• Nu S-Au Găsit Rezultate

View of Analysis of Risk Factors for Obesity in Children

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "View of Analysis of Risk Factors for Obesity in Children"

Copied!
8
0
0

Text complet

(1)

Analysis of Risk Factors for Obesity in Children

GuzaliyaMarsovnaHASANOVA, ShoiraAbdusalamovna AGZAMOVA Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Abstract

Childhood obesity is one of the urgent problems of modern pediatrics, and its prevalence has reached alarming values in many countries of the world. In this regard, the establishment of risk factors for the development of obesity in children is highly relevant. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 90 children with normal, overweight and obesity was carried out. It has been established that the risk factors for the development of overweight and obesity in children are a burdened family history of obesity, early transfer to artificial feeding and poor nutrition, as well as the introduction of cottage cheese into the diet of a child of the first year of life as a product of the first complementary feeding. The data obtained prove the importance of creating family programs for the primary prevention of obesity, focused on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, especially in families with a history of this disease, as well as conducting educational work on the value of breastfeeding and the correct introduction of the first complementary feeding as a preventive measure against the development of obesity. in later life.

KEY WORDS: children, obesity, risk factors

INTRODUCTION

Acquiring the properties of a non-infectious epidemic, the prevalence of obesity in the child population is increasing every year. It is known that obesity is a springboard for the formation of diseases of the respiratory, cardiovascular and endocrine systems. In this regard, it seems relevant to analyze the risk factors for the development of obesity, the study of which is of fundamental importance from a preventive point of view.

As the leading factors in the development of obesity, one can consider: genetic predisposition, the nature of the course of pregnancy and delivery, the individual characteristics of the child's development at all stages of ontogenesis, as well as the socio-economic status and level of education of the parents.

The aim of the study is to study the risk factors contributing to the formation of obesity in children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was carried out on the basis of a teenage dispensary in Tashkent. The results of a survey of 90 adolescents were analyzed. The average age of the children included in the study corresponded to adolescence and amounted to 15.4 ± 0.4 years, of which 45 were girls and 45 were boys. The determination of the standard deviations of the body mass index (SDS) was used as a diagnostic criterion for overweight and obesity in children. Taking into account the WHO recommendations, obesity in adolescents was defined as a body mass index equal to or more than +2.0 SDS, as a body mass index, and overweight from +1.0 to +2.0 SDS, as a body mass index. Normal body weight was diagnosed with body mass index values within 1.0 SDS as body mass index. Determination of the degree of sexual development was carried out based on the assessment of sexual development using the Tanner scale (I – V). The subjects were divided into 3 groups: the main group - 40 adolescents with primary constitutional-exogenous form of I

(2)

degree obesity, the comparison group - 20 overweight children and the control group included 30 children with normal weight who did not have a burdened history of obesity and associated complications with him. The duration of the disease was 6.2 ± 2.4 years. Physical and laboratory examination of the patients was carried out. During the study, the anthropometric parameters were determined: height, weight, waist and hip circumference. Body mass index was calculated as the ratio of body weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg / m2). The waist-to- hip ratio was determined by dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference.

Exclusion criteria:

The study did not include patients with a secondary form of obesity: hypothalamic- pituitary (central) and associated with dysfunctions of other endocrine glands (peripheral) forms.

The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (1964, 2013), and was carried out with the informed consent of parents and patients. Statistical data processing was carried out using MS Excel for Windows 7 software. Statistical significance was determined using correlation analysis (Pearson's method);

at p <0.05, the differences were considered statistically significant.

RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

The results of a comparative analysis of clinical and anamnestic, general social characteristics, as well as distinctive features of the lifestyle of the examined groups of children, taking into account the presence or absence of obesity, are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Clinical and anamnestic features of the examined groups of children Indicator

Main Group

n=40

Compariso n Group

n=20

Control Group

n=30

p

Age 15,06± 2,1 14,9± 2,0 15,7± 1,9 0,203

Sex b/g 20/20 10/10 15/15

Height, cm 164 ± 11 163 ± 12 164 ± 11 0,607

Height SDS 0,56 ± 1,2 0,09 ± 1,03 0,56 ± 1,2 0,029 Weight, kg 76,4 ± 14,9 71,8 ± 17,3 50,6 ± 7,7 0,001 Body mass index, kg / m2 31,33± 2,1 28,1 ± 4,1 19,8 ± 1,9 0,001 SDS , BMI 2,2 ± 0,7 2,2 ± 0,7 -0,005 ± 0,6 0,001 Waist circumference, cm 92,13± 0,8 86,25± 0,8 67,71± 0,9 0,001 Waist circumference / height ratio 0,86± 0,04 0,82± 0,01 0,75± 0,03 0,001 Tanner's stage of puberty, abs. (%):

