View of THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING THE GOOGLE CLASSROOM IN TEACHING PHYSIOLOGY FOR STUDENTS OF THE TECHNICAL MEDICAL INSTITUTE / BAGHDAD

(1)

http://annalsofrscb.ro 14468

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING THE GOOGLE CLASSROOM IN TEACHING PHYSIOLOGY FOR STUDENTS OF THE TECHNICAL

MEDICAL INSTITUTE / BAGHDAD

Miaad Nathem Rasheed

Assistant Professor, Middle Technical University, Institute of Medical Technology, Baghdad E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The current research seeks to identify the effectiveness of the use of the electronic platform (google class room) in teaching physiology for students of the Technical Medical Institute/

Baghdad

In order to achieve the goals of the current research, the researcher has followed the steps of the descriptive approach, where the research determined the research design with a partial duck design with the first two experimental groups subject to the classroom experience and the other is a study taught in the lecture style.

The researcher selected a sample from the first stage students at the Technical Medical Institute in Baghdad who receive the subject (physiology). The number of male and female students was (60) male and female students.

In order to ensure the quality of the experiment, the researcher has made a set of equivalencies between the two groups in the age of intelligence and achievement test, in addition to building an achievement test and extracting psychometric properties for it. After applying the experiment, the research reached the following results:

1. There is a clear efficacy of the Classroom method in achieving academic studies in physiology

2. The members of the experimental group outperformed the members of the control group in the post-academic achievement test for physiology.

Recommendations

1. Working to develop teaching methods and strategies that are in line with modern trends that rely on technology and the Internet.

2. Attention to methods and strategies that focus on the learner rather than the teacher.

Work to develop the skills of educational cadres in the use of technology and develop it in a manner commensurate with the requirements of knowledge

INTRODUCTION

The world has witnessed a great technological revolution, whose effects clearly appeared on social, economic and political life, which makes it necessary for radical and concrete adjustments to the educational plans of all countries, their methods of thinking and methods of solving problems that support in development and thinking communication, as well as a review of teaching methods in education institutions, which led to a new emergence in teaching is e-learning. (Zinedine, 2006(

Distance learning does not require the teacher to exist with the student directly as it is in traditional education. This mediation has technical, human and organizational aspects, and it has emerged essentially by using computers and the Internet as an essential part of the educational process. (Najdiet al, 2011)

Learning reaches the learner via the computer and the Internet and its location in anywhere in distance from the classroom in order to design the educational content of the learner and

(2)

provide it in a hypothetical method as an alternative to face-to-face interaction. (Al-Mousa and Mubarak, 2005)

Larson & Sung (2009) assert that e-learning can improves student performance, increases academic achievement, multiple sources of knowledge and information, and takes into account individual differences between students.

(Al-Zahrani, 2003: 32),explains it is clear that e-learning is characterized by the ease of updating the information provided and increasing the ability to communicate to exchange experiences and points of views between teachers and students.

THE FIRST ENQUIRY Definition of the Research

First: The Research Problem

Perhaps talking about the e-learning system exceeds what has been achieved in reality, and as a result of a survey I found that the current learning system rejects distance learning or e- learning ,It is sometimes accepted by others, and that one class does not expect a positive impact on the group, while another class expects that it has a positive impact on achievement and achievement, and many expect e-learning to replace formal education.

Another class sees the necessity of integration between formal education and e-learning, especially in colleges and higher educational institutions, and some studies which have been applied on different samples and levels, approves the effectiveness of the e-learning system in achievement, including (Al-Shwaifan, 2008: 229)study and so did other studies local and world, all of these reasons an impetus to study this problem and the need to note its aspects and dimensions, in addition to Iraq suffers from the crisis of Corona and the atmosphere of official institutions and changing them to a type of electronic education, which is (Google Class Room), and its widely use in various institutions. Allthat impose the call for the need to indicate the effectiveness of this method in raising the level of achievement, or at least to keep it in the same level, which can be determined by the following question:

?What is the effectiveness of using the Google classroom in teaching physiology for students of the Technical Medical Institute / Baghdad

Second: The Importance of Research It can be summarized in the following points:

1. E-learning is more quality and more important than traditional education, especially in the field of teaching and learning that are dangerous and difficult experiences to implement in reality, which is expected to achieve complete education and learning in which cooperation is taking place on a large degree among learners,as it depends on the use of electronic media The various aspects of communication, receiving information, acquiring skills, and interaction between the learner and teacher, between the learner and the school, and between the learner and the various electronic teaching methods, and its ability to enable the learner to proceed in his learning in a way that suits his ability and willingness, and gives the learner the opportunity to focus on important ideas and benefit from them.

