Phraseological Semantics in the Context of the English Language
DilraboYarmatova, GulnozaYusupova JSPI, Jizzakh, Uzbekistan
Summary: Our research interest is the issue of semantic features of idiomatic expressions in the English language. Phraseology is considered as the main feature of language units. It exists at different levels, from words to stable combinations, and is proof that most units of the English vocabulary have this characteristic. A lexical idiom can be in the form of a word or represent its lexical-semantic variant with full or partial semantic integrity.
Keywords: idioms, figure of speech, foreign borrowings, polysemantic phraseme
Practical knowledge of a foreign language presupposes, in addition to the active assimilation of vocabulary and grammatical structures, the use of phraseological units - vivid, figurative idiomatic expressions. In this regard, students' knowledge of the basic theoretical and practical issues of phraseology is of great importance. Knowledge of phraseological material, which contains a significant part of the expressive language fund, serves as a source of stable communication skills, which makes the speech of foreign language learners lively, emotional and expressive. Possession of phraseology creates good conditions for a more complete understanding of the texts of fiction and newspaper journalism.
One of the definitions of the term "idiom" indicates that it is one of the types of phraseological units. "Idiomatic phrases are peculiar expressions of existing languages, which are integral and unified in meaning in their use, usually not amenable to accurate transmission into other languages and requiring replacements of a similar stylistic coloration when translating".
Bibliographic description: Ibragimova, D. Sh. Phraseological semantics as a linguistic object (based on the material of the modern English language) / D. Sh. Ibragimova. - Text: direct //
Young scientist. - 2017. - No. 3.2 (137.2). - S. 9-11. - URL:
https://moluch.ru/archive/137/38725/ (date of access: 10.04.2021). This article is devoted to the analysis and interactions of phraseological semantics of the context and the development of phraseology as a linguistic object. Key words: phraseology, linguistics, idiomatic expressions, synonymy, antonymy, anthroponymy. Practical knowledge of a foreign language presupposes, in addition to the active assimilation of vocabulary and grammatical structures, the use of phraseological units - vivid, figurative idiomatic expressions. In this regard, students' knowledge of the basic theoretical and practical issues of phraseology is of great importance. Knowledge of
phraseological material, which contains a significant part of the expressive language fund, serves as a source of stable communication skills, which makes the speech of foreign language learners lively, emotional and expressive. Possession of phraseology creates good conditions for a more complete understanding of the texts of fiction and newspaper journalism. The development of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in recent years is characterized by a constant differentiation of the studied problems, the development of new principles and methods of material analysis, the emergence of new aspects of studying the phraseological fund of the language, which are based on the theoretical foundations of phraseology that have developed in modern linguistics. Being one of the branches of the science of language and being in the general mainstream of the trends of linguistic research, phraseology cannot do without solving both general and particular questions of the theory of language. In modern English studies, the formulation and study of such complex issues as synonymy, antonymy, anthroponymy of phraseological units is associated with the study of phraseological units (PU) in the phraseological system (T.A. Bushui, 2004). The development of problems related to the nominative aspect of phraseological units, semantic identity and the nature of its rethinking are works of a broader theoretical scope, revealing not only the specific features of phraseological units, but also the very nature of its semantics.
The famous professor A.A. Reformed considers all kinds of stable lexicalized phrases under the general concept of idioms. Moreover, he put forward a concept according to which idioms can be
"not only lexicalized combinations, ... but also individual words used in figurative meanings." In this case, under phraseology he has a completely different area of research, namely "words and phrases specific to the speech of different groups of the population, according to class or professional characteristics, for a literary direction or an individual author."
The end of the 19th century witnessed two trends in the study of idiomatic problems, which were presented in the form of the Anglo-American and Continental-European traditions. Such Anglo- American researchers as G. Sweet, J. Bar-Hillel, W. Chafe, N. Chomsky, F. Palmer, W.
McMordie, W. Weinreich and others believe that the idiom should be interpreted from different angles. Within the framework of the interlanguage plan of expression, an idiomatic combination has a specificity that is inherent in a particular national language. The same group of linguists considers the intra-linguistic plan for the existence of an idiom in the form of a combination of words, in which it is impossible to determine the general meaning of a given phrase using its constituent elements.
