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Distributed Systems Prehistory,

History,

Present,

Future

Lenuta Alboaie

[email protected]

Alexandru Ioan Cuza

University of Iasi, Romania

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Steps to distributed programming?

Steps to reach Cloud Computing/Edge Computing?

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Prehistory |Origins of the Internet

• The desire to communicate (also remote)

• First instruments: language and speech

• Communication form: written

effects

Writing on rocks, cave walls, papyrus 

• Remote communication?

• Fire signals

• Morse Code

• 19 th century: electricity and telegraph

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History & Evolution

1837 Charles Babbage designs “first computer”

1863 Jules Verne:

"photo-telegraphy allowed any writing, signature or illustration to be sent faraway - every house was wired"

1891 – Ada Lovelace – first program for Babbage machinery

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History & Evolution

• 1945-1985: “computers were large and expensive”

• … improvements:

Processors Memory Networking

Storage

Protocols

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History & Evolution

• Microprocessor industry (8-biti, 16,32,64,…) has evolved rapidly

• Computers have become – Smaller

– Cheaper – Faster

• “…from machine that cost 10 million dollars and executed 1 instruction per second (IPS) we have come to machines that cost 1000 dollars and are able to execute 1 billion instructions per second, a price/performance gain of 1013”

• “In 2019, Google announced that its Sycamore quantum computer had completed a task in 200 seconds that would take a conventional computer 10,000 years.”

– IBM's 127-qubit Eagle processor (Nov 2021)

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2297583-ibm-creates-largest-ever-

superconducting-quantum-computer/

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Year Cost ($/MB) Capacity (average)

1977 $32,000 16K

1987 $250 640K-2MB

1997 $2 64MB-256MB

2007 $0.06 512MB-2GB+

2014 $0.0091 8GB->…

2022 $0.000… 16Gb->

[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/]

History & Evolution

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• 1977: 310KB floppy drive ~ $1480

• 1987: 40 MB drive ~ $679

• 2008: 750 GB drive ~ $99

• 2022: 3-4TB drive ~ $100

“Areal density is a measure of the quantity of information bits that can be stored on a given length of track, area of surface, or in a given volume of a computer storage

medium - TPI (tracks per inch) or bits per inch.

• “Recording density increased over 60,000,000 times over

50 years”

[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/]

History & Evolution

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1961-1972: first communication's attempts using packet-switching

• 1961: Kleinrock – proposed a theoretical model

• 1964: Baran – implemented the communication among US military computers

• 1967: ARPAnet was projected by Advanced Research Projects Agency

• 1969: first operational node ARPAnet, a network formed by 4 computers

• 1972:

• public demonstration of ARPAnet technologies

• NCP (Network Control Protocol) – the first host-host protocol

• First program for electronic mail (e-mail)

• The sign @ is introduced

• ARPAnet contains 15 nodes

History & Evolution

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LAN – speed data transfer:

– Original Ethernet: 2.94 Mbps

1985: thick Ethernet: 10 Mbps; 1 Mbps with twisted pair networking

1991: 10BaseT - twisted pair: 10 Mbps1995: 100 Mbps Ethernet

1998: 1 Gbps (Gigabit) Ethernet

1999: 802.11b (wireless Ethernet) standardized2001: 10 Gbps introduced

2005: 100 Gbps (over optical link)2012: 159.2 Gbps

Huge amount of data can be sent among networks

History & Evolution

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1972-1980: The Internetworking concept appeared. Also, proprietary networks appeared.

