf migrants, as only 6 out of 30 respondents have reported that they had received some sort of help and support from the government or the companies that they had worked.
In this regard, few of the emigrants working in other countries have reported the following support that they had received from various sources, including the companies that they had worked with and other government agencies (Box 1).
Box 1: Receipt of Institutional Support as reported by the migrants to other countries
Source: Primary survey data.
3.4. Resettlement Plans in the Post-Covid-19 context
Majority of the migrants to other countries who experienced job loss reported that they had less access to the schemes that the company offered. They also faced difficulties in searching for new jobs; while some started new business and few of themmanaged with their past savings. Migrants who were working in other countries had reported several plans of resettlement in the post-pandemic period. Eight out of 20 respondents reported that they have started new job. Whereas,9 out of the respondents who migrated to gulf countries reported that they were already engaged into part time job to manage the situation and take care of the families during the pandemic.
Received financial assistance of Rs, 3 lakhs under the scheme of remuneration for those who had temporarily terminated from their job. This cash compensationhelped the respondent support family during this pandemic.
Received compensation amount to sustain life from Ireland Government
Financial support from the Public Employment Service on the basis of flat rates (Short term work allowance)
Interest and deferment and late payment surcharges has reduced to zero Received Hospital facility with discount in treatment.
Received 480 Euros from the government of Austria
In Gulf countries they had a stable income in gulf countries some of the respondents have faced difficulty in finding regular salaried employment during Covid as they are less educated. Rehabilitation challenges that migrant (33%)and their faced was mainly they are coping up with their current income even if many have reduced their salary like 23% have lost their job and they living on their past investments. In gulf countries there exist slow bureaucracy and their families often face long wait for permission to join them which keeps migrant families apart.13% are in an opinion that they are lacking Bureaucracy and work ethics they had a good working environment and were paid quality salary even they are less educated. 10% said they lack infrastructure facility that they had before, they are not able to have a lifestyle like before in Kerala. Some were expecting support from their family, friends and other community members when they reach back to support their family. One of the respondents had lost her father during this pandemic as he tested positive for corona virus had affected his health badly.
4. Findings, Conclusions and Policy Implications
The paper examines the impact of Covid-19 on the migrants from Kerala, based on an empirical survey of 50 respondents comprising 30 gulf migrants and 20 migrants to other countries. The study was undertaken following the remote research method. It was observed that majority of the gulf migrant workers are from Malapuram district in Kerala and their return migration due to the pandemic Covid-19 has seriously impacted not only their lives and livelihoods of the families, but also the remittances to the local economy of Malapuram.
More than half of the workers are married and have to take care of their families with their only source of earnings from the job in the Middle East, which was adversely affected by the pandemic. Many of the migrants opted for Dubai as their place of work because they offered great opportunity for any category of people from secondary level of studies to professional and has a high range of migrant workers for better economy and job opportunities. Many of the respondents were staying in camps as they could not afford to take their families to stay with them due to their lower job profile. Many migrant workers have lost their jobsduring the year-long Covid-19 crisis and could not find alternate employment sources in Kerala.
The difficulties faced by the migrants to the middle east countries as revealed by the study
included permanent loss of jobs, non-compensation while leaving the job, compulsory resignations without any benefits on return, salary cut in the range of 30-70%, etc. None of the gulf emigrants were able to get work from home (WFH) contracts during the pandemic.
Majority of those returned to Kerala, could not go back when the Covid-19 subsided either due to non-renewal of contracts, or lack of interests to join a job with lower salaries, or even due to non-operation of flights between Kerala and middle east countries. Some tested positive for Covid 19 and didn’t receive any medical assistance from the government and they faced lack of hospital beds to get admitted. One of the respondent’s father lost his lifedue to Covid-19 as he could not get proper medical treatment facility from their host country.
A major challenge posed by the pandemic on the gulf migrants is that majority of those returned are in the upper age groups above 45 years, who could not find appropriate job opportunities after return. As these workers are not educated and not skilled, they could not explore possibilities of returning back to the Middle East countries after the pandemic was over. They also could not get adequate support from the state/ local governments to start small businesses or other activities and thereby manage the crisis.
Covid 19 has increased the unemployment rate among the migrants at an increasing rate compared to those migrated to other countries, especially, Germany, Italy etc. Not all, but many have lost jobs and were forced to stay back in their host countries. About half of the migrants were affected by the pandemic because, they largely engaged in jobs that cannot be done from home like the jobs in Hotels, Maids and similar service jobs. In Europe it is very important to have high education, language skills and other professional skills to sustain because with low education levels and language skills many migrant faces difficulty to remain in their jobs. Some of the respondents viewed that Germany has come up with new innovative schemes for the low educated migrants mainly for improving their language skills thus enabling them for social interaction.
The government support measures for rehabilitating the returned migrants were reported to be quite inadequate. This point would need more consideration in the future actions of the governments to offer adequate support to the migrants to settle down through engaging into small businesses, or enterprises based on the technical skill and educational status of the emigrants. Such actions also call for handholding by the state government or government
agencies to create a surveillance mechanism to continue to support the migrants who are in need of such facilities. Providing one-time cash benefits or similar supports would not help in creating a long-term impact on the migrant workers, especially, those migrated to the gulf.
The state government of Kerala in collaboration with Non-Resident Keralites Affairs (NORKA) Department, should come out with a permanent institutional arrangement to address the problems of the teeming problems of the low-end migrant workers on a priority basis.
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