Chrysanthemum Traditional Medicine and Its Role In Biosorption
Venkata Kanaka Srivani Maddala
Associate Professor, Department of Science and Humanities, Environmental Science division, Vignans Foundation for Science Technology and Research deemed to be University,
Vadlamudi, Guntur, AndhraPradesh [email protected]*
Abstract
Chrysanthemum belong to the family Asteraceae and it is known as Chinese medicine.
Chrysanthemum originates in East Asia and north Eastern Europe. It has been found more than three thousand years ago and 3000 varieties are present. Many people consider this plant as food supplement. Excess concentrations of Vitamin A and C are present in the plant material of Chrysanthemum which is important for our immune system. It helps to treat chest pain, head ache, fever, diabetes, blood pressure, reduce cold and other inflammations and even controls indoor air pollution according to NASA clean air study. This paper reviews medicinal properties of Chrysanthemum and highlights its importance. It also throws on biosorption and its role in removal of pollutants from water and soil.
Keywords; Chrysanthemum, medicinal properties of Chrysanthemum, impacts of heavy metals, biosorption
Introduction
The word Chrysanthemum is derived from the Greek word gold and flower. It is perennial herbaceous plant and can grow up to height of 50-150cm tall and it helps to make medicine.
It controls chest pain, dizziness, head ache and swelling. Chrysanthemum flowers are generally yellow, red, white, pink and violet. These are ornamental plants and play an important role in floral industry. Plants can be grown using suckers and terminal cuttings.
Forty wild species and thousands of varieties of Chrysanthemum are present. Different types of chrysanthemum like Chrysanthemummorifolium (floristdaisy), Chrysanthemumindicum (IndianChrysanthemum), Chrysanthemumcarinatum (Painteddaisy), Glebioniscoronaria (Chrysanthemumcoronarium), Glebionissegetum (Chrysanthemumsegetum), Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Chrysanthemumcinerariifolium) are abundant and found everywhere. Flower extract of Chrysanthemum consists of quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, luteoloside, chlorogenic acid. Tea of Chrysanthemum morifolium consists of caffeoylquinic acid, twenty-one flavones, flavonoids and four carotenoids [1]. There are many advantages of Chrysanthemum in addition to health benefits. It also play a vital role in removing the pollutants in soil and water. So more research is going on to utilize this plant in various ways.
Medicinal properties
Leaves of Chrysanthemum can be boiled and used directly or tea can be prepared from it.
Flowers and petals are boiled lightly and served as salad. Tea can be also prepared from flowers and petals. In Japan Chrysanthemum indicum and C. morifolium can control pain in the head and dizziness. Chrysanthemum is used to treat chest pain (angina), high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, fever, cold, headache, swelling, and helps in the blood flow and its
Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.
tea heals human body. It also prevents cold, fever, nausea, pneumonia, stomatitis and colitis.
Chrysanthemum consists of flavonoids, betaine, choline and vitamin B1.The flowers of Chrysanthemum consist of acacetin-7-0-beta- D-glucopyranoside, luteolin, luteolin 7-0- betaD-glucopyranoside, acacetin, acacilin, acacetion-7-0-(6//-0-alpha-Lrhamnopyranosyl)- beta-sorphoroside, boscialin, blumenol-A, uracil etc. Dictionary of Chinese Materia Medical Science and Technology 1993 revealed that Chrysanthemum plants also treat fever, Pneumonia, colitis, arthritis, Stomatitis [2]. It shows anticancer, antifungal [3]. antimicrobial [4]. antioxidant properties[2].Flowers of Chrysanthemum helps in preparation of cosmetics.
Chrysanthemum balsamitha produce caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid controls thrombosis, thrombocyte inhibition, prevents parasites and worms whereas caffeic acid has anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties [5]. Its tea reduces stress, heat rashes, increase immunity, prevents inflammation and improves eye sight. Chrysanthemum indicum L and Chrysanthemum morifolium R treats eye diseases. C. Coronarium accumulate chromium and it is economically important grass and farmers can grow them easily [6].
Chrysanthemum coronarium consists of Campesterol plant sterol which shows antifungal, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. Chrysanthemumindicum flower is rich in quercitrin and myricetin whereas Quercitrin shows antioxidant and carcinogenic properties which blocks the activation of MAPK path way and stimulation of cellular protection signalling and control neoplastic transformation [7, 8]. Research also revealed that presence of acacetin flavonoid prevents prostrate cancer, reduce cancer cell growth. Wild Chrysanthemum extracts reduce UV induced skin disorders [9]. The benefits of Chrysanthemum is mentioned in the Table-1.
