View of Vertical distribution of DTPA- Zinc in Post-Harvest Soil of Wheat as Influenced by Crop Residue and Residual starter Zinc

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Vertical distribution of DTPA- Zinc in Post-Harvest Soil of Wheat as Influenced by Crop Residue and Residual starter Zinc

Dr. Kamini Kumari¹, Dr.A. P Dwivedi²

Associate Professor, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar¹, Principal Scientist Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow²

Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

The present experiment is a part of a long-term experiment based on the effect of crop residue and residual starter zinc. This part of investigation “Vertical distribution of DTPA- iZinc in Post-Harvest Soil of Wheat as Influenced by Crop Residue and Residual starter Zinc .The depth wise distribution of available Zn content in post harvest soil after wheat (36th) as influenced by residual effect of starter Zn and continuous incorporation of crop residue of previous crop under rice-wheat cropping system are presented and illustrated. The available Zn content in surface soil (0-15 cm) varied from 0.38 to 1.21 mg kg-1 while at 15-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths, it ranged from 0.37 to 1.09, 0.36 to 1.01 and 0.30 to 0.96 mg kg-1, respectively. Available Zn content in soil continuously decreased with increasing soil depth irrespective of treatment indicating that Zn was accumulated in surface soil and very less or no downward movement of Zn in soil, however the rate of decrease was more in plots receiving crop residue (0.42-1.21 to 0.33-0.96 mg kg-1) than in plots receiving no crop residues (0.38- 0.42 to 0.30-0.35 mg kg-1)

Key Words:

Mn, Vertical distribution of DTPA Zn, crop residue. rice-wheat, cropping system

INTRODUCTION

The wide scale adoption of this cropping system has increases in agricultural production but this intensive system over a period of time and nature of crop has set declining yield trend as well as deterioration in soil productivity even with optimum use of fertilizers. Hence, for restoration of soil fertility, there is an urgent need to look forward another option like, crop residue incorporation in soil for better production. India is likely to have a potential availability of 343 million ton. which is estimated to increase to the tune of 496 million ton till 2025 (Tandon, 1997). During last three decades, chemical fertilizers are playing a dominant role in rice based cropping systems.( Auge et al 2017) But the doses of fertilizers may be substituted by the incorporation of crop residues in soil.

Incorporation of crop residue alters the soil environment and influences the microbial population in soil, which participate in nutrient transformation. In India, 70% land is rainfed. All aspects about rainfed lands are revolving around nutrients and moisture which are the limiting factors in rainfed areas and through incorporation of the crop residue, we can mitigate both these stresses of rainfed areas (Bhat, M. I. 2010).

Among different micronutrients, zinc deficiency is more widespread in the field and fruit crop in different parts of India, often limiting crop production in the country (Kumar et al 2017.). Widespread occurrence of zinc deficiency in soil has been reported in many parts of our country, particularly where high yielding fertilizer responsive crops are being grown intensively. (Bier et al.

2018) The calcareous soils of Bihar, occupying a sizeable area, are deficient in zinc to the extent of 80 per cent of tested soil samples (Singh et al., 2012), and symptoms of zinc deficiency are frequently observed in many crops (Sakal and Singh, 1985). Application of zinc fertilizer to crops is essential for realizing desirable yield levels of crops. For these reasons, application of zinc fertilizer to various crops has become a common practice during the past 2-3 decades or so. The use of zinc fertilizers to correct zinc problems has widespread interest in the fertilizer industries.

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Zinc diffusion, which is the most rate limiting step in calcareous soil is affected by the application of organic matter.

Availability of Zn to plant is influenced by amount of Zn present in different chemical pools which could be affected by organic matter incorporation in soil.

Zinc is known to exist in soils in different chemical pools and its solubility and availability to plants is a function of physical and chemical properties of the soils. Soils under rice-wheat cropping undergo cyclic oxidation-reduction process which has marked effect on the transformation of Zn from one chemical form to another and thus its availability to plants is affected.