2. This type of education does not cancel the role of the teacher, but rather develops his role from an information provider to the coordinator and director of the educational process 3. The importance of students (the center of the educational / educational process) and thus

the importance of their education, preparation and training, and this process requires research and exploration of the best teaching / learning systems that can raise the level of student achievement in order to provide the institutions with qualified staff.

(3)

4. Receiving the experience of scientific progress and the flow of information, and this requires searching for the best alternatives from educational systems to save time and effort.

Third: Research objectives

This current research seeks to identify the effectiveness of using the electronic platform (Google classroom) in teaching physiology for students of the Technical Medical Institute / Baghdad.

FOURTH: RESEARCH LIMITS

The current research is determined by a set of limits, as follows:

1. The objective limit: e-learning, academic achievement 2. The Studying year 2019-2020.

3. Spatial limit: Institute of Medical Technology / Baghdad

4. Human limit: first year students in the Technical Medical Institute / Baghdad FIFTH: RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

There were no statistically significant differences at the level (05.0) between the mean of the experimental group that studied by Google classroom and the mean of the control group that studied by lecture method.

SIXTH: RESEARCH TERMINOLOGY

First: Electronic platform

1. (Al-Meberik 2004) define it as : The role of e-learning in person self building through his participation in learning activities, which motivates the student to attend learning because he has the skill of how to learn.

2. (Mahson, 2003, 15) Defines it: It is that type of learning that relies on the use of electronic media to communicate between teachers and learners and between learners and the entire educational institution.

3. Arafa (Abdel Moneim, 2005): E-learning is also education that use computers and their various programs, whether on closed networks or shared networks (Internet networks).

E-learning has become the most flexible and popular form of education, that is Flexible Open Learning (Abdel Moneim, 2005: 25)

4. (Musa, 2002: 16) defines it: that it is a method of teaching byuse modern communication mechanisms such a computer and its networks and multiple media from pictures, graphics and electronic libraries, as well as Internet portals, either in remote or in the classroom. That means, using technology from all kinds to communicate information to the learner in the shortest time, with less effort and more useful.

PROCEDURAL DEFINITION:

Google Classroom is a free application designed by Google. Google Classroom helps teachers and students communicate and can be used to organize and manage school assignments, move witout need to papers, collaborate between students and teachers, etc.! We can compare it with iTunes U, Showbie and other online learning platforms.

Second: Academic Achievement

1. (Al-Hailah, 2006):It is the stage or level of success that achieved by the learner in the academic subject or in the educational field (Al-Hailah, 2006: 305).

(4)

2. (Ibrahim, 2004): It is the ability of the learner to learn a specific subject, and this subject is measured through his answers to the achievement test which includes of a number of questions that measure this subject (Ibrahim, 2004: 108).

PHYSIOLOGY:

It is the science that study functions of living organisms or the study of the functions of all parts of the body.

INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY / BAGHDAD:

It is one of the oldest institutes of the Technical Education Body within the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. The institute was established in 1966 for the purpose of preparing medical and middle health staff and covering the needs of hospitals and primary health centers. The period of study at the institute is two years in addition to the summer training. The institute includes (8) departments and (3) branches of different scientific disciplines.

THE SECOND ENQUIRY

Theoretical framework and previous studies Theoretical framework

The modern technologies have reduced production costs and product diversification, that cause the emergence of completely new products. So information technology has become a long-term threat to the power of capital. This has resulted in what is known as the information war, and there is no doubt that the issue of creating a human personality in any society is a struggle for control of knowledge everywhere (Carswell, 2000, 119). ).

Human societies have been and will be under study and research as long as there is life, that its target the ways to find appropriate methods / tools and curricula for the educational / educational process to build that personality in a way that brings the stability and development of human societies in life activities, all of which is consistent with the nature, culture, conditions and the belief of each of these societies.

