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Problems of Universality and Nationality of Phraseological Units With Onomastic components in French and Uzbek Languages

Kurbonova Gulsara Sodikovna

1

*, Urmonova Nigorakhon Muminovna

2

, Murodova Matluba Shukurovna

3

, Shirinova Raima Xakimovna

4

1PhD, associate professor, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

2Candidate of philologycal sciences, associate professor, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

3PhD, Professor, Academy of Choreography of Uzbekistan

4Doctor of philologycal sciences, Professor, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

*Uzbekistan, Tashkent city, Almazar district, Universitetskaya street, 4.100174. E-mail- [email protected]. Phone-+99890-916-24-23

ABSTRACT

Within the framework of the considered languages, phraseological units have both universal and national -cultural content, thanks to which they reflect similar and different features of the peoples’ worldview. The way of life, level of intellectual development, mentality and historical development of peoples with different cultures are closely related to national and cultural characteristics. Despite the universal nature of human thinking, the development of FE with onomastic components occurs in a peculiar way, using the unique means of the existing national cultural environment.

Keywords: phraseological units, national features, onomastique components, anthroponymic components, toponymic components, traditional names,. universality and specificity, cultural environment.

Introduction

Although science has enough analysis of phraseologisms in terms of semantics, structural-grammatics and methodological-pragmatics, there are problems waiting for its solution in the field of comparative study of the phraseological meaning, phraseological system, the occurrence of phraseologisms, sources, historical development and national-cultural aspects. Phraseological units are a multifaceted phenomenon. Therefore, the methods of its analysis are also diverse. Phraseological-identification, contextual, varation, two-way synchronous-comparative analysis, comparative-diachron analysis, structural-typological analysis are among these methods.

An important problem in the development of phraseology was raised one of the firstly by the French linguist Charles Bally. He developed a two-volume phraseological concept called “Precis de stylistique”, “Traité de stylistique française”, based on the need for a special scientific study of phraseological units in the language. Thinking about the semantic signs of phraseologisms the quots Bally “...the internal signs have a real value and are much more important than the carriers of these signs” he says, noting that the phraseological unit can usually be synonymous with lexical units [1, 60]. Ch.Bally does not take into account the historical-evolutionary nature of the development of phraseologisms in this concept; studies them in the framework of their existence and interconnection in a synchronous framework at a certain stage of historical development. Although the essence is approached unilaterally, Ch.Bally's scientific thesis on the structure and semantics of phraseologisms later played an important role in studying the theoretical foundations of this field.

The aim of the research work is to identify: The purpose of the study is to analyze the fact that onomastic component phraseologisms have a universal character of human thinking and to determine their specific assimilation using the means of the existing national cultural environment.

Materials and Methods: The object of the research work is national and cultural phraseological units with onomastical components in the French [10] and Uzbek [11] languages.

Literature Review

Although after Ch. Bally Moris Ra, after him J.Marusa, P. Giro and Alain Rey the carried out research in the field of phraseology and it is significant in the development of the theoretical framework of the phraseology of the French language and it is considered as an important one, they could not continue the work that Bally started about studying the theoretical problems of phraseology. Ch.Balliys phraseological concept was continued later by Russian linguists V.V.Vinogradov, V.P.Zhukov, A.V.Kunin, E.G.Nazarian, G.G. Sokolova’s researches. The semasiological study of phraseological units certainly demands the study of the origin

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of this unit. The French researcher A.G.Nazaryan proved the necessity to analyze the sources of the origin of phraseological units in his monograph “History of French phraseology”, and investigated the historical-semantic aspects of phraseologisms that characterize the national-cultural nature of the French language [6, 18]. Because in the historical (diachronic) study of phraseological units, its semantic factors are really important, since the process of phraseologization itself is primarily associated with semantic reality. However, it is difficult to understand the semantics of anthroponym and toponym component phraseologisms, which are the objects of our research, without the explanation of the components that make it up.

1.1. The volume of phraseologisms with onomastic component

Uzbek linguistics has also been aware of the achievements of world linguistics in the field of phraseology. In Uzbek linguistics a number of researches have been carried out on the problems in the study of phraseological units and their relationship to proverbs and vocabulary. It is worth noting that in Uzbek linguistics the researches carried out by Sh. Rakhmatullaev on the Uzbek phraseology deserve attention. The scientist theoretically explained the differences and similarities of phraseologisms from lexical phenomena. In the manual of “The beauty of our speech” he describes a phraseological unit as a constant phrase consisting of more than one lexical unit which, according to its structure, has a holistic connotative meaning equal to the word combination or sentence. [8, 56].