(Kulhánek et al 2016) Organic amendments such as FYM, compost, crop residues etc. are known to improve the soil productivity under rice-wheat cropping system (Chandel et.al2013; Sharma et al. 2005). These amendments have marked effect on the solubility and availability of different forms of Zn because of their bio-degradation in soils besides supplying substantial amounts of their own Zn. So present investigation is based on verticle distribution of Zinc in rice wheat cropping system as influenced by residual starter Zinc and crop residues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A brief description of the materials and methods used in the present investigation

entitled “Vertical distribution of DTPA-Zinc in Post-Harvest Soil of Wheat as Influenced by Crop Residue and Residual starter Zinc” is outlined as follows.

MATERIALS 1 Chemical

All Chemicals used in the present investigation were of analytical grade 2. Glass Ware and Plastic Ware

All the glassware and plasticware used in the present investigations were of good

quality, properly washed in acidified detergent solution followed by tap water, and finally rinsed thrice with distilled water

3. Water

Deionized and double glass distilled water free from dissolved gaseous impurities were used in the laboratory analysis.

4. Collection of Sample for Laboratory Works Soil Samples

Soil samples from each of the 48 plots after the harvest of the 36^th crop were collected from different depths (0- 15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90, and cm) with the help of post

hole anger. These samples were air-dried and processed to pass through 70 mesh sieve and stored in polyethylene bags for analysis.

Methods For FieldExperiment

A field experiment was started in Rabi, 1993-94 in light-textured highly calcareous soil deficient in available Zn at Dr. Rajendra prasad central agricultural university Research farm,

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Pusa as per the details given below. Wheat cv. HP 1102 was grown as a general crop applying recommended dose of N, P₂O_5, and K₂O before the start of the experiment. After harvest, the straw was weighed and treated as crop residue for the first crop during Kharif, 1994.

Treatments

Details of FieldExperiment

A long-term field experiment is being conducted since 1994 at RAU, Pusa Farm with the following details, where observations weretaken.

Treatment : 16 (4 main treatment and 4 subtreatment) Replication : 3

Design : SplitPlot PlotSize : 5 x 2m

Croprotation : Rice (cv. Rajshree), Wheat (cv. HD2824)

A detailed layout plan of the experiment is giveninFig.1. N

R₁ R₂ R₃

CR1 Zn1

IRRIGATION CHANNEL

CR3 Zn4

PATH

CR2 Zn1

IRRIGATION CHANNEL

CR₁ Zn₂ CR₃ Zn₃ CR₂ Zn₄

CR1 Zn3 CR3 Zn2 CR2 Zn3

CR₂ Zn₁ CR₄ Zn₄ CR₁ Zn₂

CR₂ Zn₄ CR₄ Zn₁ CR₁ Zn₄

CR₃ Zn₂ CR₂ Zn₃ CR₄ Zn₁

CR₃ Zn₄ CR₂ Zn₁ CR₄ Zn₂

CR₄ Zn₃ CR₁ Zn₂ CR₃ Zn₁

Fig.1. Layout Plan

MainPlot Sub Plots

Crop residue levels - 4 (Applied toeachcrop) Zn - levels – 4 (Applied only to the firstcrop

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CR₁&No crop residue (CR0)

CR₂&25% of straw produced(CR25)

CR3&50% of straw produced(CR50)

CR₄&100% of straw produced (CR100)

Zn₁&no Zn (Zn0)

Zn2&2.5 kg Zn ha^-1 (Zn2.5) Zn3&5. Kg Zn ha^-1 (Zn5.0)

Zn4&10 kg Zn ha^-1 (Zn10.0) Recommended dose of fertilizers (NP K) for both crop are 120: 60: 40 Kg

ha^-1. Rice and wheat crops are being grown continuously under the rice-wheat system during Kharif andRabi seasons. The chopped straw of the previous crop treated as crop residues were incorporated as per treatment.

Details of treatment combinations, therefore, were as follow:

1. CR1ZN1 5. CR2ZN1 9. CR3ZN1 13. CR4ZN1

2. CR₁ZN₂ 6. CR₂ZN₂ 10. CR₃ZN₂ 14. CR₄ZN₂ 3. CR1ZN3 7. CR2ZN3 11. CR3ZN3 15. CR4ZN3

4. CR1ZN4 8. CR2ZN4 12. CR3ZN4 16. CR4ZN4

DTPA Analysis of soil by the method Lindsay, W.L. and Norvell, W.A. 1978

Statistical Analysis and Presentation ofData

Wherever possible the experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance as per the procedure of Panse and Sukhatme (1967). The critical difference (CD) at a 5 percent level of probability was worked out for comparing the significant treatment effects.

