Distributed Systems Prehistory,
History,
Present,
Future
Lenuta Alboaie
[email protected]
Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iasi, Romania
• Steps to distributed programming?
• Steps to reach Cloud Computing/Edge Computing?
Prehistory |Origins of the Internet
• The desire to communicate (also remote)
• First instruments: language and speech
• Communication form: written
effects
Writing on rocks, cave walls, papyrus
• Remote communication?
• Fire signals
• Morse Code
• 19 th century: electricity and telegraph
History & Evolution
1837 Charles Babbage designs “first computer”
1863 Jules Verne:
"photo-telegraphy allowed any writing, signature or illustration to be sent faraway - every house was wired"
1891 – Ada Lovelace – first program for Babbage machinery
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History & Evolution
• 1945-1985: “computers were large and expensive”
• … improvements:
Processors Memory Networking
Storage
Protocols
History & Evolution
• Microprocessor industry (8-biti, 16,32,64,…) has evolved rapidly
• Computers have become – Smaller
– Cheaper – Faster
• “…from machine that cost 10 million dollars and executed 1 instruction per second (IPS) we have come to machines that cost 1000 dollars and are able to execute 1 billion instructions per second, a price/performance gain of 1013”
• “In 2019, Google announced that its Sycamore quantum computer had completed a task in 200 seconds that would take a conventional computer 10,000 years.”
– IBM's 127-qubit Eagle processor (Nov 2021)
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2297583-ibm-creates-largest-ever-
superconducting-quantum-computer/
6Year Cost ($/MB) Capacity (average)
1977 $32,000 16K
1987 $250 640K-2MB
1997 $2 64MB-256MB
2007 $0.06 512MB-2GB+
2014 $0.0091 8GB->…
2022 $0.000… 16Gb->
[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/]
History & Evolution
• 1977: 310KB floppy drive ~ $1480
• 1987: 40 MB drive ~ $679
• 2008: 750 GB drive ~ $99
• 2022: 3-4TB drive ~ $100
• “Areal density is a measure of the quantity of information bits that can be stored on a given length of track, area of surface, or in a given volume of a computer storage
medium - TPI (tracks per inch) or bits per inch. ”
• “Recording density increased over 60,000,000 times over
50 years”
[http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/]History & Evolution
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1961-1972: first communication's attempts using packet-switching
• 1961: Kleinrock – proposed a theoretical model
• 1964: Baran – implemented the communication among US military computers
• 1967: ARPAnet was projected by Advanced Research Projects Agency
• 1969: first operational node ARPAnet, a network formed by 4 computers
• 1972:
• public demonstration of ARPAnet technologies
• NCP (Network Control Protocol) – the first host-host protocol
• First program for electronic mail (e-mail)
• The sign @ is introduced
• ARPAnet contains 15 nodes
History & Evolution
LAN – speed data transfer:
– Original Ethernet: 2.94 Mbps
– 1985: thick Ethernet: 10 Mbps; 1 Mbps with twisted pair networking
– 1991: 10BaseT - twisted pair: 10 Mbps – 1995: 100 Mbps Ethernet
– 1998: 1 Gbps (Gigabit) Ethernet
– 1999: 802.11b (wireless Ethernet) standardized – 2001: 10 Gbps introduced
– 2005: 100 Gbps (over optical link) – 2012: 159.2 Gbps
Huge amount of data can be sent among networks
History & Evolution
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1972-1980: The Internetworking concept appeared. Also, proprietary networks appeared.