As A.E.Mamatov noted, phraseology in Uzbek linguistics, as in world linguistics, is understood in a connotative and denotative meaning. In general, from the point of view of the figurative connotative meaning of phraseologisms and the presence in the language beforehand, it is necessary to understand them only in a broad sense [5, 109].

Narrowly understanding of phraseology make the Mouse’s nest a thousand coins; eyes four divide; Ali Khoja, Khoja Ali; What the way Tuytepa as a connotative meaning stagnant idiomatic combinations, while understanding of the broad sense of phraseology God commanded; Master is deaf, Student-cunning; as a connotative meaning proverb, sayings and aphorisms should also be studied in the composition of phraseological units, they count.

Linguists, who understand phraseology in a broad sense, argue that the lowest limit of a complex meaningful unstressed phrase, which is considered an object of phraseology, consists of at least two components, and the upper limit of complex sentences. They include in the composition of phraseological units other units of the type of proverbs, aphorisms, in addition to stable and connotative meaning combinations. Sh.Rakhmatullaev also interprets phraseology in a denotative meaning and reveals the phraseological phrases different sides from quotations, aphorisms and proverbs.

According to Turkish scholar Y.D.Pinhasov’s thought, Sh.Rakhmatullaev based on the fact that proverbs and aphorisms have a communicative unit and a predicative character, on the basis of which lies a decision (thought), and not a lexical concept. However, proverbs also have a connotative meaning, like metaphors. Therefore, it is appropriate to include these units of the language in the number of phraseological units [7, 109-112]. We can observe that H.Berdiyorov, G.Salomov, R.Rasulov and B.Yuldashev also followed Y.D.Pinhasov’s that thought in their research works.

However, in the study of phraseological units, it is important to take into account their structure, image, motivation, features of emotional expressiveness, on this basis only it reveals the universal and national characteristics of phraseological units.

It is worth noting that in Uzbek linguistics until now, the study of phraseological units has been based on the academician V.V. Vinogradov’s classification. However, this classification, which approaches the essence only from a semantic point of view, prevents the full disclosure of the properties of multifaceted phraseologisms. V.V. Vinogradov's classification of phraseologisms based on the difference in the meaning of the components expressed in the composition was rightfully provoked controversy of linguists. In particular, in Uzbek linguists Sh.Shaabdurahmonov’s and A.Hojiev's textbook “The current Uzbek literary language”: “According to the meaning expressed by the components in the phraseological unit... it is divided into such types as "phraseological union","phraseological integrity","phraseological compound ". In order to understand the connotative meaning of phraseologisms, it is not important to divide them into such types, among which there is only a difference in the degree of stagnation.[12, 142].

On this point it is important to note for N.M.Shansky’s [9,109] quotation: “In the classification of phraseologisms, only the basis of the principles of meaning creates confusion between phraseological integrity and phraseological compound”. Hence, taking into account the functional-semantic properties of phraseologisms, their classification into phraseological integrity and compound does not always give the expected result. Because all phraseologisms such as When the tail of a camel knocks on the ground; An old pelvis, an old Bath; For stupid Kuva like one stone, are based on a portable meaning.

Some recent researches, which are conducted in Uzbek phraseology, are based not on the semantic classification of phraseologisms, but on their semantic structure.Sh. Rahkmatullayev gave starting this way of such analysis. In the third edition of the textbook “Current Uzbek literary language" three different semantic classifications of phraseologisms are abandoned, and the analysis of phraseologisms according to three different semantic structures

has been cited [12, 144].

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It is also worth paying special attention to the study of the history of the origin of phraseologisms in Uzbek linguistics. For Example, Sh.Rakhmatullayev’s "Explanatory phraseological dictionary of the Uzbek language", Sh.Shamaqsudov and Sh.Shorahmedov’s dictionary “The treasure of the meaning” can be said to be first steps in this domain. However, as B.Yuldashev noted, the further implementation of such fundamental research works as “Historical phraseology of the Uzbek language” is one of the practical tasks facing linguists [14, 99].

Nowadays, we observe that the etymologies of onomastic component phraseologisms, their motivation in the composition of phraseological units, although there are no fundamental studies, opinions are expressed in some scientific articles on this subject. In particular, under the rubric “Masterpieces of our language” on the journal “Science and life” F.Isakov published an article entitled "Daqqiyunus" [3, 13-14]. There is thought about the etymology of such phraseological units as the goat's horse Mulla Abdukarim, left from daqqiyunus in the article. "Daqqiyunus" is the name of Diaklation, one of the rulers of the Roman Empire. In Oriental tales, the pronunciation of Diaklation changed in the form of Doqqiyunus, Daqqiyunus. In the “Explanatory phraseological dictionary of the Uzbek language” by Sh.