The educational institution has a prominent role in building character, developing educational attitudes and raising the level of achievement for students through the available teaching / learning systems that cope with successive scientific developments.

The technology of Internet, electronic systems, and others have contributed to the establishment of integrated learning based on these technologies, which is called e-learning.

Various forms of learning have appeared including computer-aided learning and expert systems, virtual libraries, virtual students and virtual teachers are all virtual and in a virtual computerized system.

In essence, e-learning technology is one of the most exciting, fastest and most advanced computer technologies. Therefore, researchers were interested in studying their effect on learning.

The e-learning program enables students to obtain different levels of education for different courses of education.

The Classroom electronic platform has emerged in response to the latest global developments in order to ensure the life sustain in it and the survival of science and knowledge a continuous ring without interruption.

The concept of e-learning:

E-learning is an integrated system that depends on the effective use of information and communication technology in the teaching and learning process by creating a rich environment in computer and Internet that make the learner able to access learning resources

(5)

anytime, anywhere and in the way that achieves the mutual interaction between the elements of the system.

E-learning is the most used term, and we use other terms such as (e-learning / distance learning / virtual learning). E-learning refers to learning via Internet technology where content is published online and this method allows for linkages to sources out of the classroom (Melhas, 2008: 177).

E-LEARNING GOALS:

(Salem, 2004: 295) stated that e-learning aims to perform the following goals:

1. Create an interactive teaching learning environment through the new electronic technologies and diversity in sources of information and experience.

2. Support the relationship between the local community and the university, and between the university and the external environment.

3. Supporting the interaction process between students, teachers and administrators through exchanging educational experiences, discussions and dialogues that aim to use the various communication channels.

4. Provide teachers with the technical skills necessary to use modern educational techniques.

5. Provide students with the skills or competencies necessary to use communication and information technologies.

6. Developing the teacher's role in the educational process to cope with continuous and ongoing scientific and technological developments.

7- Providing suitableeducation for different age groups, taking into account individual differences (Ali et al., 2009: 437) indicated that e-learning goals can be briefed as follows:

1. Contribute to the creation of an IT infrastructure and information base on cultural foundations, with the aim of preparing a new society for the requirements of the twenty- first century.

2. Develop positive attitudes of learners, those who are responsible for the educational process, parents and society as a whole towards information technologies, especially e- learning, and thus create an advanced information society.

3. Provide teachers with the necessary skills to use educational techniques and depend on themselves to access the knowledge and information they need in their research and study and give them the opportunity to introduce and exchange their views on various issues as well as criticize information and ask about their credibility, which aid to support their research skills and create their personalities.

4. Providing an interactive environment full of various sources that aid to achieve educational goals.

5. Extending the circle of the learner’s interaction in order to include the teacher, multiple sources of knowledge, and his colleagues, with the aim of enhancing the acquisition of dialogue, cooperation and competition skills in a broader scope to make them prepare for the future.

6. Overcoming the shortage of academic staff in some different disciplines through virtual classes.

7. Change the role of the teacher in this type of education from the role of the initiator to the role of a guidance and facilitator in the light of the capabilities provided by e-learning and provide him with a set of skills that make him able him to deal with it.

8. Introduce educational contents in new and varied forms and developing them constantly due to the changes that occur through employing technological innovations.

(6)

9. Encourage parents and society to interact with the educational system and monitor their children's learning by informing parents by the reports introduced by the educational institution E-Learning Characteristics

Abdulaty and Abu Khawta (Abdulaty, 2012: 45) mentioned the characteristics of e-learning as follows:

1. It is based on the use of electronic media and the Internet to obtain information.

2. Education occurs as a result of the communication between the teacher and the learner, the interaction between the learner and other electronic learning methods such as e- lessons, electronic library, e-book, and others.

3. It depends on the interaction between the students and the teacher and among the students themselves.

4. E-learning by the Internet depends on creating a website that serves the educational sector that is linked to the Internet, and create information in the form of an educational page.

5. Connects all administrative departments with an internal and external network that serves workers and provides the information which supervisors, teachers, and students are in need .

(Melhis and Musa, 2008: 179) mentioned the characteristics of e-learning in the following:

1. It provides an interactive learning environment between the learner and the teacher in both directions and between the learner and his colleagues, as well as provides the element of entertainment in learning.