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

1 (2,5) 2 (5) 7 (17,5) 13 (32,5) 17 (42,5)

2 (10) 1 (5) 4 (20) 3 (15) 8 (40)

2 (6,7) 5 (16,6) 7 (23,3) 6 (20) 10 (33,3)

0,669 0,166 0,075 0,757 0,030 Mother’s body mass index, kg / m2 29,2 ± 5,2 27,6 ± 4,7 23 ± 4,3 0,001

(3)

Father's body mass index, kg / m2 27,9 ± 3,4 26,6 ± 4,5 25,7 ± 3,2 0,228 Obesity in parents, abs. (%) 23 (57,5) 6 (30) 2 (6,6) 0,001 Gestosis of the second half of

pregnancy, abs. (%)

12 (30) 3 (15) 4 (13,3) 0,153 Weight gain during pregnancy> 15 kg 9 (22,5) 3 (15) 1 (3,3) 0,045

Child's body weight at birth, g:

• <2500

• 2500-4000

•> 4000

3652 ± 432 1 (2,5) 32 (80) 7 (17,5)

3418 ± 422 1 (5) 17 (85)

2 (10)

3226 ± 417 3 (10) 26 (86,7)

1 (3,3)

0,001 0,808 0,115 0,168 Early (up to 4 months) transfer to

artificial feeding, abs. (%) 17 (42,5) 6 (30) 2 (6,6) 0,001 Duration of breastfeeding

> 1 year, abs. (%) 5 (12,5) 6 (30) 22 (73,3) 0,005 First feeding, month 4,6 ± 1,4 4,8 ± 1,3 5,9 ± 1,2 0,005 Type of the first feeding, abs. (%)

vegetable puree porridge cottage cheese

10 (25) 14 (35) 16 (40)

8 (40) 7 (35) 5 (25)

19 (63,3) 10 (33,3) 1 (3,3)

0,001 0,005 0,001 Social status of the mother, abs. (%)

-working -housewife

21 (52,5) 19 (47,5)

11 (55) 9 (45)

16 (53) 14 (47)

0,564 0,814 Mother's education, abs. (%)

- higher - average

- initial

12 (30) 28 (70)

0

7 (35) 13 (65)

0

11 (36,7) 19 (63,3)

0

0,786 0,749

- Mother's age at the time of the child's

birth, years

25,4±6 24,5±6 24,3±5,1 0,237

Father's age at the time of the child's birth, years

27,7±8 26,9±6,2 27,3±4,7 0,814 Physical activity, abs. (%)

- low - moderate

- high

23 (57,5) 14 (35)

3 (7,5)

8 (40) 9 (45) 3 (15)

3 (10) 17 (56,7) 10 (33,3)

0,004 0,743 0,046 Watching TV, computer> 3 h / day 27 (67,5) 13 (65) 19 (63,3) 0,741

Frequency rate of food intake (per day), abs. (%)

3-4

<3

> 4

7 (17,5) 0 33(82,5)

9 (45) 0 11(55)

29 (96,7) 0 1 (3,3)

0,001 - 0,001 Eating after 20:00 23 (57,5) 8 (40) 4 (13,3) 0,267

(4)

Eating at night 5 (12,5) 1 (5) 0 0,121 Note: n is the number of examined; p is the statistical significance of differences between groups; SDS - Standard Deviation Score

When assessing anthropometric indicators, it was found that the surveyed obese children had statistically significant higher values of weight, body mass index, SDS body mass index, waist and hip circumference in comparison with children of the control group (p = 0.001 for all indicators). However, according to the average height indicators, the surveyed adolescents did not have statistically significant differences, the growth of all surveyed children was within the permissible values. When analyzing sexual development according to the Tanner scale, statistical differences were revealed in the number of adolescents with stage V puberty in favor of obese adolescents (p = 0.030).

