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The Study of Morphological Features of the Pollen

of Some Allergenic Plants of the City of Tashkent (Uzbekistan)

Nargiza K. Rakhimova*, Eldor E. Temirov, Khurriyatkhon D. Mirzakarimova, Akida T. Abdullaeva, Bakhriddin Z. Tukhtaev

Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:

The article provides data on the morphology of the pollen of the following allergenic plants in the city of Tashkent (Uzbekistan) –Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Biota orientalis, Cupressus arizonika, Juniperus virginiana, Corylus avellana and Ulmus parvifolia. In contrast to the climatic conditions of the homeland (cold spring) of the studied objects, it was observed that a warm spring in Uzbekistan leads to an early onset of the vegetation and dusting phases.Aeropalinological and morphological studies allow solving a wide range of environmental problems. This work is a short and incomplete reflection of these problems.

The collected data in the future will serve for the creation of the Atlas of allergenic plants in Tashkent and an electronic warning program for the population on the spread of pollen of allergenic plants in the city.

Keywords:morphology, pollen, allergenic plants, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Biota orientalis (L.) Endl., Cupressus arizonika Greene, Juniperus virginiana L., Corylus avellana L., Ulmus parvifolia Jacq., Uzbekistan.

Introduction

Allergenic plants, the pollen of which is one of the main sources of allergic diseases, are increasingly attracting the interest of not only botanists, but also allergists. Recently, it has been a global medical, biological and social problem. Everyone knows that tree and grass pollen allergy is the most common: around 400 million people in the world suffer from some type of allergic reaction to pollen (hay fever) with common symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, itching with red eyes, coughing and serious breathing problems. Deciduous trees cause spring-summer aggravation, grasses and grasses in summer, wormwood at the end of summer. Pollen allergy occurs in both adults and children. Most of the symptoms are caused by pollen from deciduous trees and grasses, some by wormwood. The pollen of these plants causes allergic rhinitis, and even pulmonary disorders: cough, bronchial asthma, difficulty breathing.

Global warming has also increased the duration of flowering. The number of deciduous trees has increased, leading to an increase in the amount of pollen. The amount of pollen is naturally not the same every year.

An interesting fact is that in cities more people suffer from allergy to woody pollen than in rural areas, where the concentration of pollen is several times higher. Numerous studies by scientists have proven that pollen in cities is covered with a layer of pollution from the environment. These include carbon dioxide (CO2) and various petroleum products. Pollen covered with such a dangerous layer becomes more allergenic. According to another scientific version, the reaction of the immune system in a polluted environment is stronger than in ecologically clean areas (https://givoyles.ru/).According to the WHO, allergic diseases are the third most common diseases. Allergic diseases are 30 times more common than cancer, and 2000 times more than rheumatism. It is known that allergic diseases affect

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To solve this problem, important government decisions have been made in our country. For example, the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On comprehensive measures to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases" No. PP-3715 dated May 11, 2018, "On measures for the prevention of non- communicable diseases, a healthy lifestyle and increasing the physical activity of the population" No. PP-4063 of December 18, 2018.

A number of scientific studies in this area have been carried out and are currently being conducted on the initiative of the EAN (European Aeroallergenic Network) both in the developed CIS countries: Russia (Golovko, 2004; Dikareva, Rumyantsev, 2015; 2019;

Fedotova et al., 2017; Elkina, 2018), Kazakhstan (Ispaeva, 1991; Makenbaeva, 1991), Kyrgyzstan (Kobzyr, 1996), Mongolia (Bagziin, 2004),and foreign: Poland (Verishko- Khmelevskaya, Piotrovska, 2004; Stach et al., 2007), Turkey (Altintas et al., 2004), Saudi Arabia (Hasnain et al., 2005), India (Singh, Babu, 1980; Singh, Shirpa, 2008), Austria, USA (Port et al., 2006), Italy (Rieux et al., 2008), France (Clot et al., 2002; Rieux et al., 2008), Spain (Recio et al., 2006), Greece (Gioulekas et al., 2004), Belgium, Mexico (Teran et al., 2009).

In Uzbekistan the immunobiological features of cotton pollen and its role as an allergen in specific diagnostics of pollinosis were studied by N.V. Mavlyanova (1997) in 1997 in the conditions of Tashkent. The physicochemical, immunobiological and allergenic properties of cotton pollen have been investigated, the technological parameters of the preparation of a preparation from it, suitable for the specific diagnosis of allergy, have been determined; etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, modern methods of treatment and prevention of hay fever, as well as a list of some allergenic plant species found in Uzbekistan is given by I.S. Razikova, F. Irsalieva and others (2020). According to the literature analysis, very little research has been carried out in this area, which indicates a lack of research on allergenic plants. Due to insufficient work in Uzbekistan done in this area, the existing especially dangerous species of allergenic plants in Tashkent were selected as objects of research.