2. E-learning is based on the learner's effort to teach himself (self-learning). He can also learn from his companions in small groups (cooperative learning), or in the classroom in large groups.

3. E-learning is characterized by flexibility in place and time, where the learner can obtain it in any place in the world, at any time, in 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

4. E-learning provides an educational environment in which learning experiences are available, away from the risks that the learner could front in taking these experiments in real life, such as conducting dangerous experiments in a chemistry laboratory or approaching the site of a volcano eruption in Japan, for example.

2. The learner can learn without comply to a determined time period, because it encourages lifelong learning.

3. E-learning is accompanied by the existence of The electronic department in charge of recording studies, paying expenses, pursuing studies and granting certificates.

4. In this mode of education, the learner needs to provide with certain technologies such as computers, connection portals, the Internet, and local networks.

5. Reduced cost of e-learning in comparison to traditional education.

6. Ease of updating programs and websites through the global information network.

Previous studies :

1. (Abu Musa Mufid 2008) study: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the use of programmed learning strategy on the achievement of Education students in the Arab Open University in Jordan in a computer-assisted course and their attitudes towards it.

The study sample consisted of (35) male and female students for the studying year 2006- 2007, as the results showed that the experimental group exceled the control group in teaching.

2. (Al-Shammari 2007) Study: The study aimed to investigate the influence of the use of programmed learning in geography on the achievement of middle school students in Hafar Al-Batin Governorate and their attitudes towards it. The sample of the study consisted of (64) students divided into two equal groups, one experimental and the other

(7)

is control group, as the study showed that there are statistically significant differences between the total staff of the students as a results to the effect of using programmed learning in teaching Geography and was exceling of the experimental group.

3. Study (Khalid bin Fahd 2006): The study aimed to know the influence of using e- learning on the level of achievement in science subject for the third year middle school students and the development of their mental capabilities and their attitudes towards science, as the researcher used the semi-experimental approach to achieve educational objectives and the study showed the experimental group exceling the control group in teaching.

4. (Wonder 2006):Al-ajab: This study aimed to show the influence of using programmed learning with a distance learning system and face to face learning in teaching computer skills for pre-medical students. Where the sample consisted of (157) male and female students who enrolled in the computer skills course for the medical stage at the Arabian Gulf University and the results of the evaluation system were (WebCT) system.

Comment on previous studies

Based on previous studies, the researcher can summarize the most important aspects of the benefit, including:

1. Crystallizing the research problem and its importance 2. Determine search terminology and concepts

3. Determine some theoretical frames

4. Make comparison of previous studies with the current study in its results 5. Determine the appropriate statistical instruments

THE THIRD ENQUIRY Search procedures

First: Research Method and Experimental Design

The experimental approach is one of the most efficient and accurate scientific research methodologies, and it is related to a set of advantages that it enjoys (Al-Hariri, 2016: 404).

One of the most important features of this approach is the its several designs and the development of measurement methods, which made it a flexible approach that can be adapted to many situations, especially with the nature of the human phenomenon, with which it is difficult to control external variables (Hussein, 2009: 297).

The process of choosing an experimental design is one of the important steps for the researcher, because it saves his time, his effort and the way reach the required results (Saleh, 2013: 102).

So the researcher chose an experimental design with partial control, in which two groups are experimental one that is taught in a class (classroom) method and the other is a control group study taught in the normal way. At the end of the research, the two groups are exposed to an achievement test that measures achievement in physiology and Table (1) explain this:

Table (1) Experimental Design for Research

Group Independent variable Dependent Variable

Experimental Classroom Acheivement

Control Normal Method

The independent variable set of the dependent variable Experimental Classroom Achievement

Control is the usual method Second: the Research Society

(8)

A statistical society or study society, which is any known grouping of things, people, or events. It is the comprehensive group from which samples are selected (Odeh and Al-Khalili, 1988: 171).

The research society consists of first year students at the Institute of Medical Technology in Baghdad 2019-2020

THIRD: THE RESEARCH SAMPLE

The sample is defined as a part of the study , and is selected according to certain criteria in order to become a representative of the research community (Odeh, 1998: 67). He defined it (Allam, 2011) as a group of individuals taken in a certain way from the indigenous community to study it (Allam, 2011: 17)

For this reason, the researcher deliberately selected a representative sample with its characteristics, the characteristics of the original population.