• 1974: Cerf si Kahn – proposed a communication protocol entitled TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)

• 1978: TCP/IP protocols stack was standardized via RFC (Request For Comments) documents

• In the late of 70s: proprietary networks stacks appeared:

DECnet, SNA, XNA

• 1979: ARPAnet contained 200 nodes

History & Evolution

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History| Origins of the Internet

1983: TCP/IP was used

1982: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) was defined

1983: DNS (translation of host name into IP address and vice versa) appeared

1985: FTP(File Transfer Protocol) protocol appeared 1986: Internet backbone appeared

1988: some congestion control mechanisms for TCP were introduced

1980-1990: new protocols, the network number was increasing, Internet

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LAN – speed:

– Original Ethernet: 2.94 Mbps

1985: thick Ethernet: 10 Mbps; 1 Mbps with twisted pair networking

1991: 10BaseT - twisted pair: 10 Mbps1995: 100 Mbps Ethernet

1998: 1 Gbps (Gigabit) Ethernet

1999: 802.11b (wireless Ethernet) standardized2001: 10 Gbps introduced

2005: 100 Gbps (over optical link)2022: … Gbps

Huge amount of data can be transferred among computers

History & Evolution

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Cantitati mari de date pot fi transferate intre computere

History & Evolution

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[https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/internet-speeds-by-country]

“According to internet speed specialists Ookla (https://www.speedtest.net/) the global average download speed on fixed broadband as of September 2021 was 113.25 Mbps on fixed broadband and 63.15 Mbps on mobile. These are both notable improvements over the scores of 85.73 Mbps broadband and 35.96 Mbps mobile just one year earlier in September 2020”

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History & Present| Origins of the Internet

Early ‘90:

World Wide Web

After the late ’90 -> present :

•Global Networks

•Wireless networks

• Commercial applications of the Internet instant messaging, P2P file sharing social networks, video-streaming,

cloud-computing, edge/fog computing

1990 ->2000->2022: World Wide Web, new

commercial network applications

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Present

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Figure. Hosts number form January 1994 till January 2019 Source: https://www.isc.org/network/survey/

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Past

Figura. Internet Users in the World by Regions

December 2013 | Source:

http://www.internetworldstats.com/

Tabel. INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS - The Internet Big Picture

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Present

Figure. Internet users in the world - geographically divided

June 2018 | Source:

http://www.internetworldstats.com/

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Table. Internet usage statistics relative to the number of people in the main

geographic areas of the world

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Present

Figure. Internet users in the world - geographically divided

February 2020 | Source:

http://www.internetworldstats.com/

Table. Internet usage statistics relative to the number of people in the main

geographic areas of the world

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Present

Figure. Internet users in the world - geographically divided

March 2021| Source:

http://www.internetworldstats.com/

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Table. Internet usage statistics relative to the number of people in the main

geographic areas of the world

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Istorie & Evolutie

* From supercomputers to workstations that can be connected together

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Trend-uri

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2015

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2016

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2017

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2019

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2020

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2021

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2022

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Bibliography

 Internet Society: http://www.isoc.org

 FNC – Federal Networking Council: http://www.nitrd.gov/fnc/Internet_res.html

 InternetWorld Stats: http://www.internetworldstats.com

 Internet Systems Consortium: http://www.isc.org

 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA): http://www.iana.org/

 Cisco Systems: http://www.cisco.com

 http://www.nethistory.info

 http://www.caida.org/

 http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html

 http://www.swivel.com/

 https://www.facebook.com/Grovo/info :)

 http://www.internetlivestats.com/

 http://www.worldometers.info/

 http://www.internetsociety.org/globalinternetreport/?gclid=CN6a2Y2wqMgCFUfkw godZ8gL9A

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Bibliography

• https://www.facebook.com/50447527854/videos/10154755074917855/

• http://my.ss.sysu.edu.cn/courses/cloud/

• http://blogs.idc.com/ie/?p=730

• http://www.slideshare.net/woorung/trend-and-future-of-cloud-computing

• http://ganglia.sourceforge.net/

• http://www.focus.com/briefs/top-10-cloud-computing-trends/

• http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2010/4/81493-a-view-of-cloud-computing/fulltext

• https://www.edutopia.org/discussion/use-cloud-based-technologies-classroom

• https://talktechwithme.wordpress.com/2012/10/17/blooms-revised-technology- taxonomy/

• http://www.teachthought.com/the-future-of-learning/trends-shifts/10-specific- examples-of-emerging-educational-technologies/

• http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/future-classroom-technologies/

• http://theregister.co.uk

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVoRVIg7U40&list=PLE2083A5E6D403628

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Summary

History & Evolution

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Questions?

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