In the process of compiling dictionaries and other lexicographic materials, representatives of this
direction included in the number of idioms many formations of various kinds, ranging from phrasal verbs, phraseological units, proverbs, ending with words with metaphorical meaning and onomatopoeic turns. Hence, there may be disagreements in the compilation of dictionaries of idioms or phraseological units.
There is a group of idioms that can be used in business situations. For example, the phraseology
"a City man", which is used in the following sentence, clarifies this: After seven years of business, George became a city man. - After seven years of work, George became a businessman. (Which means George is in trade or banking and finance). Below are some additional examples of phraseological units that can be used in a similar way:
1. „A falling market‟ - Prices for a particular product are going down or going down.
2. 'To go bust / to go broke' - declare himself (his company) bankrupt.
3. 'Bad debts' - Debts that are not expected to be paid off.
4. „To buck the trend‟ - Succeed when other companies do not do well.
5. 'Business slump' - A sharp decline in business.
Modern English is an analytical language. The increased analyticism of the English language permeates all English phraseology, affects the structure of phraseological units.
“Wed the man of the hour and “hero of the day,” worship the golden calf and “worship the golden calf,” etc.”
The anatilism of the English language explains the widespread use of phrases like noun + noun, which are unstable complex words and easily disintegrate and turn into phrases. These phrases, allowing for separate writing, we refer to the periphery of the phraseological composition:
“the Badger State Amer. - "badger state" (nickname of the state of Wisconsin)”,
“a girl Friday - assistant, right hand, reliable employee (especially about the girl - secretary)”, etc.
An indicator of analyticism is also the widespread attributive use of phraseological units of various structural types in the English language.The opinions of linguists on a number of phraseology problems differ, and this is quite natural. Nevertheless, an important task of linguists working in the field of phraseology is to unite efforts and find common ground in the
interests of both the theory of phraseology and the practice of teaching foreign languages.
Time is very important in a person's life, especially in the modern life of English people. They have many expressions that refer to time and some specific periods during the day or week, etc.
Below are some of these fixed expressions, in which each of them indicates a pronounced meaning.
1. 'To be behind time' - To be late.
2. Expressions with the „day‟ component: „Day in, day out‟ - Day after day, all day long.
3. Expressions with a 'night' component: „The night brings counsel‟ - last. The morning is wiser than the evening; „Turn night into day‟ - Work at night.
4. Expressions with the „hour‟ component: „The small hours‟ - The first hours after midnight, predawn hours; 'At the eleventh hour' - At the last minute, at the very last moment.
5. Expressions with a 'minute' component: 'In the minute' - Exactly, punctually, minute per minute; 'At the last minute' - At the last moment.
6. Other expressions of time: 'At odd moments' - In free time, at leisure, between times, fits and starts; 'A blind date' - Date with a stranger
The phraseological group of the English language is so large that its complete study would not fit within the framework of this work. Nevertheless, using the example of the considered phraseological units, one can clearly imagine how diverse in their semantics and expressiveness the phraseological units of the modern English language are. Thanks to the literary works of writers and poets, both in Great Britain and around the world, the English language currently has a huge number of phraseological units. But, one should not forget that a huge number of phraseological units also came to the English language from the history and culture of various countries of the world.
Conclusion
Literary works written in other languages become the most important source of borrowed phraseological units. Among them, the most significant should be called the Bible, ancient mythology and literature. Biblical origin are, for example, the phraseological units cast pearls before swine 'to throw pearls in front of pigs', the root of all evil 'the root of evil, love of money', daily bread 'daily bread, livelihood' and many others. The bed of Procrustes' Procrustean bed ', the golden age' golden age ', Augean stables' Augean stables; neglected, polluted place ', between Scylla and Charybdis' between Scylla and Charybdis; in a hopeless position ', etc. - examples of
rethinking expressions from ancient sources.
Many English phraseological units are borrowed from ancient Roman literature: the golden mean 'golden mean' (Horace), a snake in the grass 'insidious, hidden enemy' (Virgil). Tales of various peoples and authors are also one of the sources of borrowed phraseological units: an ugly duckling 'the ugly duckling' (from the tale of H.H. Andersen about the ugly duckling), Aladdin's lamp 'Aladdin's magic lamp', etc.
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