Rakhmatullaev [8] this phrase is used in the meaning of discrimination for archaic, old habit or thing.

In K. Bazarboev's research, the reasons for the emergence of phraseological units related to folk creativity and their linguistic features were analyzed [2,14]. According to the scientist’s opinion, it is important to create sources of origin of phraseologisms related to colloquial speech, only 10 percent of these phraseological units are contained in dictionaries, 40 percent are contained in colloquial speech.

Examples of phytocomponent phraseologisms related to the Uzbek language are analyzed in the third chapter by M.M. Khoshimkho'jaeva's thesis entitled "Phytonyms in the linguistic image of the universe (on the example of English, Russian and Uzbek languages)", entitled "The role of English, Russian and Uzbek phytocomponent phraseologisms in the linguistic creation of the universe". For example," Abu Jakhl’s watermelon " – according to legends, Abu Jakhl was one of the serious enemies of the Prophet Muhammad. For his cruelty and intolerance, Muslims called him Abu jahl (“the father of ignorance”). In Iran, the medicinal plant-colosint (ordinary colosint or bitter watermelon) was called "Abu Jakhl’s watermelon" for its taste (اب ه ناو ولهج(ه ند 27, this name was adopted in the Uzbek language from Persian [13, 17].)

If we note that the phraseological layer of any language, in most cases, is formed on the basis of folk metaphors, metonymy, proverbs and sayings. After all, figurative expressions appeared in the human mind as the perception of being, social life, the perception of the geographic environment.

The science of modern psychology emphasizes that any reality, consciousness or unity perceived in human thinking, of course, can be realized, as well as replenished, improved on the basis of human life experiences. In this case, we can say that figurative expressions are also processed in human thinking. For example, the phrase "Left from Daqqiyunus", given above, as a phraseologism, gives an idiomatic meaning in the context of events related to each other in a concrete situation in a portable sense, so this expression is used in the sense that it is obsolete in relation to a piece that has moved away from its initial meaning and acquired a connotative meaning.

Consequently, if the word combination loses its free meaning, it either moves to the composition of the lexical unit (the back of the roof–to the throat, the leaf of the flower–to the beak), or turns into a phraseological unit (to raise a hand, to voice, to listen). After all, the figurative description allows the word combination to come out of itself and move towards phraseologisms, gives emotional coloring.

Methods

Methods used in the article: comparative, cross-cultural and linguistic stylistic analysis:

1. The methods of comparative - method of comparison of two or more objects, the allocation of common and different in them for the purpose of classification and typology.

2. Cross-cultural research is a scientific method from the field of anthropology and related Sciences (sociology, psychology, Economics, political science) that uses data on different societies collected in field research to study social behavior and test hypotheses about cultural differences.

3. Methods of linguistic-stylistic analysis are a set of various methods of text analysis and its language means, with the help of which knowledge about the laws of language functioning in various spheres of communication is formed in a stylistic way.

Data Analysis

The study of the history of the origin of phraseological units makes it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the worldview, imagination, way of life, customs, national values of the people. In this regard, it is necessary to know the etymology of phraseologisms that make up the expressive layer of our language, to study the scope of this study and to create an etymological dictionary of phraseological units. Phraseologisms are actively involved in the formation of extralinguists, it is a language unit with a complex lexical – grammatical and separate semantic structure.

If phraseologisms are universal, then some of its signs and distinctive features will be common for all languages in the world, that is, not national, but international. A.V.Nazarian,

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A.V.Kunin, Y.P.Solodub show the semantic image of phraseologisms of different languages on the basis of universal signs of phraseologisms.

One of such semantic phraseological images is considered idioms, but their lexical meaning does not correspond to the meaning of the lexical components contained in it, but, according to this, it acquires a figurative basis. Their composition also includes international phraseologisms, which have a different structure universal appearance in the languages of the world. For example, in French Qui langue a, à Rome and in Uzbek version If you ask you will find the Mecca; in French Oncle d’Amérique in Uzbek American uncle (a distant relative who has left a great fortune to take this opportunity) In French L’ordre règne à Varsovie – (sarcastic): they are equal to each other. Peace of mind was restored, re-order was established; alternative in Uzbek style of humor In Baghdad, everywhere is calm can be used. In French Partir en Java/ faire le Java - to drink heavily, to give a dissolute life we can use in Uzbek If you have money in a bag, relax Yalta (option: if there is money, then soup in your hand) can be used. Like Ezop’s language, a healthy person does not need Socrates.