We analyzed the genealogical, social and biological history of the children included in the study.

Hereditary predisposition is the most important factor in the development of obesity in a child. Researchers have found that in the presence of obesity in one of the parents, overweight in children is observed in about 40% of cases, in both parents - 80%, and in the absence of obesity in 10% of cases [1]. When studying the anthropometric parameters of the parents of the examined groups of children, a higher body mass index (kg / m2) was noted in mothers of obese and overweight children compared with mothers of children of normal weight (29.2 ± 5.2 and 27.6 ± 4 , 7 versus 23 ± 4.3; p = 0.001), while the body mass index of fathers was comparable in all three groups (27.9 ± 3.4; 26.6 ± 4.5 and 25.7 ± 3.2 kg / m2, respectively, p = 0.228), but also exceeded the standard values. An analysis of the incidence of obesity in the parents of the examined children showed the presence of obesity in 57.5% of children in the main group and 30% in the comparison group (p = 0.001), which testifies in favor of the genetic determinism of obesity [2,3].

The study of the obstetric and gynecological history showed a pronounced tendency towards a greater number of gestosis in the second half of pregnancy in mothers of obese children (30%), compared with their peers from the comparison group (15%) and control (13.3%) (p = 0.153) ... It should also be noted that the obstetric history of mothers of obese and overweight children had an increase in body weight during pregnancy of more than 15 kg (obese children - 22.5%, children with excess weight - 15%, children with normal body weight - 3.3%, p = 0.045). Therefore, in our opinion, excess weight gain during pregnancy should also be considered as a risk factor for the development of obesity in children.

The children of the main and comparative groups showed a significantly greater value of body weight at birth (3652 ± 432 and 3418 ± 422, respectively) compared with the control group (3226 ± 417) (p = 0.0001). The effect of high birth weight on the development of excess weight and associated complications in adult life was confirmed in a prospective cohort study by Yanping Li, Sylvia H Ley (2015) [4].

It is known that the period of early age is one of the critical periods associated with obesity, in this regard, we studied the nature of the diet of the examined children in the first year of life. So it was retrospectively established that the number of cases of breastfeeding up to one year of age was significantly higher in the group of children with normal weight (73.3%) than in the groups of children with obesity (12.5%) and overweight (30%). The results obtained indicate the protective effect of biologically active components of human milk in relation to the

(5)

development of overweight, confirmed in many studies, which showed an inverse correlation between the duration of breastfeeding and the formation of obesity in later life ((Arenz S. et al, 2004; Weyermann M. , Rothenbacher D, Brenner H, 2006).). This dictates the need to educate families with a burden of obesity about the importance of breastfeeding as a way to reduce the risk of developing obesity in the future.

Numerous scientific studies have shown that early transfer to artificial feeding, even with the use of modern adapted milk formulas, is a risk factor for various delayed pathologies, including obesity [5]. In our study, significantly more children with obesity (42.5%) and overweight (30%) were transferred to artificial breast milk substitutes compared to the control group (6.6%).

According to the WHO recommendations, the introduction of complementary foods should be carried out from 6 months of age with continued breastfeeding, since at this age the child's digestive tract becomes more mature for assimilation of food other than breast milk [6].

We analyzed the timeliness of the introduction of complementary foods in the surveyed groups of children. The introduction of the first complementary food at the age of less than 4 months was considered early, more than 6 months - late. As a result, it turned out that in the groups of children with obesity and overweight, the early introduction of complementary foods was detected significantly more often (p <0.05). The findings are consistent with the opinion of many authors who indicate that early introduction of complementary foods is associated with an increased risk of obesity. [7.8]. In addition, important, in our opinion, data on the nature of the first complementary feeding were obtained. According to the current recommendations, vegetable puree, being a source of pectin, dietary fiber and minerals, is considered the most optimal product of the first feeding. Children of all groups were offered cereals, vegetable puree or cottage cheese as the first complementary food. In addition, gluten-free cereals are widely used as the first complementary food, which, being a grain-based product, are rich in vitamins and minerals, which is reflected in our results. As can be seen from Table 1, vegetable puree as the first complementary food was offered to 63.3% of children in the control group, 40% to the comparative and only 10% of the main groups (p = 0.001), and gluten-free cereals were offered to 33% of the children in the control group, 35% to the comparative and 14% of the main groups (p = 0.005). It was also found that 40% of children of the main and 25% of the comparative groups received cottage cheese as the first complementary food, which cannot be considered acceptable from the point of view of children's nutrition. Cottage cheese is a milk protein, an excess of which at an early age can lead to the development of obesity, as a result of which it is not recommended as the first complementary food and the period of its introduction should not be earlier than 8 months. life [9,10].