Result and Discussion

The depth wise distribution of available Zn content in post harvest soil after wheat (36^th) as influenced by residual effect of starter Zn and continuous incorporation of crop residue of previous crop under rice-wheat cropping system are presented in Table1 and illustrated in Fig.2. The available Zn content in surface soil (0-15 cm) varied from 0.38 to 1.21 mg kg^-1 while at 15-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths, it ranged from 0.37 to 1.09, 0.36 to 1.01 and 0.30 to 0.96 mg kg^-1, respectively.(Cremer et al 2017) Available Zn content in soil continuously decreased with increasing soil depth irrespective of treatment indicating that Zn was accumulated in surface soil and very less or no downward movement of Zn in soil, however the rate of decrease was more in plots receiving crop residue (0.42-1.21 to 0.33- 0.96 mg kg^-1) than in plots receiving no crop residues (0.38-0.42 to 0.30-0.35 mg kg^-1) might be due to complexion of Zn with organic matter which reduce the leaching loss.(Ho, S. Y.et al. 2019) There was significant variation in Zn due to different treatment at all the depth. i.e., levels of crop residues, Zn and

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their interaction were found significant.(Khanday et al 2017) The Zn was recorded maximum in treatment receiving 100% of crop residue and 10 kg ha^-1 of zinc. The available zinc in soil increased

significantly with increasing levels of

residualzinc(0.53to0.76,0.51to0.70,0.48to0.62and0.44to0.60mgkg^-1)andcropresidues(0.40

to 0.99, 0.39 to 0.93, 0.38 to 0.89 and 0.32 to 0.51 mg kg^-1) at all depths of soil sampling, however the availability of Zn at no crop residues and 25% crop residues were at par at all depths (0.40-0.43, 0.38- 0.40, 0.38-0.89 and 0.32-0.84 mg kg^-1). The treatment effect was distinct with respect to zinc content throughout the depth. Similar result was also reported by Kumari and singh(2012),Kumari (2010) and Pandey, (2012).

Table 22.Vertical distribution of DTPA- Zinc (mg kg^-1) in Post Harvest Soil of Wheat (36^th crop) as Influenced by Crop Residue and Residual Starter Zinc.

Depth (Cm)

Treatment 0-15 15-30 30-60 60-90 Mean

CR0 Zn0 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.30 0.38

CR₀ Zn_2.5 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.31 0.37

CR0 Zn5.0 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.38

CR₀ Zn₁₀ 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.35 0.39

Mean 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.32 0.37

CR₂₅ Zn₀ 0.42 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.39

CR25 Zn2.5 0.43 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.39

CR₂₅Zn_5.0 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.39

CR₂₅ Zn₁₀ 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.40

Mean 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.34 0.39

CR₅₀ Zn ₀ 0.52 0.50 0.41 0.44 0.47

CR₅₀Zn_2.5 0.58 0.57 0.48 0.49 0.53

CR50 Zn5.0 0.68 0.66 0.58 0.55 0.62

CR50 Zn10 0.95 0.90 0.72 0.69 0.82

Mean 0.68 0.66 0.55 0.54 0.61

CR100 Zn0 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.75

CR100Zn2.5 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.80 0.87

CR100Zn5.0 1.05 0.98 0.94 0.84 0.95

CR₁₀₀Zn₁₀ 1.21 1.09 1.01 0.96 1.07

Mean 0.99 0.93 0.89 0.84 0.91

Zn0 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.44 0.49

Zn2.5 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.48 0.54

Zn5.0 0.65 0.61 0.56 0.53 0.59

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Zn10 0.76 0.70 0.62 0.60 0.67

Mean 0.63 0.59 0.55 0.51 0.57

CD (0.05%)

CR 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03

Zn 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.02

CR x Zn 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.05

CV (%) 9.22 2.46 5.28 5.69

Fig.10: Vertical distribution of Zinc (mg Kg^-1) content of PHS of wheat (18^thCycle)

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