The second type of phraseologisms includes the same international phraseological units with a semantic structure. For example, when we speak about unreachable place, where we can never get to we can exemplify myth toponym Kohi Kafd (Kohi is a legendary mountain, which covers the whole Earth).

In French La montagne du Calvaire - the mountain Kukhi Kof is the symbol of Jesus’s sufferings and the name of the hill symbolizing the murder;

There is a topocomponent phraseologism of the Kohi Kafd in the Uzbek language: If sentence, full of sack, if work, find form Kohi Kafd;

In French Menez un âne à la Mecque vous n’en ramènerez jamais qu’un âne;

In Uzbek: the one who took the donkey to Mecca will not be honest with you; the fool will remain stupid;

Aller à Crevant – (word by word) To leave for Krevan is in the meaning of dying. There is a fake toponymy Crevant formed from Crever - Die); Allez chez Malva – (word by word: Departure to Malvaga, based on the word game from the word ca and mal) is used in the meaning of dying; an alternative in the Uzbek language is the phraseological unit to go to the Maghreb (West). To these international phraseological units, we can give examples of anthroponyms and toponymic component phraseologisms related to Greek and Roman myths, such as the boîte de Pandore – the box of Pandora, the Arche de Noé – Noah’s ship.

The nationality of phraseologisms is manifested in the material and cultural conditions of the socio-economic life of the people. About thisA.Leonovich wrote the following: “Phraseology is inextricably linked with the history, culture, traditions and literature of the people speaking this language, and this link is evident in phraseological units with the proverbial noun component” [4, 28].Yu.S.Stepanova and V.V.Catermine say that the image of a person occupies the main place in the cultural concept of the people, anthroponyms and toponyms show national cultural originality, play an important role in showing the inseparable connection of people with society, society with people.

Results

Exactly anthroponymy and toponyms serve as a national cultural component in phraseology as the dominant linguistic cultural, manifesting the characteristic signs of the language unit of a particular nation. For example, faire le Jacques-to walk foolishly, to immerse oneself in foolishness; Paul and Jacques, Paul and Pierre – each passer – faced;

Fou comme Caillette-stupid anthroponymy, like Kayet, was used in relation to cowardly, fearless people and is not used anymore now. Avare comme Harpagon-(literally: greedy, like Arpagon), means very greedy and selfish. The personage of Harpagon Moler's play Khasis (Ľ Avare) Harpagon is a Latin harpago – made from the words cat, thief.

As a result of Mahmud Gaznavi's military actions in the field of grass–growing proverbial phraseology, which took place in the X-XI century there were some phrases in the Uzbek language, such as The land, where Mahmud reached, grasses never grow and the people's suffering and the hate to him reflected. The name of personage Kari Ishkamba in the satirical work of Sadriddin Ayni “Death of money lender” is used in relation to greedy people among the Uzbeks. Such anthroponym-component phraseologisms such as Karabatyr, Need the eyes of Majnun to see Layli, which was formed in the name of the personages in the works of Alisher Navoi, created realia peculiar to the Uzbek people.

There are also phraseologisms in the Uzbek language related to traditional names Ali, Vali, Eshmat, Tasmat. For example, if you say Ali, stands as Vali, Ali makes the blame, but Vali is beaten with stick. The national-cultural toponym component phraseologisms in French and Uzbek languages are also social (FR:il vient de Marseille – whisk, Shepherd tissue, uzb: where there are six wives, the market of aloe opens), material-cultural (Raisins de Corinthe – Corinth grapes, small-grain raisins; Mirzai Azim has the treasure of ming Kharun, the district has the state of Jamshid, economic (FR. Solide comme une jument de Perche –the cart is as resistant as a pulling horse (Persh is a wooded place in the west of Paris, famous for its horses, which are attached to the cart); uzb. A person who goes to mirzachul with a stick becomes a toy) is associated with such factors of life.

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Discussion

Thus, phraseological universality and studying them are important in comparing the national characteristics of phraseologisms. As it was noted before in phraseologisms lies the cultural traces of nations and nationalities, conveying information about their way of life, their mutual cultural and economic relations. The distinctive national-cultural originality of the environment is manifested more brightly in phraseologisms than in other factors. This is explained by the fact that the individual structure and components of phraseological units undergo partial or complete re-semantic changes. Such a semantic structure of phraseologisms is based on more extralinguistic factors. Because the way of life of the people is reflected more deeply in phraseological units than in a separately derived semantic word.