Various literary sources contain data on the relationship between the development of obesity and the social status of the family. Thus, according to some data, the prevalence of childhood obesity occurs mainly in families with a mother-housewife [11], according to others - with a working mother [12], as well as with a single mother [13]. However, a quantitative assessment of the incidence of obesity in children, depending on the social status of the mother, did not show significant differences between the studied groups of children according to the above parameters, as well as in relation to the level of education of the mother and the age of the parents at the time of childbirth.

It is well known that obesity in childhood and adolescence is associated with low physical activity and a significant increase in the time a child interacts with multimedia devices

(6)

[14]. So we analyzed the nature of the lifestyle of the examined children. Physical activity was analyzed in a separate item of the questionnaire on the following questions: did the children attend physical education classes in an educational institution, and also whether they still trained in sports sections. It was found that 57.5% of children in the main group, 85% of children in the comparison group and 93.3% in the control group attended physical education classes at school, while 26.6% of children in the control group were involved in out-of-school sports activities, 15% - the comparison group and only 1 (4%) child from the main group. In our study, the factor of high media load (hobby for gadgets, watching TV for more than 3 hours a day, etc.) did not show a significant connection with the development of obesity, as it was encountered with the same frequency in all three groups.

Of course, children whose parents are obese have a higher risk of developing this disease.

However, only the predisposition is genetically inherited, and not the disease itself. The leading cause of the development of obesity is still inappropriate nutrition. The study of eating behavior showed that obese and overweight children showed a violation of the diet in the form of an increase in the frequency of meals, as well as food consumption at night, compared with their peers with normal body weight (82.5% and 55% against 3.3%, respectively; p = 0.004). At the same time, 52.5% of children in the main group and 23.3% of children in the comparison group ate easily digestible carbohydrates in the form of bakery and flour confectionery products, solid fats in the form of sausages almost daily, and also preferred to quench their thirst with sugary drinks and did not consume enough fiber. in the form of vegetables and fruits (1 time per day or less). The connection between obesity and malnutrition, demonstrated in our study, is described in many works [15], and our results are another confirmation of the need for measures aimed at the formation of healthy eating habits in children.

To determine the significance of the relationship between the above factors, a logistic regression analysis was carried out. The calculation of the odds ratio made it possible to identify the most significant risk factors for the development of obesity in children, presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Factors associated with obesity in the surveyed groups of children

Indicator OR 95% CI Р

Mother's body mass

index 1,17 1,1 – 1,25 0,0001

Obesity in parents 3,63 1,92 – 6,87 0,0001

Breastfeeding at 6

months 0,38 0,19 – 0,76 0,007

Breastfeeding at 12

months 0,33 0,17 – 0,6-3

0,001

Total duration of

breastfeeding 0,94 0,89 – 0,99 0,031

Early transfer to

artificial feeding 2,42 1,14 - 5,13 0,021

The nature of the first complementary food

(vegetable puree)

0,51 0,27 – 0,96 0,038

Violation of the diet 2,54 1,1 – 5,88 0,029

(7)

Note: OR - odds ratio; CI - confidence interval; p - statistical significance of differences

As can be seen from the presented table, obesity in the children examined by us is largely associated with the peculiarities of family (obesity in parents, mother's body mass index) and early history (early transfer to artificial feeding), as well as dietary disorders. On the other hand, the long duration of breastfeeding and the introduction of the first complementary foods in the form of vegetable puree acted as protective factors.

CONCLUSION

1. Risk factors for the development of overweight and obesity in children are a burdened family history of obesity, early transfer to artificial feeding and poor nutrition.

2. The introduction of cottage cheese into the diet of a child in the first year of life as a product of the first complementary feeding can serve as a predictor of the development of excess weight in later life.

3. The data obtained prove the importance of creating family programs for primary prevention of obesity, focused on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, especially in families with a history of this disease, as well as conducting educational work on the value of breastfeeding and the correct introduction of the first complementary feeding as a preventive measure against development of obesity in later life.

