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Communications in modern automotive systems
Ethernet in automotive communication
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IPContent
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IP›
Communication protocols used in automotive:›
CAN›
LIN›
Ethernet›
FlexRay›
I2C›
SPIetc.
Communications in modern automotive systems
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IP›
What is Ethernet?›
Computer communication technology used to implement networks like LAN (local area network) or WAN (wide area network).›
The protocol data unit in Ethernet is the frame.Communications in modern automotive systems
Ethernet overview
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IP›
Ethernet in the OSI (open systems interconnection) Model›
Physical network layer – refers to the physical communication medium (the wires) and the actual voltage signals transporting the data and their specifics for implementing the communication protocol.›
Data link layer – responsible with the flow control, error detection and correction, etc;at this layer the data unit is the Ethernet frame.
Communications in modern automotive systems
Ethernet overview
Physical Data link Network Transport
Session Presentation
Application
Ethernet
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DA – Destination Address;›
SA – Source Address›
Type – Ethernet Frame Type;›
Payload – data field (42 – 1500 bytes);›
PRB – Preamble;›
CRC – Frame check sequence›
Remark – last 2 fields are added automatically by the physical layer;Communications in modern automotive systems
The Ethernet frame
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IP›
Even though Ethernet has existed for over 20 years, it could not be previously used in automobiles due to the following limitations:›
1. Ethernet did not meet the OEM EMI/RFI requirements for the automotive market. 100Mbps (and above) Ethernet have too much RF noise, and Ethernet is also susceptible to “alien” noise from other devices in a car.›
2. Ethernet could not guarantee latency down to the low microsecond range. This was required to replace communication to any sensor/control that needed fast reaction time.›
3. Ethernet did not have a way to control bandwidth allocation to different streams so it could not be used to transmit shared data from multiple types of sources.›
4. Ethernet did not have a way of synchronizing time between devices and having multiple devices sample data at the same timeCommunications in modern automotive systems
Ethernet and the automotive world - evolution
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IPCommunications in modern automotive systems
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive
Infotainment systems
Diagnostics and flash
update
Audio/Video
Smart charging
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SOME/IP - is an automotive middleware solution that can be used for control messages. Protocol is used to replace CAN messages;›
Diagnostics and flash update – uses DoIP (Diagnostic over IP) to send diagnostic information to and from vehicle. Also because of the large bandwidth it is used for writing ECU Flash memory (or remote SW updates).›
Measurement and Calibration – In this area, Ethernet is used since 2008 to read and write calibration data. Ethernet brings the advantage of sending big amounts of calibration data in a very short time and so precise measurement can be performed (used protocol is XCP – Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol);›
Audio/Video – this is a new area of usage for Ethernet, due to the possibility to send audio/video data and sync them with the Time Sync Protocol;›
Smart Charging – new area for Ethernet and as the name says is an intelligent way of charging batteries for electric cars. Information, such as battery level or battery state are sent in real time to the charging station via Ethernet.Communications in modern automotive systems
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IP›
Broadcom developed a proprietary physical standard, BroadR-Reach, to enable longer distances of copper Ethernet connectivity at 100Mbps (up to 700M).›
Due to the lower bandwidth (~27MHz bandwidth vs. ~62.5MHz for 100Base-T), this standard met the automotive EMI requirements, and Broadcom started marketing this to the automotive world.›
As the industry realizes that 100Mbps is enough for a video transmission, but not enough to act as a backbone in the car, the industry pushed for the creation of a task force in 802.3 (802.3bp) to define a standard for 1Gbps over a single twisted pair for links of up to 15 meters for the automotive market.›
To further reduce the wiring needed in a car, PoDL (power over data lines) may be used to power the devices. The IEEE 801.3bu task force is working on standardizing PoE (power over Ethernet) over a single pair.Communications in modern automotive systems
BroadR-Reach
Communications in modern automotive systems
BroadR-Reach - Physical connection between 2 ECUs
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To be able to create a physical connection between 2 ECU’s an electronic connection named Ethernet PHY is needed.›
If an Ethernet BroadR-Reach connection between 2 ECUs or between an ECU and a switch is needed then at physical layer we will need a connector with 2 pins.›
This 2 pins are connected to the MDI interface (Medium Dependent Interface) and ensures reception and transmission of data in the network.›
When receiving a row of bytes, PHY will convert the information from MDI interface and send it to the MII interface(Medium Independent Interface) that ensures connection with the micro-controller.Communications in modern automotive systems
BroadR-Reach - Connection between µC and physical interface
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IP›
Fully Switched Network exampleCommunications in modern automotive systems
From bus to fully switched networks
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IPCommunications in modern automotive systems
TCP/IP
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IPCommunications in modern automotive systems
TCP and UDP
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IP›
SOME/IP protocol is service oriented and to understand this we will make a comparison with CAN networks from Automotive Systems.›
In CAN networks a signal such as Engine Speed, is sent permanently through a CAN signal on the bus. From here any ECU can be configured to accept that message to have access to the signal.›
In Ethernet networks using Some/IP protocol information is not automatically obtained. To receive this information, node has to be assigned to a service and after this we can obtain data from the server. Some/IP needs a Client – Server configuration and so the ECU has to sent a request to the server to obtain Engine speed and the server will send requested data.›
Some/IP can use both TCP and UDP packages, but in practice UDP is used because SOME/IP offer it’s own solution of data validation.Communications in modern automotive systems
Some/IP Protocol - Scalable Service Oriented Middleware over IP
Communications in modern automotive systems
Some/IP Protocol interface
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Some/IP Protocol offers a service oriented communication type.›
So, can be splitted in 3 method :›
Request – Response method›
Event Notification – a Fire&Forget callback, that is sent out by the Server›
Getter/Setter – represents a remote accessible property that includes Getter/Setter and/or Notification.Communications in modern automotive systems
Some/IP Protocol interface
Content
›
Communication in automotive systems›
Ethernet overview›
What is Ethernet?›
Ethernet in the OSI Model›
Ethernet and the automotive world›
Evolution over time›
Use-cases for Ethernet in automotive›
BroadR-Reach›
From bus to fully switched networks›
TCP/IP›
TCP and UDP›
SOME IP›
Diagnostic over IP›
Protocol used since 2008, but only in 2012 appeared a standard specification for it ISO13400. Standard describes howdiagnostics services are sent via Ethernet, specifically how a diagnostic service pack has to look like.
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For Diagnostic services, UDS protocol is used for diagnostic commands and for ECU flashing, TCP is used due to it’s possibility to confirm received data.Communications in modern automotive systems
Diagnostic over IP (DoIP)
DoIP stack definition in ISO13400 Standard