The aim of the study is to study the morphological features of the pollen of some allergenic plants in Tashkent.

Materials and methods

The objects of research are: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae), Biota orientalis (L.) Endl., Cupressus arizonika Greene, Juniperus virginiana L.(Cupressaceae), Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Ulmaceae). Material on the pollen of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Corylus avellana and Ulmus parvifolia was collected from the Tashkent Botanical Garden named after A. acad. F.N. Rusanov, also along the road Tashkent - Akhangaran, Bektemir region - Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Juniperus virginiana; pollen by Biota orientalis from the park of culture and recreation named after Furkat; Cupressus arizonika - from the center of Tashkent (Amir Temur square).

To fix the pollen grains, the material was collected in the phase of mass flowering of allergenic plants. To study the morphology of pollen of allergenic plants, the acetocarmine method was used (Pausheva, 1988). At the same time, mature pollen was fixed in Karunas fixative. The fixation was carried out from 30 minutes to several hours. Then the material was washed with distilled water and left for storage in 80% ethanol solution. After storage, the anther was laid out on a glass slide and crushed in a drop of acetocarmine. After removing excess tissue, the preparation was covered with a cover glass and carefully warmed up on an alcohol lamp. Fertile pollen of allergenic plants from sterile ones was isolated from the preparations to describe their morphology.

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Microphotographs were taken with a computer microphotographic attachment with a Samsung ES70 digital camera and a Canon A123 digital camera under a trinocular microscope model N-300M (with HDCE-X5) and a Motic B1-220A-3 binocular microscope.

Results and discussion

We collected the pollen of some allergenic plants in the conditions of the city of Tashkent to identify the timing of dusting and study the morphology of pollen.

Corylus avellana (Betulaceae) is a type of deciduous woody shrubs and trees of the genus Corylus. In nature, the range of the species covers the whole of Europe, the Caucasus and the Middle East. The northernmost natural habitats of common hazel, where it forms the most extensive thickets, are in Norway, beyond the Arctic Circle, in the Prestegordskogen nature reserve, located near 68 ° N. sh., and some less significant in terms of occupied area - even a little to the north of this reserve. It is cultivated everywhere. In Russia - in the European part in the forest zone, in the forest-steppe, in the steppe zone. Usually the flowering period is from mid-February to March, depending on the temperature (https://www.meteoprog.ua/ru/news/). The yellow dangling male earrings open before budding in early spring. Female flowers are inconspicuous, reminiscent of a thick bud with protruding red stigmas. In the conditions of Tashkent, dusting occurs in late February - until mid-March. Introduced to the Tashkent botanical Garden named after academician F.N.

Rusanov.

Pollen grains are round, slightly triangular in outline from the pole, 3-pore, thin exine, scaly, thin intina with very large convex areas of germination, granular cytoplasm (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. General view of Corylus avellana pollen under a light microscope

Juniperus virginiana (Cupressaceae) – evergreen, mainly dioecious shrub or small tree with hard leaves (needles). It grows naturally in North America, from Canada to Florida.

The tree is narrow ovoid, by the age of 10, height 200 cm, crown diameter 60 cm, height up to 30 m, crown diameter 190 cm. The needles are small (0.1-0.2 cm), dark green, brown- green in winter. Resistant to strong pruning, retains its shape for a long time. It tolerates city conditions well. Blooms - from early March to mid-May, depending on the geographical distribution of this species. In Tashkent, virgin juniper dusting occurs from March to April.

Introduced to Tashkent botanical Garden.

Pollen grains are round, with stellate cytoplasm in the central part, exine is thin, intina is noticeably thick. The thin exine breaks easily, releasing protoplasm. Plasma is often found

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Figure 2. General view of Juniperus virginiana pollen under a light microscope

Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae) – is an annual herbaceous weedplant. A dangerous quarantine weed. As an invasive species, it is found in Central and Atlantic Europe, the Mediterranean, Moldova, Ukraine, the Caucasus, the Russian Federation, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Iran, Kazakhstan, Japan, China, South America, Australia, Africa. The pollen of this plant causes allergic diseases (hay fever) in humans. Grows on the side of the road. The pollen of this annual wind-pollinated plant has been abundant in the air since September. In the conditions of Tashkent city, it lasts from the end of July to October. Each leaf of the plant is divided into narrow segments, which in turn have irregular lobes. On male peduncles there are numerous greenish-yellowish flowers that appear at the top of the plant. Female flowers are located one (singly) below the male inflorescences in the axes of the branches.