REFERENCES

1. Kireyeva V.V., Lepekhova S.A. Epigeneticheskiyeimolekulyarno- geneticheskiyeaspektyozhireniyakakfaktorriskaserdechno-sosudistykhkatastrof.

NauchnyyzhurnalYevraziyskiy Soyuz Uchenykh (YESU) 2020;7(76):39-44. DOI:

10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2020.5.76.926

2. Bocharova O.V., TeplyakovaYe.D. Ozhireniye u deteyipodrostkov — problemazdravookhraneniya XXI veka. Kazanskiy med. zh. 2020; 101 (3): 381–388. DOI:

10.17816/KMJ2020-381.

3. Stephanie E., King Michael Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Obesity Susceptibility. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2020;31(7): 478-494 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.009

4. Yanping Li, Sylvia H Ley. Birth weight and later life adherence to unhealthy lifestyles in predicting type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2015;351:h3672. doi:

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3672

5. Jia Qiao, Li-Jing Dai, Qing Zhang. A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Obesity. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2020;53:57-66.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.024

6. World Health Organization. Complementary Feeding: Report of the Global Consultation, and Summary of Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Child.

Available online:https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42739

7. Grote V, Theurich M, Luque V, et al. Complementary Feeding, Infant Growth, and Obesity Risk: Timing, Composition, and Mode of Feeding. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser.

2018;89:93–103. doi:10.1159/000486495

(8)

8. Wang J, Wu Y, Xiong G, et al. Introduction of complementary feeding before 4 months of age increases the risk of childhood overweight or obesity: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutr Res. 2016;36:759–770. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.03.003

9. . Ревякина В.А., Мельникова К.С. Современный подход к формированию рациона питания ребенка первого года жизни. Педиатрия. 2020; 19(3): 44–47. DOI:

10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-3-44-47

10. San-Cristobal, R., Navas-Carretero, S., Martínez-González, M. et al. Contribution of macronutrients to obesity: implications for precision nutrition. 2020; Nat Rev Endocrinol 16, 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-0346-8

11. . Hassan, N. E. Influence of parental and some demographic characteristics on overweight/obesity status among a sample of Egyptian children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010075

12. Kühhirt, M. Maternal employment dynamics and childhood overweight: Evidence from Germany. Journal of Family Research; 2020, Early View, 1–23. doi: 10.20377/jfr-366

13. Elizabeth Reifsnider, MihyunJeong, Priyanka Chatterjee. An Ecological Approach to Obesity in Mexican American Children. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 2020;34(3): 212-221.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.09.012

14. Janssen, X., Basterfield, L., Parkinson, K.N. et al. Non-linear longitudinal associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and adiposity across the adiposity distribution during childhood and adolescence: Gateshead Millennium Study. International journal of obesity;2019. 43:744–750. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0188-9

15. W Peng, Y Mu, Y Hu, B Li, J Raman, Z, Sui. Double Burden of Malnutrition in the Asia- Pacific Region-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Glob Health.

2020;10(1):16-27. doi:10.2991/jegh.k.191117.002

Referințe

DOCUMENTE SIMILARE

The study showed that the most important causes of bloody diarrhea is parasitic and bacterial infection were the most important causes of Entamoebahistolytica, followed by

The behavioral related risk factors were use of tobacco, alcohol, lack of physical activity and family history of any NCDs.. Physical measurements included

Moshe de Leon.(65) Therefore, in lieu of assuming that Jewish philosophy would, invariably, inhibit Jewish mysticism from using extreme expres- sions, there are examples of the

The analysis of these patients according to risk factors also showed that the number of extreme values for factors that positively or negatively predict

The highest level was seen in group of central obesity, hypertension and diabetes groups followed by central obesity and hypertensive group then by central obesity group and

Toate acestea sunt doar o parte dintre avantajele in care cred partizanii clonarii. Pentru a si le sustine, ei recurg la o serie de argumente. Unul dintre ele are in atentie

We consider the time series provided by the National Bank of Romania (www.bnro.ro) for the rate of credit risk in Romania (RRC), between 4th quarter of 1995 and 1st quarter of

It established the well defined anti obesity effect of the orlistat.On anlysing the result data we can strongly denote that hydroalcoholic&amp; ethanolic extract of