The researcher randomly chose a sample from the first-year students from the Institution of Medical technology in Baghdad, where the researcher chose (60) male and female students, as they were randomly divided into two groups, the first is experimental and the second is control inequal way and the following table shows the research sample:

Table (2) shows the sample individuals according to the two research groups

group Independent variable Total number

experimental classroom 30

control lecture 30

Fourth: Equivalence of the two research groups

Before conducting the experiment, there is a set of variables that the research sample must be subjected to the equivalence process among them, that affect the accuracy of the results and these variables are reached based on previous studies, and after reviewing a number of previous studies and research in the research methodology and objectives, the researcher reached To a number of variables in which the experimental and control groups can be equal, which is (estimated age in months, and intelligence by Raven test for matrices consisting of (60) paragraphs with four alternatives, one is correct and the rest is wrong, in addition to building an achievement test consisting of (35) objective question as follows:

1. Equal age

In order for the researcher to verify the equivalence of the two groups (experimental and control) in the estimated age of months, the researcher used the T test for two independent samples where the results were as shown in the following table

Table (3) Equivalence between the two groups in chronological age Group No. Arthimatic.

mean

Standard deviation

T-value Indication level

decision experimental 30 214.73 2.196 calculated tabular

control 30 214.52 2.011 0.394 2.02 0.05 Non

indicated The researcher observe from the above table that there are no differences between the two groups in the chronological age because the calculated T value is smaller than the tabular T value, which confirms the parity of the two groups in the chronological age.

2- Equivalence in the IQ test

(9)

To approve the equivalence of the two groups, experimental and control, in the intelligence test (Raven test for matrices), the researcher used the T test for the two independent samples, and the results were as shown in the following table:

Table (4): Equivalence between the two groups in the IQ test Group No. Arthimatic.

mean

Standard deviation

control 30 47.17 2,019 1.821 2.02 0.05 Non

indicated The researcher observes, by the above table, that there are no differences between the two groups in the IQ test because the calculated T value is smaller than the tabular T value, which approve the equivalence of the two groups in intelligence.

3. Equivalence in the pre-test

In order to approve the equivalence of the two groups (experimental and control) in the achievement test, the researcher used the T test for two independent samples, as the results were as shown in the following table

Table (5) Equivalence between the two groups in the achievement test Group No. Arthimatic.

mean

Standard deviation

control 30 25.73 0.785 1.278 2.02 0.05 Non

indicated The researcher observes, by the above table, that there are no differences between the two groups in the achievement test because the calculated T value is smaller than the tabular T value, which confirms the equivalence of the two groups in the achievement test.

FIFTH: THE ACHIEVEMENT TEST

In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher made an achievement test consisting of (35) questions with four alternatives, which includes three levels (remembering, understanding, application).

Psychometric properties of the test

1- Validity of the test: It means his ability to measure what was set for him. (Dawood and Anwar Hussein, 1990, p. 118). To know the apparent validity of the test items, it was introduced to a group of (15) experts specialized in measurement and evaluation, and the teaching methods, and (15) arbitrator were to judge the validity of its paragraphs in measuring achievement in the subject of physiology in light of the behavioral objectives and the valid paragraphs are counted if they obtained an agreement rate (90%) ) out of number of experts, so all the paragraphs were and some paragraphs were amended. Thus, the test became valid to measure the amount of knowledge obtained in physiology among the sample members.

2- The Reliability of the Test: It means the same results when applying the test in two different times and in the same circumstances. To calculate the reliability of the test, the researcher used the (Alpha Cronbach) method: There are many methods to approve the Reliability of the test, and the researcher used the (Alpha Cronbach) method for each of the paragraphs of the test where the idea This method is characterized by its consistency and the ability to trust its results at the expense of the correlations between the scores of

(10)

all the test items, given that the paragraph is a stand-alone test and the coefficient of Reliability indicates the consistency of individual performance, i.e. homogeneity between the test paragraphs (Odeh, 2000: 354), and to extract Reliability in this method, applied The (Alpha- Cronbach) equation on the grades of the sample (60) male and female students, the researcher found that the value of the Reliability coefficient (0,83).