Impacts of heavy metals
1. Heavy metals like copper, zinc, iron, nickel and cobalt are essential micronutrients and useful to plants [10]. and they become toxic only whenever the plant uptake maximum metals [11].Heavy metals inhibits plant growth, its functioning control metabolism and damages building blocks of protein structure. They are harmful and never degrades so they should be removed or convert them into harmless products [12]. Heavy metals released from the untreated industrial and municipal wastes cause harmful effects to environment and it is necessary to remove the heavy metals from waste water and soil. These heavy metals may accumulate in soil and reaches to plants and then enters in to the other organism through food chain. They are toxic substances as they are non-degradable and persist in the environment for long time and accumulate in living things [13]. Cattle manure, composts and sewage sludge release heavy metals like copper, copper, lead, zinc, mercury in the soil[14]. Some of the phosphate fertilizers add cadmium, lead and mercury [15]. Composts, cattle’s manure and municipal sewage sludge (MSS) to land unconsciously points towards the build-up of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead as well as Hg, Se, Ni, Mo, Zn, Sb, in the soil [14]. Application of pesticides, fertilizers, dumping of waste and pollutants from transportation add heavy metals in the soil. Nickel added into the soil from mining operations and Nickel cadmium battery industries. Excess doses of this nickel develop lung, nose and prostate cancer [16]. Living organisms bioaccumulate toxic substances and die or enters through food chain [17, 18] and cadmium are toxic to human beings and exposed to highest levels of cadmium can cause damage to kidney, lungs, reproductive system, liver [19]. Lead is not degradable and persist in the environment for long time and effects biological systems [20]. Heavy metals from mining, electroplating and paint industries may lead to anemia, loss of appetite, brain damage, gastro intestinal, liver and kidney diseases. Toxic metals released from fertilizers, pesticide, refining industries cause cancer, kidney damage, hypertension, gastro intestinal disorders, weight loss. Arsenic released from smelting, and pesticides may
result in bronchitis, depression of bone marrow, dermatitis. World health organization Geneva 2001 said that cadmium released from the plastics, pesticides, welding and refining can cause damage to kidneys, bone marrow, weight loss etc [21]. Chromium which is toxic released from textile industries, paint, pigments leads to cancer, serious diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea and lung tumours [22]. Heavy metals like lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, zinc, cobalt, copper, nickel, selenium are toxic whenever they released in to the environment they becomes toxic even in minimum concentrations and care must be taken to remove these heavy metals before causing serious effects.
Biosorption
Methods like chemical filtration, Ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, ionic exchange process, electro-dialysis are the common processes used to remove heavy metals cause lots of environmental problems. So in eighteen century living and non living organisms can be used as adsorbents to remove toxic metals from the aqueous solution [23].
Biosorption is the ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals from waste water through physicochemical processes [24].Biological materials are used to remove the heavy metals and other pollutants in water and sediments. Wastes like egg shells, bones, carrot peels[25]yeast, sea weeds can remove heavy metals from waste water.It is most effective economic and flexible to remove heavy metals. Metal biosorption is important and the first application of biosorption done on the removal of metals [26, 27] as its necessary to remove the toxic metals. There are two phases in biosorption solid and liquid phase. Solid phase refers to biosorbent where as liquid phase consists of metal ions called sorbate [28].
Removal of pollutants by using flower waste is sustainable and never create any harm to the nature.
According to Vilvanathan 2015 Chrysanthemum indicum flower in raw and biochar play an important role in removing cobalt ions from aqueous solution [29]. Yunhong 2017 revealed that Cu 2+ ions can be removed from aqueous solution by using Chrysanthemum adsorbent prepared from acid acetaldehyde [30]. According to Ramana et al 2009 in his study revealed that Chrysanthemum adsorbed highest concentrations of Cd in soil [31]. According to Chukki 2018 Chrysanthemum indicum microparticles used to remove the Congo red dye concentration from aqueous solution [32]. and were many adsorbents used to remove the Congo red dye and some of them proved to be ineffective.
According to Mania et al 2015 Chrysanthemum indicum L play an important role in removing lead from contaminated soil. Results revealed that lead contaminated soil increased remediation efficiency and cleaned aforesaid soil through Chrysanthemum indicum L [33]. Chrysanthemum extract lead from the contaminated soil and the concentration of lead reduced in the root zone ie 1000ppm and 80%
reduction in contamination concentration. Chrysanthemum demonstrated an excellent ability to extract lead from contaminated concentration of soil [34]. According to Vilnathan 2017 Chrysanthemum indicum play an important role in removing the nickel ions from aqueous solution. Ni ions can be removed by both the Chrysanthemum indicum flower in raw and Chrysanthemum indicum flower in biochar form [35].
Table-1 Benefits of Chrysanthemum
Plant parts Health Benefits
Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.
Flowers of Chrysanthemum Insecticide, acts as insect repellent Avoids mosquito biting
Chrysanthemum tea Reduce stress, anxiety, stops inflammation, improve immunity, prevent oxidative damage, control osteoporosis [36]
Prevents cataract, neuropathy, blurred vision Reduced heat rashes
Chrysanthemum herbs Treats initial stage of eye, ear, nose and throat diseases
Chrysanthemum morifolium flower
Food, beverage and cures many diseases
Improves cardiovascular system and controls serum lipids [37, 38].
Plant extract Reduce skin infections [39].
Roots Controls head ache[40].
Chrysanthemum indicum Carotenoids and terpenoids
Inhibitory activity [41,42].
Petals Prepare salads, eatable
Leaves Drinkable
Kunlun chrysanthemum flower tea
Cures diabetics and neurological disorder Alzheimers [43].
Chrysanthemum plants Controls indoor air pollution [44].
Chrysanthemumbalsamitha (Chlorogenic acid)
Reduce thrombosis Chrysanthemumbalsamitha
(caffeic acid)
Anticancer, antiviral properties Chrysanthemum (corolla) Treats eye diseases
Chrysanthemum indicumLinne
Chrysanthemum indicum inflorescence
Control hypertension and respiratory diseases Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory [45].
Chrysanthemum coronarium Campesteorol -Anti inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial
Chrysanthemum Flavonoid acacetin prevents cancerous cell growth and prostrate cancer
Conclusion
Many benefits are there in this plant to treat the diseases. It shows antioxidative, antifungal, antibacterial properties. This plant can be grown everywhere and use. So good priority should be given for this plant in future. Its also used in preventing pollution and it is eco friendly non synthetic drug and can be used. It also play a vital role in removing toxic heavy metals like chromium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel and cobalt. Many research findings revealed its use in removing heavy metals and more innovative technology can be developed further in biosorption. Further research can be extended to find more benefits from this plant
Acknowledgement
My sincere thanks to Vignans foundation for science technology and research deemed to be University
Conflicts of interest
Author declares no conflicts of interest
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