• 1974: Cerf si Kahn – proposed a communication protocol entitled TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
• 1978: TCP/IP protocols stack was standardized via RFC (Request For Comments) documents
• In the late of 70s: proprietary networks stacks appeared:
DECnet, SNA, XNA
• 1979: ARPAnet contained 200 nodes
History & Evolution
History| Origins of the Internet
1983: TCP/IP was used
1982: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) was defined
1983: DNS (translation of host name into IP address and vice versa) appeared
1985: FTP(File Transfer Protocol) protocol appeared 1986: Internet backbone appeared
1988: some congestion control mechanisms for TCP were introduced
1980-1990: new protocols, the network number was increasing, Internet
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LAN – speed:
– Original Ethernet: 2.94 Mbps
– 1985: thick Ethernet: 10 Mbps; 1 Mbps with twisted pair networking
– 1991: 10BaseT - twisted pair: 10 Mbps – 1995: 100 Mbps Ethernet
– 1998: 1 Gbps (Gigabit) Ethernet
– 1999: 802.11b (wireless Ethernet) standardized – 2001: 10 Gbps introduced
– 2005: 100 Gbps (over optical link) – 2022: … Gbps
Huge amount of data can be transferred among computers
History & Evolution
Cantitati mari de date pot fi transferate intre computere
History & Evolution
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[https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/internet-speeds-by-country]
“According to internet speed specialists Ookla (https://www.speedtest.net/) the global average download speed on fixed broadband as of September 2021 was 113.25 Mbps on fixed broadband and 63.15 Mbps on mobile. These are both notable improvements over the scores of 85.73 Mbps broadband and 35.96 Mbps mobile just one year earlier in September 2020”
History & Present| Origins of the Internet
Early ‘90:
• World Wide Web
After the late ’90 -> present :
•Global Networks
•Wireless networks
• Commercial applications of the Internet instant messaging, P2P file sharing social networks, video-streaming,
cloud-computing, edge/fog computing
…
1990 ->2000->2022: World Wide Web, new
commercial network applications
Present
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Figure. Hosts number form January 1994 till January 2019 Source: https://www.isc.org/network/survey/
Past
Figura. Internet Users in the World by Regions
December 2013 | Source:
http://www.internetworldstats.com/
Tabel. INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS - The Internet Big Picture
Present
Figure. Internet users in the world - geographically divided
June 2018 | Source:
http://www.internetworldstats.com/
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Table. Internet usage statistics relative to the number of people in the main
geographic areas of the world
Present
Figure. Internet users in the world - geographically divided
February 2020 | Source:
http://www.internetworldstats.com/
Table. Internet usage statistics relative to the number of people in the main
geographic areas of the world
Present
Figure. Internet users in the world - geographically divided
March 2021| Source:
http://www.internetworldstats.com/
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Table. Internet usage statistics relative to the number of people in the main
geographic areas of the world
Istorie & Evolutie
* From supercomputers to workstations that can be connected together
Trend-uri
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2015
2016
2017
2019
2020
2021
2022
Bibliography
Internet Society: http://www.isoc.org
FNC – Federal Networking Council: http://www.nitrd.gov/fnc/Internet_res.html
InternetWorld Stats: http://www.internetworldstats.com
Internet Systems Consortium: http://www.isc.org
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA): http://www.iana.org/
Cisco Systems: http://www.cisco.com
http://www.nethistory.info
http://www.caida.org/
http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html
http://www.swivel.com/
https://www.facebook.com/Grovo/info :)
http://www.internetlivestats.com/
http://www.worldometers.info/
http://www.internetsociety.org/globalinternetreport/?gclid=CN6a2Y2wqMgCFUfkw godZ8gL9A
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Bibliography
• https://www.facebook.com/50447527854/videos/10154755074917855/
• http://my.ss.sysu.edu.cn/courses/cloud/
• http://blogs.idc.com/ie/?p=730
• http://www.slideshare.net/woorung/trend-and-future-of-cloud-computing
• http://ganglia.sourceforge.net/
• http://www.focus.com/briefs/top-10-cloud-computing-trends/
• http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2010/4/81493-a-view-of-cloud-computing/fulltext
• https://www.edutopia.org/discussion/use-cloud-based-technologies-classroom
• https://talktechwithme.wordpress.com/2012/10/17/blooms-revised-technology- taxonomy/
• http://www.teachthought.com/the-future-of-learning/trends-shifts/10-specific- examples-of-emerging-educational-technologies/
• http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/future-classroom-technologies/
• http://theregister.co.uk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVoRVIg7U40&list=PLE2083A5E6D403628
Summary
History & Evolution
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