Sixth: Application of the final experiment

After approve the equivalence of the experimental and control groups, the experiment was introduced to the experimental and control groups, as the classroom method was used on the experimental group, while the control group studied the lecture method.

Seven: Statistical Instruments

The researcher used the following statistical methods in processing of the data:

1. Arithmetic mean 2. Standard deviation

3. Test (t) of two independent samples for equivalence and approve of hypotheses 4. Alfa Cronbach for Reliability

THE FOURTH ENQUIRY research results

The Research Hypothesis States:

There are no statistically significant differences between the mean of the experimental group that was studied by use the classroom method and the mean of the control group that studied by the lecture method in physiology in the post test, and until the researcher verifies the validity of this hypothesis, the researcher applied the post test to the two groups (the experimental and the control) to find out the range of the differences between the two groups, I used the T-test for two independent samples and the results were shown in the following table:

Table (7) Comparing the experimental and control group in the post test Group No. Arthimatic.

mean

Standard deviation

control 30 26.73 1.143 17.007 2.02 0.05 Non

indicated It is clear from the above table, that the calculated T value (17.007) was greater than the tabular T value (2.02), and this approve that there are statistically significant differences between the experimental group and control groups and these differences are in favor of the group with the largest mean, i.e. the experimental group, and in this result we can refuse the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. So we confirm the effectiveness of the method used in academic achievement for first-year students in physiology. This result is in consistent with the results of previous studies, which approved the effectiveness of modern methods that depends on technology in teaching and raising the level of student achievement.

DISCUSSION :

The primary objective of education on the Google classroom platform is not limited to the process of teaching, but has become one of its primary tasks to makes students prepare in conditions of abilities, knowledge, skills and creativity in thinking, whether cognitive thinking is technical in order to deal with the valuable and cultural interference that permits by this era through the development of scientific thinking skills scientific, problem solving,

(11)

cognitive research skills, and in raise the academic level of students, knowledge, skills, and abilities in a systematic, targeted, and intended methods that in contrary to the traditional education process.

It can be said that the importance of university education in preparing of human staff (students) as well as its commitment to emphasizing objective criteria for the objective quality of the graduate, thus the university education must be developed in concrete form to make scientific and technological development for students and increase their motivations in a way that motivates them to made the activities and greater effort than developing Their education.

CONCLUSIONS:

1. There is a clear effectiveness of the classroom method in study achievement in physiology.

2. The members of the experimental group exceled the members of the control group in the post-academic achievement test in physiology.

3. The experimental group excels by increasing their expertise and attitudes towards teaching.

4. The experimental group excels their scientific thinking in using the Google classroom platform.

5. Make benefit of appropriate and current Internet technologies to support students' learning to make and modify conceptual models.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

1. Working to develop teaching methods and strategies that are cope with modern trends that depend on technology and the Internet.

2. Interest in methods and strategies that focus on the learner rather than the teacher.

3. Work to develop the skills of educational staff on the use of technology and develop it in a manner that fulfill the requirements of knowledge.

THE PROPOSED STUDIES

1. The effect of e-learning in raising the level of quality of information for undergraduate students

2. Barriers on using information technology in Iraq and theways to advance them.

SOURCES

1. Salem, Ahmed (2004): Educational Technology and E-learning, Al-Rashid Library, Amman.

2. Abdulatty, Hassan Al-Batea and Abu Khatwa, Saed Abdelmawla (2012): Digital E- Learning (Theory - Design - Production), New University House, Alexandria.

3. Abdulmoneim, Muhammad (2003): the Innovations of Technology in the Field of education, Nature and Characteristics, series of studies and research, educational technology, volume VI, fourth book.

4. Ali, Osama Saeed and Masoud, Hamada Mohamed and Mohamed, Ibrahim Youssef (2009): Educational Technology and Technology Innovations, 1st Edition, World of Books, Cairo.

5. Odeh, Ahmad, (2002), Measurement and Evaluation in the Teaching Process, 5th edition, Dar Al-Amal, Amman, Jordan

(12)

6. Odeh, Ahmad and Malkawi, Fathi, (1987), Fundamentals of Research in Education and Humanities, 1st edition, Al-Manar Library, Zarqa, Jordan.