Pollen grains are round-elliptical with very short, tuberous grooves. The exina is quite fat. Intina is thin, sometimes thickened under the holes (Fig. 3).

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Ulmus parvifolia (Ulmaceae) - is a deciduous tree, species of the genus Ulmus. A small, deciduous, highly branched tree up to 3 m high. Originally grown in the Mediterranean, it grows in milder climates in forests, shrubs and other habitats. In nature, the species range covers East and South Asia. Naturalized in North America. Leaves are oval, serrate, always asymmetrical. Under natural conditions of growth in the homeland, in species of this genus, dusting usually lasts a whole month (from the beginning to the end of March);

introduced to the Tashkent Botanical Garden named after. acad. F.N. Rusanov species blooms from early to late September. Flowers in small lateral clusters, bisexual and anemophilous. Introduced to Tashkent. Flowers in small lateral clusters, bisexual and anemophilous. Flowering time until the end of September, before bud break. Each fruit is surrounded by a wide wing. Introduced to Tashkent botanical Garden.

Pollen grains from round to elliptical, with a variable number of pores (mainly from 4 to 6), exine of medium thickness, with wavy outlines, slightly thickened around the pore.

Intina is thick, cytoplasm is granular (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.General view of Ulmusparvifoliapollenunderalightmicroscope

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Cupressus arizonika (Cupressaceae) - is an evergreen tree of the cypress family. It occurs naturally in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Introduced to Uzbekistan.

Used in landscaping. An unpretentious tree up to 21 m high, tolerates frosts down to -20 ... - 25 ° C. It has a heavier and stronger wood than other types of cypress. It grows naturally in North America, from Canada to Florida. Trees, monoecious or less often dioecious, up to 30 m high, trunk diameter up to 150 cm. The needles are dark green, small (0.1–0.2 cm). The cones are small, up to 0.6 cm, ripen in the fall of the first year (in October) and remain on trees for a long time.

Cypress releases large amounts of pollen into the air, mainly between late February and April. Arizona cypress releases large amounts of pollen into the air, mainly between late February and April. Under the conditions of the introduction of Tashkent - March-April.

Introduced to Tashkent botanical Garden.

The pollen grains are rounded in outline, the exine is thin, the structure is fine- grained, the intina is very thick. The cytoplasm is stellate. The delicate exine easily bursts, giving way to plasma, which hatches from the grain (Fig. 5).

Figure 5.General view of Cupressus arizonikapollenunderalightmicroscope

Biota orientalis (Cupressaceae) –Eastern biota or Platycladus, is a monotypic genus of evergreen monoecious conifers of the Cypress family (Cupressaceae), consisting of a single species. A small slowly growing tree with a height of 5 to 10 m, under favorable conditions, the height can reach 20 m, in unfavorable conditions it takes the form of a bush.

The trunk of a tree is usually straight, can be divided at the base into several vertically directed trunks. The natural area of distribution is in China and locally in South Korea.

Previously, it included the south of the Russian Far East, until it became clear that it is being replaced there by the cross-paired microbiota. In China, the plant has traditionally been widely cultivated, from where it spread to neighboring regions. Now the plant has been naturalized all over the world(https://www.meteoprog.ua/ru/news/). At home, dusting takes place in the spring, from early March to mid-April. In the conditions of Tashkent city - in the middle of March. Introduced to Tashkent botanical Garden.

They ripen in the second year after pollination, when ripe they become woody red- brown in color and open. Cones consist of six or eight upwardly fused scales. Each scale contains one or two wingless seeds. The seeds are ovoid, protected by a thick brown-brown shell with a glossy surface and a white mark at the base.

The pollen grains are rounded in outline, the exine is thin, and the intine is very thick.

The cytoplasm is stellate. The delicate exine easily bursts, giving way to plasma, which hatches from the grain (Fig.6).

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Figure 6. General view of Biotaorientalispollenunder a light microscope

CONCLUSION

Recently, due to air pollution, unstable climate, the study of allergenic plants is a very urgent task. In connection with the phenological variability of the plant world, it is important to timely take appropriate measures related to seasonal outbreaks of such an allergenic disease as hay fever. Such a task requires special and careful attention of specialists - botanists-pallinologists and allergists.

In contrast to the climatic conditions of the homeland (cold spring) of the studied objects, it was observed that a warm spring in Uzbekistan leads to an early onset of the vegetation and dusting phases.

Thus, aeropalinological and morphological studies can solve a wide range of environmental problems. This work is a short and incomplete reflection of these problems.

The collected data in the future will serve for the creation of the Atlas of allergenic plants in Tashkent and an electronic warning program for the population on the spread of pollen of allergenic plants in the city.

References

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