Anthroponyms and toponyms in the formation of a phraseological unit reflect on the one hand the onomastic signs, on the other hand they form a new image, that is, they have lost their onomastic function; meaning migration occurs in them, moving away from the main meaning of the proverb and forming a connotative meaning. Phraseologism in this case manifests the diachronics of the proper noun and is combined with the etymological meaning.

Although anthroponym or toponym lose their functional character, they do not lose their genetic connection with the proper noun, which is contained in the phraseological unit with the onomastic component. Anthroponym or toponym in the composition of the phraseological unit does not have a denotative meaning in the formation of phraseologisms, but is based on the symbolic meaning expressed by the phrase. There is little direct information about the onomastic phraseological units in the scientific literature in French and Uzbek languages. To interpret these types of phraseological units, it is necessary to refer to the types of constant phrases, since such phrases, first of all, require a separate study of etymology and semantics. It is natural that phraseological units with an anthroponym and toponym components have a lot in common with them in the formation of phraseologisms, since they reflect different spheres of the material-cultural and socio-economic life of the people. Of course, without taking into account some phraseological units of different languages, the genealogy of phraseologisms can not be applied to all languages. The study of expressions related to onomastic units is important in solving universal issues of phraseology, as well as in comparative analysis of two or more languages.

Hence, in phraseologisms, the signs of universality can be interpreted as follows: 1) the images that express the semantics of phraseologisms are close to each other; 2) International phraseologisms are different according to the structure.

And the national-cultural characteristics of onomastic component phraseologisms are as follows:

1) onomastic component phraseologisms consist of realias that convey information about the national cultur e of a particular nation;

2) each of the onomastic component phraseologisms has its own unique semantic properties;

3) anthroponym and toponym component phraseologisms are difficult to correctly understand the meaning expressed without etymological interpretations;

4) translation of onomastic component phraseologisms into other languages is given using an appellate (common) noun or an alternative component.

Conclusion

1. Onomastic component phraseologisms in French and Uzbek have a complex composition, lexical- grammatical stagnation, semantic indivisibility and a number of structural- idiomatic and semantic peculiarities.

2. It is important to compare the national and cultural peculiarities of phraseological units with the universal signs of phraseological units in French and Uzbek languages. After all, life-like situations related to physiological, socio-psychological needs, emotions and emotions inherent in people, signs of decency help people of different nationalities to understand each other more closely.

3. Phraseological units with an onomastic component with a national-cultural feature are formed under the influence of extralinguistic factors, and in their interpretation, an etymological analysis plays an important role.

4. Most of the phraseological units that exist in our language and their national-cultural originality preserve the textual connection with the cultural code of phraseologisms in the memory of the community. The re-formation of onomastic units in the structure of phraseology serves as an important tool in the transmission of traces of culture to the offspring.

5. Anthroponym-component phraseologisms give language owners the opportunity to understand the universe through the proper names of the people who are subordinated to them, and by performing a certain semantic task in the text as a component of phraseological units, in the composition of phraseologisms, as a rule, become a common noun.

6. Toponym component in phraseologisms is inextricably linked with the characteristic signs, traditions,

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history and geography of the inhabitants of the described territory. Because toponyms reflect the way of thinking of a particular people, a whole culture and psychology.

Limitations and Future Studies

It should be especially noted that in the future it is necessary to study similar and different features in the reduction or expansion of the meaning of onomastic units in phraseological units; it is advisable to carry out a linguocultural analysis of phraseological units studied on the basis of texts of various genres.

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According to nonverbal communication literature, the words we use effect 7%, our voice qualities (tone, pitch etc) 38%, while body language effects 55% on our

The longevity of amalgam versus compomer/composite restorations in posterior primary and permanent teeth: findings From the New England Children’s Amalgam Trial..

Medial Tibiofemoral medial joint Longitudinal scan Medial meniscus (Mm) Longitudinal scan Medial collateral ligament (MCL) Longitudinal scan Semimembranosus insertion(Sm)

Colour Doppler ultrasonography evaluation of vascularization in the wrist and finger joints in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy subjects.. Jacob D, Cohen M,

In various local government hospitals, the policy of rate setting for VIP wards is based on considerations to improve service quality and increase job satisfaction of