7. Odeh, Ahmad (1998): Measurement and evaluation in the teaching process, 2nd edition, Irbid, Dar Al-Amal for Publishing and Distribution

8. Mohsen, Ibrahim Mahmoud (2003 AD): The Effectiveness of a Unit in physics using multimedia in the achievement of first-year secondary students, unpublished Master Thesis, Institute of Educational Studies and Research, Cairo University.

9. Melhis, Dalal Istiti and Moussa, Omar Sarhan (2008): Educational Renovations, Wael Publishing House, Amman.

10. Malhas, Dalal Istitia and Moussa, Omar Sarhan (2008): Educational Renovations, Wael Publishing House, Amman.

11. Al-Mousa, Abdullah (2002): E-Learning, Education Library, King Saud University.

12. Zein El-Din, Mahmoud Mohamed (2006): The Effect of the e-learning Experience in Egyptian Secondary Schools on the Academic Achievement of Students and their Attitudes Towards them, the Second Scientific Conference: the system of scientific research in Egypt, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo.

13. Al-Najdi, Samir and his colleagues (2011): The effect of e-learning on critical thinking for students of Al-Quds Open University, the Palestinian Journal of Open Distance Education, No. 5, Volume 3, Palestine.

14. Al-Mousa, Abdullah, and Mubarak, Ahmed (2005): E-Learning - Fundamentals and Applications, First Edition, Data Network Corporation, Riyadh.

15. Abu Musa, Mufid (2008): The Effect of Using the Blended Education Strategy on the Achievement of Education Students in the Arab Open University, Jordan branch in the computer-assisted teaching course and their attitudes towards it, University of Jordan, Jordan.

16. Al-Zahrani, Imad bin Jamaan (2003): The Effect of Using the Internet on the Academic Achievement of Students, Course of Techniques at the Teachers College in Riyadh, Master Thesis, King Saud University, Riyadh.

17. Al-Hailah, Muhammad Mahmoud (2006): The effect of e-learning on the Achievement of students of the College of Educational Sciences to technology touches compared to the usual method, Journal of Educational Sciences Studies, No. (1), Volume (33), Jordan.

18. Ibrahim, Magdi Aziz (2004): Teaching Strategies and Learning Methods, AbnaWahba Press, Cairo.

19. Al-Hariri, Rafida (2016): Total Quality in Curricula and Teaching Methods, Second Edition, Dar Al-Masirah, Jordan.

20. Hussein Fraih, Abdul Latif (2009): Teaching Methods in the Twenty-first Cntury, Dar Al-Masirah, Jordan.

21. Saleh, Mona Hadi (2013): Study and Analysis of E-Learning Technologies, Al-Ustaz Magazine, Iraq.

22. Allam, Salah Al-Din Mahmoud (2011): Educational Measurement and Evaluation, Fourth Edition, Dar Al-Masirah, Amman.

23. Khalid bin Fahd Al-Khuraifi (2006): The impact of the use of e-learning on the level of academic achievement, mental capabilities and the trend towards science for middle school students, King Saud University Journal, No. 1, twentieth volume, Riyadh.

24. Al-Shammari, Muhammad Khazim (2007): The Effect of Using Programmed Learning in Teaching Geography on the Achievement of Intermediate School Students in Hafar Al-Batin Governorate and their attitudes towards it, PhD thesis, University of Jordan, Jordan.

(13)

25. Al-Ajab, Mohammed (2006): The effect of using the method of combining e-learning and face-to-face learning in teaching computer skills to pre-medical students, the first international conference on e-learning, the first international conference, University of Bahrain, Bahrain.

26. Al-Mebrik, KhaifaBint Fahd (2002): Evolution of the lecture Method in University Education Using e-learning with a Proposed model, Paper Presented to the Symposium of the Future School, King Saud University, Riyadh.

27. Al-Shwaifan, Muhammad Khazim (2007): The Effect of Using Computers on the Effectiveness of a Training Program for Science Teachers in the Directorate of Education for the North-Eastern Babia Governorate in Jordan, Scientific Journal of King Faisal University for Humanities and Administrative Sciences, Volume IX, First Issue.

28. Carswell, L., et. (2000). Distance Education Vie the Internet the Student Experience British, Journal of Educational Technology.

29. Larson, David, Sung Chang, (2009), Computer Student Performance online Versus Blended Versus Face to Face Reports, Research (ERIC, No: ED 837556).